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1434 2013

26th Arabic Issue

of the International Social Security Review

Translated & Prepared by:

General Organization for Social Insurance
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
G. 1434 H.2013

37

60

91

114

138

160

183

 ..



.


(2012 /4 3 2 1)

.

- . 2963 - 11461 gosi@gosi.gov.sa : 8001243344 : +96618087000 www.gosi.gov.sa :

 26 /2013

he performance of social security contributory and tax-financed

T
pensions in Central America, and the effects of the global crisis
armelo Mesa-Lago
C
University of Pittsburgh, United States
ISSR 2012: 65(1) pp. 01 -27

 26 /2013

:
.
( :
)
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:

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.
____________________________________

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 26 /2013

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 26 /2013

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.
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2010 . 11

. ( )
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.)2011

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 26 /2013

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 26 /2013

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( 65 ) .



.
(.)Mesa-Lago, 2010

2000 2009
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2000 2005) .
.
2008 .
. 2009

 26 /2013

.
( " -1") 3.6 (
" -3") . %36.1
%38.4 2000 2008 %36.8 2009.

.
.
%6 2010
(.)ECLAC, 2010

.
2000 2006 ( )2
() ()
" -1" .
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( " -3") .
%25.9
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2007 2009
.2
(.)Mesa-Lago, 2011
:2
2000 2009 65
2000
2006 ()%

 26 /2013

:2
2000 2009 65
2000
2006 ()%
2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2000

()
69.2
65.7
70.0
64.3
67.9
64.0

57.9
53.7
50.4
47.5
48.0
50.3

19.1
19.1
18.7
17.7
17.7
19.3

18.8
18.8
18.4
17.3
17.2
18.3

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.0

21.8
22.6
22.4
22.8
23.1
24.3

17.8
18.3
17.1
18.1
17.1
18.3

21.5
20.9
20.3
18.5
17.2
17.4

62.1
62.9
59.8
55.4
53.2
59.2

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

( 65 +)
62.0
59.6 60.1
57.4
55.6

14.6
13.9
15.7
14.5
14.5

11.2

4.6
4.7
4.7
3.1

41.5
41.7
41.9
42.5
41.1
45.0

() 25.9

2009
62.3
56.2
18.8
18.6
0.2
21.1
15.8
19.8
64.0
2006
59.2
16.2
15.4
5.3
41.7
27.5

______________________

() .
.
.
() .
( ) .
:

-Coverage of EAP based on BSSB (2009, 2010); CCSS (2008, 2009a); SP (-

2009a), ISSS (2009); IGSS (2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009a); IHSS (2007, 2009); INSS
2009-(2008, 2009a, 2009b); CSS (2009a, 2009b). Additional data for 2002
taken from Central Bank Internet sources. Unpublished data provided by
Caja del Seguro Social, Panam; and Instituto Hondureo de Seguridad
Social, Honduras. Coverage of population 65+ based on Rofman, Luccetti
.and Ourens (2008). No data on Belize and Nicaragua, and after 2006

 26 /2013

.
( " -3")
:

(
) .
.
. (van
.)Ginneken, 2010 ( 3 )
2006
.
( " -1")
(
) .
(
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( 14 15 )
. %1
%1
%1 Mesa-Lago and( %0.33
.)Castanda-Angarita, 2010

 26 /2013

:3
65
2006 ()%
()

10

65+
()
()
()

()

62.7

59.2

32.2

19.0

45.0

41.7

36.3

30.8

29.1

16.2

49.6

47.5

26.8

15.4

51.6

60.2

20.1

5.3

54.2

71.5

18.5

55.5

69.4

()

33.7

27.6

46.5

49.7

______________________

() .
()
()
()
()

:

2-1 Rofman, Luccetti and Ourens,( :

)2008 4-3 .)ECLAC, 2008( :

 26 /2013

( )
() .
. %26 1998
( ) %17.7 2004
%19 2007
. %50.3 2000
( ) %48 2004
2006
2008 . 2009
( .)2
.

%44 %43
2008
( .)INEC, 2008
%80
%95-84 .


.
(
) . %0.8
2008
( .)INSS, 2009a

.
%2 %6 (Mesa-Lago,
.)2008b
.

11

 26 /2013

____________________________________

(65
60) .
( 62 57)
( .)4
:4
2010

12

() ()

()

()

( 60/64)
65
( 55/60)
60
( 60/65)
60
57/62

10
25
25
15
15
15
15

3
20
10
5
5-3
5
10-7

()

______________________

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() .
() .
:
(.)SSA/ISSA, 2010

 26 /2013

60 55

%160
.

. 15
10
( ) 25 (
) .

.
.%40
.
( 65 25
20)

.
.

2000
2009 . 385 286
85 (
.)5 2003 2009
%42 %4 %2 (Mesa-
.)Lago, 2011
.
%14
2006 %7 2009.

13

 26 /2013

:5 2000
2009
2008 ( )

()

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

72
138

14

100
152

99
161

231 218 167

() 63 58 51
43 42 24

() 79 74 55
333 326 298

107
174

233
266
66
46
86
352

114
205

132
240

152
286

94
190

50
118
50

( 143 259 241 238)

278
50
55
85 74 70

85
84 58 57

78 120 114 94
100
175 385 373 372

______________________

() .
() .
()
.
() : ... .
.
: .

:
ased on BSSB (2009, 2010); CCSS (20012009 ,2008-a); SUPEN (2009b); SP
B
;)(2009a); ISSS (2009); IGSS (2008b, 2009b, 2009d); IHSS (2007); INSS (2009a
and CSS (2009a, 2010). Unpublished data provided by Caja Costarricense
de Seguro Social, Costa Rica; Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social,
Guatemala; and Instituto Hondureo de Seguridad Social, Honduras.

 26 /2013

. (
) .

.


.
.
.
10
25 .

( ) .
2008 190 55 .
(
) .

. ( 65) ( 70)

. : 3 50
100 118
. %0.01 %0.38
. %9 %4
%1 ( .)6
%0.7 %1.2 %1.6
( ) .
( )Bertranou, Solorio and van Ginneken, 2002
.

15

 26 /2013

:6 2009 2010

16

2003

1974

2009

2007

2006

2009

65
65
70
65

70

( 65/67)
()

( 3)
50
50
118
50
( )
( 6,487 78,950 4,257) 52,493 80,852

1.0
1.0
0.6
9.2
3.9
%
(
2
32/48
10
112
2
)

0.38
0.16
(0.08/0.12 0.02) 0.01
%

100
75,000
9.0
90
0.38

______________________

()
()
() 37
() 2009 28,415 2010
()

:
;) elize from BSSB (2010); Costa Rica and Panama from Mesa-Lago (2011
B
and the other countries from Mesa-Lago and De Franco (2010).

.

%53 %62
.
( .)5

 26 /2013

______________________________________________

.
.
.
(
) .
.
2006

( .)7 (
) %14 %53 %22
%56 %23 %38
.
:
.

17

 26 /2013

:7
65
2006 ()%
()

18

65.1 58.4
52.1 29.3
35.0 15.9
36.2 15.1
32.0 7.4
26.1 6.5
() 38.0 23.1
65 +
48.4 29.6
55.5 19.3
22.3 5.2
22.0 8.2
10.2 1.0
() 40.3 22.7

()

84.4 52.3 78.1 48.3

65.6 29.0 64.5 15.1
56.2 16.7
57.9
3.8
38.2
0.9
50.8
7.2
35.6
3.1
56.7 21.7 53.0 13.6

67.9
42.3
26.8
29.1
17.0
16.2
32.9

53.8
49.5
26.7
29.2
25.6
22.3
33.9

67.5 36.9 61.7 11.9

82.5 30.0 77.1
5.3
36.8
1.0
62.8 11.6
40.0
1.2
67.7 31.6 54.0 19.8

52.5
49.8
22.6
20.0
6.5
30.2

32.1
34.1
11.1
11.0
4.2
18.5

______________________

()
65 .
() .
() .
:
(Rofman, Luccetti and Ourens, 2008).:

 26 /2013

.
30 60
10
15 .%100
(.)Mesa-Lago, 2009b

50 10
( .)World Bank, 2007

11 (Durn
.)Valverde, 2009

.
2006

34 Table 7; BSSB,( %33
.)2009
%18.5 %30.2 .
.


.

10-9
.

.

( )
.

19

 26 /2013

%35,0 %36,5
2004 2008
%26 %29
%63 2008
%5 ( .)BSSB, 2009
%30,9 %31,6
2000 2008
%44 %46
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.)CCSS, 2009a( %170

____________________________________
20

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%40 %60
( .)8
( %18.8 ) ( %14
) ( %12 ) .
( %3 )%5 (
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(
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(
%9.1 %3.8 ) .

.

 26 /2013

:8 /
2010 ()%

()

()

3.00 ()

( 1.50)

0
0.41
0.41
0

4.50
12.25
8.00
4.25

6.75
7.00
3.67
2.00
6.00
10.25
5.70

6.25
7.00
1.83
1.00
4.00
8.00
3.80

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0
0.25
0.50
0
0.80

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14.00
5.50
3.00
10.00
18.75
9.50

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3.25

3.67
2.67
1.00

( 4.50)
4.75-7.25 ()

( 13.00)
( 14.00)
( 5.50)

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( 11.00)

9.08

______________________

() .
() .
()
() .
: (.)SSA and ISSA, 2010

2006 %38
( %65 %57 ).
(
)
( .)ECLAC, 2008 2007
2009 .
2009
.

21

 26 /2013

22

%17 2008 2009

( .)SUPEN, 2009b
.
9
2006 2009 .
.
.
.
2008 2009
( ) .
.
%39 %0.9
%1.1 .
2008.
:9 (
) ()
() 2006 2009

 26 /2013

%
/

%
/

%
/

%
/

%
/

%
/

%
/

2006

2007

2008

2009

22
7
15
1.2
17.2
692
404
288
1.3
7.0
9
185
176177
0.9
0.2
224
134
90
0.3
7.0
62
10
52
0.4
26.4
258
191
67
1.1
4.1
594
656
620.45.3

24
8
16
1.2
16.4
716
530
186
0.7
7.4
8
152
144146
0.7
0.2
250
143
107
0.3
7.7
68
13
55
0.4
27.6
308
216
92
1.4
4.4
652
723
710.45.4

24
11
13
1.0
18.1
757
558
199
0.7
7.8
8
155
147147
0.7
0.1
267
154
113
0.3
7.9
69
22
46
0.3
27.0
369
283
86
1.2
4.1
892
820
72
0.3
5.6

25
12
13
0.9
14.2
900
687
213
0.7
7.1
22
266
244245
0.1
0.1
294
177
117
0.3
7.8
75
32
44
0.3
23.8
382
330
52
0.8
4.4
453
443
10
0.04
5.6

______________________

() .
.
2006 2007.
.
71 .
:

;) ased on BSSB (2009, 2010); CCSS (2004, 2008, 2009b); ISSS (2009); SP (2009a
B
IGSS (2007, 2008a); IHSS (2006, 2007); INSS (2009a); CSS (2009a, 2009b,
2010). GDP figures from Central Banks. Unpublished data provided by Caja
del Seguro Social, Panama; Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social,
Guatemala; and Instituto Hondureo de Seguridad Social, Honduras.

23

 26 /2013

24

.

( )24 ( .)14
( )0.1 ( )4.4 (.)5.6

( .)9
" " (
) (
) .
(.)ECLAC, 2007
(
) ( ) ( )
( ) .
(
) .

.

2008 2009 .

(.)2009-Table10; AIOS, 2007
.
.


(
) .
.
.

 26 /2013

2006 %8
( ) %4 %2.8 %1
. 2008

. 2009


. 2009
2008 (
) :
( .)10
:10
2007 2009

()%

12

=
()
= 20072007 / /

()%

2007 2008 2009 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2008 2009

125
()
() 1,927
() 1,396
() 3,958
() 968
() 354
()
()

405
1,557

131
2,257
1,513
4,471
1,145
433

1,624

______________________

138
2,214
1,723
4,763
1,159

1,639

4.8
17.1
8.3
13.0
18.3
22.3

4.3

5.2
2.8
0.71.4
0.5.3.0-

0.51.6
9.02.20.55.4

5.3
14.9
23.4
20.3
19.7

3.2- 7.3-
0.6- 0.1- 5.2

7.8
4.9
1.73.7
9.5
7.8

03.-

4.0
5.1
3.6
7.7
3.2
0.6

3.2

4.4
5.5
4.1
7.8
3.2
1.8

2.5

() 2009
() 9 6 .
() %4.9 .%9.5
()
:

Public systems: same sources as in Table 9 and CCSS (2009a), SUPEN (2009a),
SP (20022009-b), IGSS (2009d), IHSS (2009). Private systems: AIOS (2007 to
2009). Unpublished data provided by Caja del Seguro Social, Panama.

25

 26 /2013

( .)11
( )

( ) .
(
)
( )
.
(
) ( ).
:11
2007 2009
26

2007
2008
2009

2007
2008
2009

2007
2008
2009

2007
2008
2009

2007
2008
2009

2007

2007
2008

2007
2008

0
0
0.8

36.2
43.6
45.1

12.9
10.6
9.5

20.7
18.5
17.0

21.8
19.5
19.8

0
0
0

8.4
7.8
7.8

71.1
74.5
92.8

12.9
6.1
1.4

7.5
9.1
0

0
1.0
0.8

0
0
0

0
0
0

8.5
9.3
5.0

60.3
59.8
57.3

14.5
19.3
23.1

3.4
3.1
4.8

0.2
0.5
0.3

5.4
5.6
4.9

13.4
9.0
6.5

2.8
2.7
3.1

78.6
77.7
77.7

16.4
17.9
18.2

5.0
3.9
3.6

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0.5
0.5

0
0
0

41.4
55.4
56.9

53.4
40.1
40.2

5.2
4.5
2.9

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

53.0

42.5

4.5

27.7
40.7

72.2
59.1

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0.1
0.2

49.5
46.3

45.2
48.7

0
0

0.3
0.7

0
0

0
0

5.0
4.3

 26 /2013
______________________

() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
:

ublic systems: same sources as in Table 9 and CCSS (2009a), IGSS (2009c),
P
and INSS (2008). Private systems: AIOS (2007 to 2009). Unpublished data
provided by Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica.

2008 2009 ( )
2004 2005 .
2018
2029 ( .)BSSB, 2008
2007 2048 (CCSS,
)2007 2018
2023 ( .)Nathal Actuariosy Consultorios, 2008

( .)CCSS, 2009c and 2010
%69
2009 ( .)Melinsky, 2009
2016
2013 ( .)IGSS, 2009d
2006
2029 2038
2050 ( .)IHSS, 2006
2017 2021
%10 %24.7 ( .)INSS, 2010
2007
. 2006
2007 2008 2009 (
.)9 2009.

27

 26 /2013

____________________________________

28

. ( " -1")
( " -3")
.
. .
2009
.

.
15 .
.
%7 .


.
( )

.

.

.
" -1" -"3"
.
"
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 26 /2013

: .
.
/
.

.

.
: (
) (
" -3") %80 %85
%95 ( )

.
1.4 2007 2009

.

. ""
( )ISSA, 2010a, 2010b

( )

.

.
:

(
) /

29

 26 /2013

30

/
.


.

( )
.

( ) .
2009
.

.
. "
" .
.

( " -1" -"3") .

.
%1 .
""
.
: "
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/ .

 26 /2013

. 2003 2009
%42 %4
.%2
.

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25 .
10
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.
.


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:
.
.
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) . " "

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.

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(
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31

 26 /2013

32

( ) .

.
.
.
:
.

(
) .

.

2008 2009 ( 2010 ) .
2007 2009 (
) .
2008 2009
2008 2009 .
:

.

.
.

.


.
(

26 /2013

.) ( )


.
( )
.2009 2008

.
.

______________________

33

AIOS. 20002009-. Boletn estadstico (No. 6 to No. 21). International

Association of Pension Fund Supervisory Authorities . <http://
www.aiosfp.org/estudios_publicaciones/estudios_pub_boletin_
estadistico.shtml> (accessed on 05.05.2011).
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no contributivas y asistenciales: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica y
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CCSS. 2004.Costa Rica: Indicadores de seguridad social, 19992003-.
San Jos, Social Insurance Fund of Costa Rica.
CCSS. 2007. Evaluacin actuarial del seguro de invalidez, vejez y
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CCSS. 2008.Costa Rica: Indicadores de seguridad social, 20032007-.
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Fund of Costa Rica.
CCSS. 2009b. Costa Rica: Indicadores de seguridad social, 20042008-.
San Jos, Social Insurance Fund of Costa Rica.
CCSS. 2009c. Observaciones al informe final elaborado por la firma
Nathal Actuarios y Consultores. San Jos, Social Insurance Fund of
Costa Rica.
CCSS. 2010. OIT reafirma solidez financiera del sistema de pensiones
de la CCSS. San Jos, Social Insurance Fund of Costa Rica.
CSS. 2009a. Informe de gestin, 20042008-. Panama, Social Insurance
Fund.
CSS. 2009b. Memoria, 2008. Panama, Social Insurance Fund.
CSS. 2010. Memoria, 2009. Panama, Social Insurance Fund.
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______________________

The effectiveness of Luxembourgs minimum guaranteed income

ofo Amtp
F
CEPS/INSTEAD, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
ISSR 2012: 65(1) pp. 99116-

 26 /2013

38

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39

 26 /2013

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54

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.
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 26 /2013

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( .)Kayser and Frick, 2001; Millimet, 2001
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55

 26 /2013

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1986 2007 .

2007 . 1986
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( )PSELL3/EU-SILC 2007"
.
2007
1986 2007 .
.
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 26 /2013

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______________________
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57

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.
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(.)Disney, Emmerson and Tetlow, 2009

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(Palacios and
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14
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62

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 26 /2013

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.)al., 2010

.
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63

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 26 /2013

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 26 /2013

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 26 /2013

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 26 /2013

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 26 /2013

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:
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 26 /2013

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26 /2013

___________________________________

89

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91

______________________

disarmingly simple idea? Practical bottlenecks in the

A
implementation of a universal basic income
Jurgen De Wispelaere and Lindsay Stirton

niversit de Montral, Qubec, Canada; University of Sheffield,

U
United Kingdom
ISSR 2012: 65(2) pp. 103- 121

 26 /2013

92

:
.
)1 :
)2
)3
.
.
____________________________________

____________________________________

:
(.)Philippe Van Parijs, 2004, p. 7
" "
()
(Van Parijs,
.)1992, 2004

(Van Parijs, 1992; Standing,
.)1999, 2009; Offe, 2008
( .)Van Parijs, 1996, 2004

 26 /2013

( .)Standing, 2008

(.)Standing, 2011

.
(De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2007,
.)2011a, 2011b
: " "
()Standing, 2002


.



( .)1
"" :


.
(
).
.
( )
( ) . ( )
______________________
( )1
( .)Philippe Van Parijs, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2004
( )De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2004
(.)De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2007, 2011a

93

 26 /2013

94

.

.

( .)De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2011b

.
:

.

.


" "
( .)Schaffer, 1973; De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2011b

.

___________________________________

(Craig,
.)1991

(.)van Oorschot, 1991, 1998, 2002

 26 /2013

.


( .)van Oorschot, 1991, 1998
( )van Oorschot, 1991, p. 20
:






.

(;van Oorschot, 2002
.)Atkinson, 1996
()

( .)Goodin, 1992
( ) (;Goodin, 2002
.)also Goodin and Rein, 2001; Offe, 2008

" "

( .)see Harris, 2008 (
)
. ()Robert Goodin, 1992

. " "
:

95

 26 /2013

96

( ...) ... .
:
(.)Goodin, 1992, p. 195

( )
. " "
.

(""
)
.
.
.

( )1 .
"" ( "")
" " ( .)De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2011a

.



(Van Parijs, 1992, 1995, 2004; Standing, 1999, 2002; Wright,
.)2004, 2006; Ravents, 2007; Offe, 2008

.
______________________
( )1 . ()see Murray, 2006

 26 /2013

" " .
"

" (De Wispelaere and Stirton,
.)1( )2011a, p. 118 .

.
.
:

.
( )

.

. .
(
)
.
.

______________________
( )1 ( )De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2011a, 2011b

( ).

97

 26 /2013

_______________________________________

98

:
.
.


( .)Danz, 2000; Herd, Mitchell and Lightman, 2005
(Handler, 2003,
.)2004

.
( .)1
.

.
.


.
.
.

( )2 .
______________________
( )1 :
()Van Parijs, 2004

(.)De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2011a

 26 /2013

( .)1

.

( )
""
.
.
( )
.
.
.
. .
:
.
.

"" "" ""
10.6 14.5 19.2

5.84 20052006/
( .)Whitley et al., 2007

( .)2
______________________
( )1 .
( )Hood, 1985, p. 24
. (.)De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2011b
( )2
.
.

99

 26 /2013

.

.
(Beynon-Davies, 2006; Whitley ;2005 ,6
.)1( )and Hosein, 2010

100

(
) .
.

.
.

.


( )
.


( .)van Oorschot, 1991 (
)

.
______________________
( )1 2010 /
. 2010
2006.

 26 /2013

.

(.)1
:
.
(
)

.
.

.
( ) .

.
.


.

.

.
______________________
( )1

. (
) .

.

101

 26 /2013

_______________________________________

"
" .

. .
:
(see De Wispelaere and Stirton,
.)2011b

102

. :

.
.

.

.
.

.

.


.
()
(McKay, 2001; Zelleke,
.)2011 .

 26 /2013

()
.

.
.

()
( .)Van Parijs, 2004; Block, 2001, p. 87
( )

.

.


( )
.
" " ( )Van Parijs, 1992, 2004

( .)Milton Friedman, 1962

.
( )see Standing, 2002
: .


:

.

103

 26 /2013

104

(
) .

( .)De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2011b, p. 11
" "
(.)Offe, 2008
" "
.

.
.

. .
1.14 20082009/ (
1.54 %3 )
( .)Financial Inclusion Taskforce, 2010
(
)
.
(
) .
( ) (.)1


( .)Standing, 1999, p. 369

______________________
( )1

. Vincent( :
.)and Cull, 2011

 26 /2013

.
. :

.

.

.

.

( )National Audit Office, 2005
( .)Harris, 2008, p. 15 ""

( .)1
.

( )
.

.

.
______________________

( )1 "" .

. (Martin Landau,
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105

 26 /2013

_______________________________________

106

.

.

.
.

.

( )
.
( .)1


.

(see Standing, 2002; also Handler, 2004; Handler and
.)Hasenfeld, 2006

:
.
.
:
.
______________________
( )1
.

 26 /2013

(.)De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2011a

(Hood,

.)25-pp. 24 ,1985 ;79-1986, pp. 78

( .)see De Wispelaere and Stirton, 2007

. "
" ( )see Hasenfeld, Rafferty and Zald, 1987

.
.

( )
.

.

.
"" ""
(.)McCubbins and Schwartz, 1984; Lupia and McCubbins, 1994
(
) "
( )
() ( .)McCubbins and Schwartz, 1984, p. 166

(
) .
.

107

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108

.
(
) .
.
""
.

.
.



.

.

.
( ) .
.
( )Hood and Margetts, 2007
" " " . ( )
.
" (.)Hood and Margetts, 2007, p. 14
" "
.

.
"
" " " (

 26 /2013

) .
.
.

.

.
(
)
.

: .
" " .
.

( )
.

( )
.


.

109

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( )
.

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(
) .

.

.

.
.
" " ( .)Schaffer, 1973
.
(
) ( ) .

.

(.)1

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he redistributive effect of social transfer programmes

T
and taxes: A decomposition across countries
Chen Wang, Koen Caminada and Kees Goudswaard
Leiden University, Netherlands
ISSR 2012: 65(3) pp. 27- 48

 26 /2013

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______________________

ocial protection and preventing illness in developing countries: Establishing

S
the health effects of pensions and health insurance
Peter Lloyd-Sherlock*, Nadia Minicuci**, John Beard*** and Somnath
***Chatterji
University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom*; National Council
Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy**; World Health
***Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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:
.

.

.
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. (
) .
.
(
)
.
.

.

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____________________________________

140

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 26 /2013

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"
"
( .)ILO, 1984, para. 120

( )Euzby, this issue
.
"
" (.)ILO, 2011, p. 121
" "
( .)ILO,1984, para. 39 70
" :

" ( .)248-Beveridge, 1944, pp. 247 "
"
.

.
" "
( )
( .)Lund, 2009, p. 302

.

.
49
40 " : "
" " (Debrun and

 26 /2013

.)Kapoor, 2010, p. 5; see also ILO, 2011, p. 4

.
19 "
( )

... %19
%7 " (Dolls, Fuest and Peichl, 2012,
.)p. 290; see also European Commission, 2012, p. 32

.
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)
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" ( .)Euzby, 2010, p. 74
( Kurzarbeit
) (Euzby, this issue; Hijzen and Venn, 2011; Boeri
)and Bruecker, 2011 (
).
.

.
( )
.

.

187

 26 /2013

" .

" (" .)Dolls, Fuest and Peichl, 2012, p. 290

" (.Stiglitz, 2009, p
.)4
.

_________________________________________

188

.
" " (Ryan,
.)1971 " 18 "
"
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( .)Brady, 2009, p. 142

.


"" "" (McKinnon,
.)2010, p. 456
(Webster,
.)2005
"
" .
.
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 26 /2013

.
" (Gallie,
.)Paugam and Jacobs, 2003, p. 18

" . " (Brady,
2009, p. 143; see also Martnez, Ayala and Ruiz-Huerta,
.)2001, p. 446
"
...
.

" (;Cantillon, 2009, pp. 232 and 240
.)see also Bambra, 2011

.

_________________________________________

. (
)
( )Frazer and Marlier, 2009
.
(.)Cantillon, 2011


. %6.5
%12 ( .)Bell and Gaffney, 2012, p. 4

189

 26 /2013

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12 6
%10 .
.

.


.

_________________________________________
190

(Veit-Wilson, 1998 and
.)1999

.

" " (Brady,
" .)2009, p. 8
" (Frazer
.)and Marlier, 2009, p. 30
(Frazer
.)and Marlier, 2009, p. 36
.

. "

 26 /2013

" (Frazer and Marlier, 2009, p.

)38 .

. "
-2011
.)European Commission, 2012, p. 32( "2013

.
.

( .)Frazer and Marlier, 2009, p. 35
. () 20

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.

.
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.)summary, p. 2 (
)
.

.

191

 26 /2013

.
%80 1993 ()Sjberg, 2011, p. 221
( .)Goul Andersen, 2011, p. 203
(
) .

(Frazer and Marlier, 2009,
.)p. 12
.

_________________________________________
192

. "
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:)Marlier, 2009, p. 11 "
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( .)Frazer and Marlier, 2009, p. 17
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(Matsaganis, Levy and Flevotomou,
.)2010, p. 23

" . %40 %80
%60 %80 " (Hernanz,
.)Malherbet and Pellizzari, 2004, p. 4

.

.

 26 /2013

2008
( .)CPU, 2009, p. 1
.
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( .)186-185 .pp ,2002 ,van Oorschot


(.)Naven,Withington, and Egan, 2012

.
.
.


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)
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193

 26 /2013

194

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.)Cantillon, 2011( .
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900 12
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_________________________________________

. "
: " (Berghman,
)1998, p. 63
.

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 26 /2013

(Hughes and
.)Sinfield, 2004, p. 165

%1
(Adema, Fron and Ladaique,
)2011, p. 33, Table 1.4 " "
(.)ILO, 1984, para. 261
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)1973, p. 37 . " "
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(& HM Revenue
.)Customs, 2009, para. 2.14 (
) (.)TUC, 2011


(Ginn, Street and Arber,
.)2001
.

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195

 26 /2013

.)and Spies-Butcher, 2010, on Australia;World Bank, 2003

196

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)
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8.2 2012 -2011
(.)HM Revenue & Customs, 2012, Table 1.5

. "
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.

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( )ILO, 1984, para. 209

.

.

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 26 /2013

.


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2009 ( )117 .Btler, 2009; ILO, 2011, p

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(ILO, 2011, p.
.)118 2008
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197

 26 /2013

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.


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...
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198

_________________________________________

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 26 /2013

( .)McKinnon, 2007 and 2010 "

"
" " (ILO, 1984, paras. 118
.)and 240

( .)Hirsch, 2008
( .)Rothstein, 1998


.

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.)also ILO, 1984, chapters 4 and 7

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199

 26 /2013

200

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 26 /2013

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