Electrical Machines

induction phenomena

:
.
:

-..

Dynamically induced e.m.f

..
:
E = BL
)volts (1
Where :
B := Flux density
webers/m2
L := Conductor Length
m
:= Conductor Speed
m/s

) ( 1 :
E = BLsin
)volts (2
..

-..

.Statically induced e.m.f

t


n = sin
..
)Fig (1
)E = -Tc (d/dt
)volts (3
Where
Tc: = number of turns in the electric circuit
: = magnetic flux
webers
) (3) (1 .
2 Interaction Phenomena

 ) e( ) i(
)B/ (2 ) F(

(F = BLi
Newtons (4

.
F

Fig 2

)-2(

) -2(
. )-2 (
.

.

..



.
,
.
.

..

 .
.
) (3
.

 :
) (4
..
)(2

) ) ( 4..
(
..

.
.
Gramme-ring generator

.
) 5 (

120
) -5 ( .

Stationary armature

 ) (4

: 50 /
Frequency 50 /

:
f = pn

)cycle/sec (5

Where:
f: = Frequency
,cps
p: = no of pole pairs = P/2
N

rps, = 60

n: = speed

3000 /

:
PN
) (10 )( 3000
= f
=
120
120

250 cp: s

50/

= .rpm 600

120f
P
))(120
(50
10

=N

.Synchronous Genr
Synchronous speed N
:
Synch. Speed ,rpm
60cps
50cps
25cps
3600
3000
1500
1800
1500
750
1200
1000
500
900
750
375
720
600
300
600
500
250
375

No. of poles
2
4
6
8
10
12
16

20
30
40

300
200
150


" " Dynamo

:


1 Direct current generator
2 Direct current Motor

Essential Construction of
a.d.c machine

:

- 1 The Field Poles :

, , ,

.
, Pole Core.
,
Yoke
.

-2

The Armature


armature Core Commutator


.

,

.
) -1 (
) -1 (
) -1 ( . ) -1 (

micanite
.
) (2
, air gap



,
) 16/1 4/1
( .





.

:

.. ,
.. ..
,
..

,
..
.
.

,

.
.
Gramme ring armature ) - 3 , (
.

 .. ,



.
..

.
) - 4 , (
:


.

.
-
..
..
, ..
.. .

:

-1
.

-2
,
.

-3
.

-4
.
.

Drum winding

,
Lap winding Wave Winding

 coil

.
coil side

.
inductor
: .. .
front end connection
.
back end connection

.
Y ) Pitch) :
,
.
Pole pitch
.
)Yf) front pitch

.
)Yb) back pitch


Commutator pitch Yc



1 The simplex lap singly reentrant
winding
) (6
) ( A

.
) ( B
) ( A

) B
( )
( A


) ( A
) ( B

.
) ( C
) ( B ) ( B ) ( C
.
) ( A .
) ( A 7 1 ) ( B
8 2 ) ( C 9 3
:
Slot Occupied
6 and 12
7 and 13
8 and 14
9 and 15
10 and 16 etc,

Coil
F
G
H
I
J

Slot Occupied
1 and 7
2 and 8
3 and 9
4 and 10
5 and 11

Coil
A
B
C
D
E

: 7
) ( A ) ( G 8 ) ( B ) ( H 9
) ( C ) ( I.
) ( B ) ( A ) ( C ) ( B

)Fig (6

 . progressive winding ) ( B ) ) A
( ( C ) ( B
retrogressive winding ) (6
:
) ( B ) ( A ) ( C
) ( B .. simplex ) ( B )
( A ) ( C ) ( B
single reentrant

) ( A
) ( B
) ( A ) ( A ) ( B
. ) ( C
) ( B
) ( B
..





The duplex lap
doubly reentrant winding ) ( Tow windings




) (7

 3 :

Duplex lap singly

reentrant winding

) ( B ) ( A


) ( A ) ( A


) ( A .

) ( A

) ( 8
.

4 The triplex lap

winding

) ( B ) ( A
. Singly reentrant
Triply reentrant ) 9 (
.

 1 The simplex wave singly

reentrant winding




: ) (10 ) ( A
) ( B
) ( C
) ( C
) ( A ) ( D ) ( C
) . ( B
) ( A
.

.
.

2 :


.








)(11





.


.

chorded winding



.

%80

..
.

Equalizer Connections


) - 12 (

 ..


:

-1
.

-2
.
.
-3
..
circulating current

.




)12
(





.. .



..
.

winding calculations

:

- :
Yb Yf
:
Yf = yb 2m
)in terms of coil sides (1-a
and for only 2 coil sides per slot, it becomes
Yf = yb m
in terms of slots
)(1-b

Where:
Yf := front pitch in coil sides or slots,
Yb:= back pitch in coil sides or slots
m := multiplicity of winding ( 1 for simplex , 2 for duplex, 3for triplex ,etc.)
) (
.
.Yb Yf ( - )
.Yb Yf
:
simplex
-1
.

duplex
-2

triplex
-3
....


.
.
Example:
A simplex lap winding is to be installed in a four-pole dynamo that requires 21
inductors per path. If there are 3 turns per coil and 2 coil sides per slot, determine (a)
number of coils,(b) number of slots ; (c) number of commutator segments ; (d) back
pitch ; (e) front pitch,(f) commutator pitch and draw a developed view of the
proposed winding.
Solution:
a) No of parallel paths = no of poles = 4
Total no of inductors = 4 paths x 21 inductors/path
= 84 inductors
Each coil has 3x2 = 6 inductors
84
no of coils
= 14 coils
6
=
b) No of coil sides = 14 x 2 = 28 coil sides, each slot has 2 coil sides:
28
= 14 slots
no of slots =
2
c) Simplex lap winding requires only one commutatar segment per coil, then the no
commuter segments is 14.
28 coil sides = 7 coil sides

4
poles
= d) back pitch Yb a pole pitch
e) Front pitch Yf = Yb 2m
,m=1
= 9 coil sides for retrogressive winding
= 5 coil sides for progressive winding
f) The commutator pitch is the same as the multiplicity of the winding:
Yc = 1 commutator segment.

:
.. ,
, .
.

- :

:
Yb + Yf
= Y
)(2
2
,

PY =
) P , (
PY = 2 ,
Or
2
)(3
P
, :
= Y

Y =

2m
P

=Y

2NC2m
2p

In coil sides (4)

NC =

NC m
P

= and Y

P = 2p

In slot

(4)

:
NC = PY m

(5)

. Y YC
YC =

NC m
P

In commutator segments (6)

Example:
A simplex wave winding is to be installed in a four-pole dynamo whose armature has
14 slots. Determine (a) Yb , (b) Yf , (c) Yc and draw the developed winding
Solution :
(As in the lap winding Yb one pole span)
Since there are 14 slots , assume that 14 coils will be needed and 14 commutator
segments are required :
NC m
141
1
1
YC
=
= 7
Or 6
Segments
P
2
2
2
=
The commutator pitch is not a whole number; therefour 14 coils can not be used.
Reduce the no. of coils by 1 and repeat
13 1
YC =
= 7 segments for progressive winding
2
=6
segments for retrogressive winding
The no. of coils required = 13 cols
13*2
1
Yb
= 6 Can be taken as 7 coil side
4
2

=Y

2
P

2 26
4

= 7 or 6

= 14-7
= 7 for progressive winding
= 12-7 = 5 for retrogressive winding
, Yf =7
) , Yc =7 ( progressive

Yf = 2Y-Yb
Yb = 7
Winding Table

No of slot=14 , no of commutater segment=13

Dead or dummy coils

,
.

:
.. ,
600
.

.

200 ,
.
e.m.f. induced in the armature

 )( B

/ 2
e = BL
Volt
L , /
,
) (13
) ( .
..
,
.. ) (13
, e N
.S
..
..
) ( 13
) ( B
ab ..
:
Eav = BL
Volt
Where:
B : = average flux density per pole pitch
L : = active length of the conductor

, weber / m
, in m,
ab
: = velocity of conductor
= , in m/sec
t
t : = time required for the conductor to travel the distance ab , equal to the pole pitch .
)Bl(ab

=
Volts
= Eav
t
t
Where :
BL(ab) : = total flux per pole , and
1
= t
Sec.
np
the average e.m.f. per conductor is


np
volts
1/np
and the total induced e.m.f. between brushes is
Z
Volts
E = np
a
Where
Z: = total no. of conductors on the armature
a : = number of parallel paths , and
Z/a : = no. of conductor in series
If the speed in rpm , eq (7) becomes
NP
E=
Volts
Z
60a
Eav

( 7)

( 7`)

Example:
A 900-rpm 6-pole generator has a simplex lap winding. There are 300 conductors on
the armature . the flux per pole is 0.05 weber . Determine the e.m.f. induced between
brunches .
Solution:
= 0.05 weber

, n=

900
60

= 15

rps

no. of paths = no. of poles = 6

E =

0.05 * 15 *6 * 300
6

225 volts

:

,

aE
(8)
=
npZ
. ( 7 )

.

 ,
) ( 2

.
) ( 14 ,
,

) (mmf


abcdef )(14
.
Ampere
turns

H1.L1

Ampere
turns
Length,
per
meter
meter

L1

Flux density
weber/m2

Area
Flux ,
square
weber
meter

H1

)K1( /A1

A1

H2 L2

0.5 /A2

A2

0.5

H1.L1

L1

H1

)K1( /A1

A1

H3.L3

L3

H3

H4.L4

L4

H4

/A3
0.5
K2(
A4

A3

A4

0.5

H3.L3
IN
IN/2

L3

H3

A3

H2.L2

/A3

= Total ampere-turns for 2 ples

Total ampere- turns per pole

Material
Dynamo
steel
sheet
Cast
steel
Dynamo
steel
sheet
Air
Dyn.
Steel
sheet
Air

Part
Core ab
Yoke bc
Core cd
Gap de
Armature
ef
Gap fQ

Where:
Core Flux
1.1 1.2
Armature Flux
K : = Correction factor to allow for the thickness of the oxide on the surface of the
lamination and the air-duct speed = 1.1-1.25
= : = leakage coefficient

 D.C. Generators
:

Types of Field Excitation

:
,
.
) -15 (
Separately Excited d. c. Generators
) -15,, (
Self Excited d. c. Generators

,

b r If



:
1 : Shunt generator
If
. If r
) 15 (
2 : Series Generator ) 15 (


.
3 : Compound Generator Fsh
. Fse
) 15 (

.

Characteristic of Generators :

curves Characteristic
.
, .

- 1 :
internal characteristic curve , open circuit characteristic , or no-load
magnetization curve
,
:
E = K N
)(9
Where :
Z
1
= K
.P.
: = constant
a
60
: = Flux per pole , in weber
N: = speed of armature , in rpm
.
) -16 (
.

 , E - If
, .. ) (1 )-16 (
residual magnetism
. 2 3
.. 3 4

.

) (4 ,
retentively . 4 5
Hystresis loop


,

.
At N1 rpm the induced voltage is E1 = K N1
and
At N2 rpm the induced voltage is E2 = K N2
E1
E1
N1
K N
N2

E2

and

K N
2

K ,

)-16(
)-16 (

.. ,

.. .

E2

 Field resistance line

) -17 ( ,

) -17 ( .-
,
. .

The build up process :

) -18 ( ,

oa .
, ab
`ob
.. . `cb
, , `od
.. .... `ed
F ,
g
, `0g
`Kg `gg f .

 ,
.

Critical Field Resistance :

oa
.
`a oa .
ob
b
ob
) -18 (



:
1

.
.2
3
, ..
4
.
.5

Armature Reaction

,
, .

:
) -19 (
.
F .
) -19 (
,


,




FA
.
,
,
.
, Trailing Pole Tips, Leading Pole Tips )-19
( FR

.. .
)-20 (

FA :
FD : = demagnetizing component of armature reaction
FC : = Cross-magnetizing component of armature reaction


. )20 - (
: ,2
.
.
) (21 FR ,
FC, FD FA
, F
FR FA .
Example:
A 4-pole generator has 288 surface conductors. The armature is lap wound, and
the armature current is 120 amp. The brunches are advanced 15 space degrees.
Determine demagnetizing and cross-magnetizing armature ampere-turns.
Solution:

 = 15
2 = 30
No. of brunches = no. of poles ( lap winding ) = 4
total number of degrees covered by the demagnetizing conductors = 120 , this
gives that one-third the conductors on the armature , or 96 conductors , are
demagnetizing conductors.

no. paths = 4 , current per path = 120/4 = 30 amp

Demagnetizing ampere conductors. = 30 * 96 = 2880
2880
Demagnetizing ampere turns
=
=1440
2
of the no. of conductors on
the armature
=2880

2
3
192*30
2

= no. of cross magnetizing conductors

= cross magnetizing amperes-turns

:
) -22 ( , N` , S , N
, ,

) -22 (
-
.. ) -23
( ,
qr st

I j k h ) -23(


. b d f


) 23 ( .
) (24


.


.

FD .


)
`N ) 23 ( ) `r`s
instability .



:
FA

.


:

- 1 :
) -19 ( 23 ) (


:

- : ) 25 (


.

:
) 25 (
.

- :
) 25 (




.

2

,



.
:

- compensating windings :

) (26
.

Interpoles :

..
.




)-27(

.

Commutation :
.. ..
.
ideal commutation :


-1
.
.
.
-2
) (28 straight line
commutation 1 10
. 20
40 .
) (
10 . 1 3 20 4
10

20 7 .10

Fig(28) current coil undergoing commutation condition

)-28( ) (20+ )(20 -
t ,
) -28 ( .




) (30 29

Fig (29) commutation with braches

too far back of neutral plane

Fig (30) commutation with

braches too far ahead
45
5 50
40 20



) 29 30 (
) 29 (



25
) ( 20+ ) ( 20-
t t1 . ) 30 (


.. . ) ( 31
.

.
:


..
.. .
commutating Zone ) 32
(

.

) 30 29 28
(
) 32 ( c 2 c
.. .

)(10

Volts

d c
dt

volts

2
t

ec = -N
= -N

Where:
N : = no. of turns in the coil
t : = time to across the commutating zone , sec.

.. . ..


.
.. ..

.. ..
..

..
..

..
Commutating poles
Inter poles
: ..
.. ..

.
) ( 33
B2
B1

.. .

-2 External characteristics :

 - Shunt generator characteristics

hb ) 34 (
e
break down point
f

.. .

`h h `fgh
hysteresis

:
:
-1
Ra Ia
,
, :
V=E-IaRa
)volts (11
Where : V: = terminal voltage
, E: = generated voltage .
.. .
-2
:
-3
.. .
) -34(

:
,
..



.. ,
.

 ) ( 35
1200
1 230 , 900 /
/

.
) ( ) 34

(
20

IL V If
.

Generator Regulation :

.
"" regulation
:
*100

)(12

VNL-VFL
VFL

Percent voltage Regulator

Where:
VNL: = no load terminal voltage - volts
VFL : = Full load terminal voltage volts
Example :

A 10-kw 230-volt shunt generator delivers rated current at rated voltage. When
load is completely removed, the terminal voltage rises to 250 volts. Determine the
voltage regulation.
Solution:
VFL = 230 volts

, VNL = 250 volts

250-230
Regulation %
*100
= 8.7
230

.
:
1 .
2

.

 Total characteristic

.. . E Ia :
(Ia = IL +IF
(13
Where :
IL : = load current , If : = shunt field current

E : = V + IaRa
)(14


:
qr ) ( 36
) oa ob (
.
oY oa
. oe
ef `oe . `e`f
`e `of Ia `f`g
. fg IaRa
( e`f ( e`f =oe g .
.

:
:
watt
(15

(Pg = E.Ia

Where:
E: = induced e.m.f.
, Ia : = total or armature current


Example:
A 20 kw 220-volt shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.07 and shunt
field resistance of 200 ohms . Determine power developed in armature when it
delivers its rated output.
Solution:
103*20
Rated current
=I
= 90.9
amp
220
amp

= 1.1

220
200

= If

Field current

Armature current Ia = 90.9 + 1.1 = 92.0 amp

Induced voltage E = 220+ (92.0*0.07) = 226.4 volts
Power developed in armature
Pg = 226.4 * 92.0 = 20.83 kw
The same result may be obtained by adding power losses as follows :
2
)(220
Field loss
= Pf
= 242
watt
200
Armature loss
Pa = (92.0 )2 * 0.07 = 592 watt
Power developed in armature
Pg = 20000 + 242 + 592 = 20834 = 20.83 kw

Compound generator characteristics

.


) 37 ( .


.

V = E IaRa IsRs
)(16
Is : = series-field current
Rs : = series field resistance

Where :



cumulative compound generator .

differential- compound generator
constant current generator
.
) 38 ( .
degree of compounding

:
1 Over compounding 2 Flat Compounding
3 under compounding




) 38 ( .
.
Diverter

.

:
1
If1
2
. If2

 (Nf ( If2-If1

(Nf(If2-If1)=NsIs
(17
Where :
Nf : = no. of turns in shunt field ,
If1 : = shunt-field current at rated current and shunt characteristic,
If2 : = shunt-field current at rate load and the desired degree of compounding
Ns : = no. of turns in series field ,
Is : = series field current at rated load
If2-If1)Nf)
and
Ns =
(17`)
Is
In case of short compounding
Is = IL ,
and in case of long compounding
Is = IL+If2=Ia at rated load and the desired degree of compounding
Example:
A 250-kw 250 volt four-pole shunt generator requires a field excitation of 2.7 amp when delivering
a rated load of 150 amp . A field current of 5.0 amp is necessary to raise the terminal voltage to the
desired value at rate load. If the shunt field has 500 turns per pole and the series field 10 turns per
pole ,find the resistance value of the diverter when the generator is to operate as a cumulative
. compound generator. The resistance of the series field is 0.005

Solution:
Nf ( If2-If1) = NsIs
(5.0-2.7)500
series field current required Is =
10
To field the resistance of the diverter :
IdRd =IsRs
(150-115)Rd = 115* 0.005
Rd =

= 115 amp

115 * 0.005
= 0.0164
35

- :


,

.
,

..
.. ,

 ..
..
. )_ ( 40
,

.

oa " d
"
.
, bc




Booster ) (41
Feeders
.

:
,

,
:

: -

 ,





,
:

.
" " Floating on the bus bars ..
, .
,

,
.
, ,
.
) -42 ( ) (1
) (
) (a ,
) (1 ) (2
) (2 ) (b
.


, .


-
.

: -

 ) -43 ( ) (
) -43 ( .


) (1
..

) (a
,
) (2

...
) (1 ) (2 ,
) (1
.
,


) -43( ) (1
) (2
) (1 ) (2
) (2
) (1
, .


D.C. Motors
,
.
.

Principle of the Motor

) -44(
) -44( .
F=BLI
newtons
)( 18
Where:
B : = flux density of main field , in weber/m2
L : = Length of the conductor , in meter
I : = current , in amperes
Or
I
F= BL
Dynes
)`(18
10
Where:
B in lines /cm2 or gauss, L in centimeters and I in amperes
F
)44 , ( ,
Fleming's left-hand rule
,
.

,

.

,

) (45 ,

.
) (18
: , B
.

.
.

Fig(45) torque produced by coil

T = Fxr
N-m
)(19
Where:
T : = torque , in N-m
F : = Force , newton
R : = distance measured perpendicularly from
direction of F to center of rotation , m
) (45 ,
) -46 ( ) (1 )
(2 , ) (3 r
, ) (3 .
) (4
) (3 . ) (4
) -46(
.
) -46 ( Commutator
, ,
) -46(
.

Torque developed by a motor

) 46 (

.

:
From eq.s ( 18, 19) the torque developed by an armature can be obtained as follows :
d
(= T
)) (ZBavLI
) N-m ( i
2
Where :
D : = diameter of the armature , in meter .
The flux entering the armature of the one pole .
d
)
) ( ii
( =BaL
P

P : = no. of poles
Substituting in (i) the value of Bav from (ii)
d
P
T =(
)(
)ZLI
2
Ld
P
1
.
. ZI
2

, a : = no. of the parallel paths

=

But I = Ia/a
Then :

T=

PZ
I
2a a

N-m

T = KtIa
N.m (20)
Where Kt : = constant
= PZ/2a
( 20 )
.
electromagnetic torque or internal torque

.
Example:
When a motor armature is taking 50 amp from the line , it develops 60 IB-ft
torque . The field strength is reduced to 75 per cent of its original value and the
current increases to 50 amp. Determine new value of torque
Solution:
For the two conditions, we have
60 = K`t .50
Tnew = K`t 0.75 *80

(a)
(b)
(Dividing eq (b) by eq (a

Tnew
=
60

K`t
0.75 *80
K`t *50
Tnew = 60 * 0.75 * (80/50) = 72 lb.ft
[10 HP 110-volt motor, Ra=0.05 , Ia=110/0.05 =2200
amp but Ia=90A only .. . ]

Counter
Electromotive Force

 Ra

. .. . )
(47 .
:
) ( 21

Amp.

Vt E
Ra

= Ia

Where:
Ia : = armature current
Vt : = motor terminal voltage
Ra : = armature-circuit resistance
E : = Counter emf
Rewriting eq ( 21) we have
Vt = E+ IaRa

)(22
) ( 11
E = V+ IaRa
)(11
..
IaRa ..
IaRa .
.. ..
) : ( 7

NPZ
volts
) `( 7
60a
As Z,P and a are constant for any given motor , the counter emf is
E = K N
Solving for speed
E
`N = K
)(23

Where K` = 1/K
Substituting for E in eq (23) its value given in (22) , the speed becomes
V- IaRa
`N = K
)(24

=E

) (23 ..
. ) (24
.
Example:
In a motor the armature resistance is 0.1 ohm. When connected across 110-volt mains
the armature takes 20 amp, and its speed is 1200rpm. Determine its speed when the
armature takes 50 amp prom this same mains, with the field increased 10 per cent.

Solution:
)Applying eq.(24

105
.
108

110-50*0.1
N2
`K
2
=
=
N1
K` 110-20*0.1
1
But N1 = 1200 rpm and 2 = 1.10 1
Therefore

1
* N2 = 1200
( 1.1 ) = 1061
rpm
1
) (23 ) (20

.. .
:
Vt E
= Ia
Ra
105
108

. .
Ia :
T = ktIa


.

. . :
VtIa ,Ia2Ra
:
2
Pm = VtIa - Ia Ra
= ) Vt - IaRa )Ia watts
but the counter emf E = Vt -IaRa
Pm = EIa
)(25
. .
. Pm
.

) -48 (
R

.

) -48(
R
.

.

Vt E
.

:
,
,
, .
,

.
:

 , f
. ) (20
, , ) -49 ( :
T = Kt Ia
In a shunt motor = f = constant
Then
T = K`t Ia
T Ia
:
.. :
E = K fN
.. , :
Vt E
= Ia
Ra
.

..
)
, (
. )-49 (
.

Vt - IaRa
`N =K
f
Ia ,
IaRa 2 % 6
,
)--49 ( ,
.
)-49 (
.

:
) -50 (

,

 .
T=K tIa
Substituting Ia for , then

T=K"tIa2 and T Ia2

) 49 (

.
) (24
)(26

)Vt- Ia (Ra+ Rs

`S = K

Where:
Rs : = series field resistance
Ia :

.. Ia
( ( Ra+Ia %8-3
Vt ) (
Ia
) 50 (.

.


)-50 (
.

 .
Comulative
Compound Motor differential
Compound Motor :


) ( 51 :
1
2
3 Kinetic energy

.

) . (51
.
.

Conveyers, Cranes

Starting Direct current Motors

..
..


.. Starter
) 52 ( Three-Point Starter
) 52 ( . Four Point Starter


.

.

.
release Over Load ) -53 (
) 53 ( .

) (



.



) ( 53 52





.
) ( 54
) (
Controller .

:
%200-150

..

.. ... ) ( 55
.

..
:
E =Vt Ia-FL Rstep x
)(i
m Ia-
FL ..

E =Vt mIa-FL Rstep x+1

)( i i
)equating eqs ( i ) and ( i i
mIa-FL Rstep x+1 = Ia-FL Rstep x
Ia-FL
= Rstep x+1
*Rx
)(27
mIa-FL

 ) ( 27
.
Example:
Determine the resistance of each step of a starter for the following motor : 10
HP , 240 volts , armature-circuit resistance 0.5 ohm , Full-load current 45 amp .
Starting current to be 150% percent of full-load current
Solution:

Vt
240
=
= 3.56
Imax
67.5
100
= R2
* 3.56 = 2.37
150
100
= R3
* 2.37 = 1.58
150
100
= R4
* 1.58 = 1.052
150
100
= R5
* 1.052 = 0.704
150
100
= R6
* 0.704 = 0.468
150
) R6
(
= R1

Speed control :
:
Vt - IaRa

:
Vt
.
) ( I2R
,
N


.

::
) , (56 ) ( 57

,

Smoth acceleration
.

,
- ) . ( 58

R

R

R

Fig (57) ward-leonard system
.

Motor Testing

,
.
- 50 ,
.



Prony brake
) ( 59
F

r .

:

kg-m

) Work done in one revolution = F ( 2 r

and r : = brake arm , m
kg-m
)(28

) = F ( 2 r
2 (Fr)N
60*75

Where:
F : = net force , kg
Then ,
Work done in N rpm
The hours power
= Hp

)(1Hp = 75 kg-m/sec
) ( or = 550 lb ft / sec
but torque T = Fr , then
)(29

2 TN
4500

= Hp

, .

:

:
Output
= Efficiency
)(30
Input
,
:
Output
= Efficiency
)(31
Output + losses
and
Input- losses
= Efficiency
)(32
Input

 .
, ) ( 31
) ( 32
.

:
- : I2R
,
,

:
:
-1

, ) . ( 60
V1
.
V1

V1
V2 .


2
Pa = I a R a
)(33-a
.
:
-2
IF , Vf
Vf

Pf =VFIF
)(33-b
, .
:
-3
, IS
, :
2
PS = IS RS
RS . .

- :

Stray Power Loss

, :
Core Loss :
-1

 Eddy Current Loss

Hysteresis Loss
-

..
,
-N
. .
-

, "Steinmetz
" Formula
1.6
PH NB

Friction and windage losses
-2



.
.

Stray load loss:

200 %1
.

-
:
For a generator
VI
=
)(34
2
2
2
VI+Ia Ra +If Rf+Is2Rs+S.P.+PSL
for a motor
)VI- (Ia2Ra2+If2Rf+Is2Rs+S.P.+PSL
(3
=
)5
VI
Where:
S.P. : = Stray power loss
PS.L : = Stray load loss

Rt R 75
234.5+75
(= R
) Rt
234.5 +t

 ) (35) (34 ) .S.P

( :

:
-
N

. :
E=K N
1
E
(
(
)(36
= and
then
K
N
N . . E

) (61 )
( IaRa
:
Va E

) (E/N
Fig 62
VaI=Va(Ia+If) = VaIa+VaIf

.S.P
VaIa+VaIf=VaIf+Ia2Ra+S.P
)(37

S.P. = VaIa- Ia2Ra

:

)S.P. = f`( , N
If

) (36 K
:
E
),N
)(38
N
.S.P
) : (62

)`S.P.=f


Va
E


E/N E , E/N

.S.P
Swinburn`s
Test or Stray power method
:
.
-1
.
-2
:


.
:
) (34 :
. Ia I
-1
.Is = Ia I
-2
) (
-3
PSL
) (34 :
-4
VI
=
2
VI+I (Ra+ Rs) +I2fRf +S.P.
V
1 2
V+I(Ra+Rs)+
)(I pRf+S.P.
I

d
1 2
[V + I(Ra+Rs) +
(I fRf+S.P.)] =0
dI
I
From which ,
=0
)(39

1
)(I2fRf+S.P.
I2

(Ra+Rs) -

I2(Ra+Rs) = I2fRf +S.P.

Fig 62

 ( Opposition Test ( Kapp Method , Hopkinson Test :

.S.P
.




) VI
63 ( :
Motor-armature loss
= I21R1
Generator-armature loss
= I22R2
Motor stray Power
= (S.P)1
Generator stray Power
= (S.P.)2
R1 R2 .

..
. ..

. . :
(S.P.)1
E1
=
)(40
(S.P.)2
E2
Where
E1 = V-I1R1
)(41-a
and
E2 = V+I2R2
)(41-b
:
)(42

(S.P)1 +(S.P.)2 = VI I21R1 I22R2

:
Psl
-1
.
.
-2
.
-3
) (40 ) (.S.P
.

1 - For each type of the different d.c. generators , discuss the possibility of its
operation as :
(a) a practical voltage source
(b) a practical current source.
2 - give the salient condition which must be maintained while measuring each the
following characteristics of the d.c. generator :
(a) the internal characteristics,
(b) the load characteristics , and
(c) the regulation characteristics .
3 In a commulative compound generator , explain how could the degree of
compounding be varied. Specify the three distinguishes degrees of compounding of
this generator .
4 State the condition which must be hold when connecting a d.c. generator to the
common bus-bars. What is meant by "a floating d.c. machine on the common busbars ? Does such a machine need a prime-mover ? How can a floating machine be
forced to operate as : ( i ) motor , ( ii ) generator .
5 After the parallelizing of a d.c. generator to an another , explain how to share the
load between them. Discuss the steady. State stability of the parallel operation , if the
two generators are :
(a) shunt generators.
(b) commulative compound generators
give the solution which may be used to prevent any instability.
6 Describe and explain the function of each of the following special d.c. machines :
(a) Rototrol
(b) Regulex
7 What is meant by cross-Field machines? Name a generator which belongs to
these machines and explain its function as a rotating amplifier.
8 Build each of the following machines (i) Rototrol , (ii) Regulex, and (iii)
Metadyne ; in a control system which may be used to regulate :
(a) the voltage of d.c. generator
(b) the speed of d.c. motor , and
(c) the voltage of an alternator
give the schematic diagram in each case, and explain how the voltage or speed could
be maintained constant
9 A d.c. generator supplies the same rated full-load current at the same terminal
voltage when the machine is connected either self-excited shunt, or separately exited
compare between the steady-state short-circuit current in both case if the machine is
short-circuited by increasing the load.
10 Explain how to get the shunt characteristics of a d. c. generator from its opencircuit characteristics;
(i) neglecting the armature reaction
(ii) taking the armature reaction into consideration

:

-1
.
)
( .








.

-2

) ( . )
(
.
starter

-3
.
.
.
braking

-4

system
outputs inputs
:
open loop control
-1
.

.

 closed loop control

-2
.
.
. .

.

-1

-2

-3

-1 starter

.. .
V=E+IaRa
V E
Ra

1
.. . E=0

= Ia

V
= Ia
Ra

V
= Ia
Ra + R s

)(1
5 %90 200
E 0.2

:
V
200
=
= 1000 A
Ra
0.2

= I as

output
HP * 746
= * 100 %
* 100 %
input
VI a

= %

5 * 746
* 100
200 * I a

= 90

5 * 746
* 100 = 20 .72 A
200 * 90
E = V I a Ra = 200 20 .72 * 0.2 = 195 .86V
= Ia

48 .. .

 : starter
) ( .
R .

4
5

V
Ra + R

= I as

R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4

R Ias 1.5 .
) (5 ).(6
) (1 off a
) (6
) (5 .(brass (4
ON
) (2
.
.
.

Diodes
.
.
. Thyristor
.
V = Vo cos
6
Vo .cos(0) =1
V cos
7
) (2 & 1 Ias V
1.5 . .. .
V .

Fig

 )(2
) (1 .Thyristor V
1.5 . Vo =200
V=200

V = I as Ra =1.5 * 20 .72 * 0.2

V = 6.216 Volt
V = Vo cos
6.216 = 200 * cos
6.216
= cos
= 0.031
200
= 88 o

.88o .

-2
:
:
Dynamic Braking

-1
Counter Current Braking
-2
Regenerative Braking
-3
-1
R
.

.. . .
. I E/R .
-2
plugging
rolling mills .

) ( :
8

V + Ea
R + Ra

= Ia

. .
-3
overhauling
)( electrical train cage of a hoist E V
)( .
.
) (1 )( )( )(
:
) (4 .
. 180
inverter

 .
.

-3

. )
( :
V= E+IaRa
.. . E = Kn
9

V I a Ra
K

=n

:
- V
- Ra .
-

.
:
Ward Leonard
)
( . .)(7
. M1-G- M1
.
R .
M .G
M G .
M1 .
R
G M
.

:




chopper .
-1 :

) ( .
.

. )(8

regenerative
.

tachogenerator
tachogenerator 10
1000/. Fs /
)/( 1450/ tacho 14.5
Vs Vref

 Es Es Amp1 A1 VA1

:
10
11
12

Vs = nF s

e s = Vref V s
V A1 = A1 * e s

Ia VI DCCT
Ia
20 100 FI /
VI VA1 er Amp2
A2 Amp2
V .
Ia:
13
14
15

VI = I a FI

er = V A1 VI
V = A2 * er

)(3

20 300 1500/
0.4 ) (7
A1=100 Amp1 10 )
( & )Fr=1/5(V/A) & Fs=1/100 (V/rpm
A2=2000 50
. )V ( Ia er & es
:
) = (
-1
- 500/
- 100/
20
1500/ %20

V .
:
Vref = 15 rpm 1500
n=0&Eb=0 50A
V=IaRa=50*0.4
V=20V
20V Amp2 :

V
20
=
= 0.01V
A2 2000
VS = nFS = 0 * 0.01 = 0V
= eI

eS = Vref VS = 15 0 = 15V
V A1 = A1 * eS = 100 * 15 = 1500V

Amp1 10V VA1 10V . 1500V

eI & VAI 14
VI=10-0.01=9.99V
: 13
V I 9.99
= 49 .95 A
FI 1
5

= Ia

:
VI=20V, Ia=49.95A, er=0.01, es=15V
rpm 500
:
E=V-Ia*Ra
E=300-20*0.4=292V
En
E 2 n2
=
E1 n1
n2
500
* = 292
n1
1500

E 2 = E1

E 2 = 97.33V

V Ia
50A
:

V = E + I a Ra = 97 .33 + 50 * 0.4 = 117 .33V

V
117 .33
=
= 0.0587 V
A2
2000
1
* V S = nF S = 500
= 5V
100
e S = Vref V S = 15 5 = 10V
= eI

V A1 = A1 * e S = 100 * 10 = 1000 V

VA1 V 10 . :
VS = 15-0.1=14.9V
rpm 1490 rpm 1490 VA1
10V 10V . 1490rpm
V I = V AI e I = 10 0.0587 = 9.9413V

VI
9.9413
=
= 49.707
1
FI
5
V = 117 .33V & I a = 49 .707 & er = 0.0587 & e S = 10V
= Ia

rpm 1000

 : rpm 500
E2=149.7V
V=214.7V
VS=10V
ES=5V
EI=0.0173
VI=9.8927V
Ia=49.46A
Ia=20A
: 300V
V
300
=
= 0.15V
A2 2000
1
V I = I a FI = 20 * = 4V
5
V AI = 4 + 0.15 = 4.15V
= eI

4.15
0.0415V
100
VS = 15 0.0415 = 14.9585V
= eS

VS 14.9585
=
= 1496rpm
1
FS
100
1500 1496
= speederror100%
*100% = 0.277%
1500

=n

)( %20 :
TI a I f

If
Ia
25
* 20
100

I a = 20 +
I a = 25 A

1
= 5V
5

* V I = 25

Eb :

V = E + I a Ra = 292 + 25 * 0.4 = 302V

V
302
=
= 0.151V
A2 2000
1
V I = I a FI = 25 * = 5V
5
V AI = 5 + 0.151 = 5.151V
= eI

5.151
= 0.05151V
100
VS = 15 0.05151 = 14.949V
= eS

VS 14.949
=
= 1494 .9rpm
1
FS
5
1500 1494 .9
= speederror %
* 100% = 0.343 %
1500

=n

 -2 Chopper


Thy
T1 T2
.
V Vav :
16

t1
t1 + t 2

Vav = V

rated speed
)(
)( .

rated current *I2a

Rad
.

.

- :
) (9
.
:

.
:


)( Rsf N
.)(
Rsa
N .

)(4
300 0.5 300
1000/ 3
30 )(
3 ) ( %20

300
= 1A
300
= 3 1 = 2 A

= If
I ao

I a = 30 1 = 29 A

Iao Ia .

E bo = 300 2 * 0.5 = 299 V

E b = 300 29 * 0.5 = 285 .5V

E
n2
= b
n1
E bo
n2
285 .5
=
1000
299
n 2 = 954 .8rpm

E b = 300 29 * 3.5 = 198 .5V

E
n2
= b
n1
E bo
198 .5
= 663 .9rpm
299
= 0.8 * I f 1

* n 2 = 1000

If2

2 = 0.8 * 1
E bo
n1 * 1
=
Eb
n * 0.8 * 1
1000 * 1
299
=
198 .5 n * 0.8 * 1
n = 829 .8rpm

)(5
200
0.08 0.12 30
1500/
3000/ 9
30

R = Ra + Rs = 0.12 + 0.08
r = 0.2

E b1 = 200 30 * 0.2 = 194 V

E bn & I f
f

E bnI

n1 I f 1
E b1
=
Eb 2
n2 I f 2
3000 * 9
= 116 .4V
1500 * 30
= 200 9 * R f = 116 .4

* E b 2 = 194
Eb 2

R f = 9.29
Rad = 9.29 0.2 = 9.09

)(6
240 40 800
/ 0.15
%50
0.2 0.15

I f 2 = 1 / 2I a 2 & I f 1 = I f 2
T I a

I f
I f 1 I a1
I
I a21
T1
= = 1 a1
=
T2 2 I a 2
I f 2 I a 2 1 / 2 I a22

%50 T1 T2=1.5*T1

2I 2
T1
= 2a1
1.5T2
I a2
I a22 = (40 ) 2 * 3
I a 2 = 69 .24 A