Preaching God's Word: A Hands-On Approach to Preparing, Developing, and Delivering the Sermon

Preaching God’s Word

ZONDERVAN

Preaching God’s Word

Copyright © 2005 by Terry G. Carter, J. Scott Duvall, and J. Daniel Hays

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of Zondervan.

ePub Edition June 2009 ISBN:0-310-86351-1

Requests for information should be addressed to:

Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49530

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

   Carter, Terry G.

    Preaching God’s word : a hands-on approach to preparing, developing, and delivering the

   sermon / Terry G. Carter, J. Scott Duvall, and J. Daniel Hays.

     p. cm.

    Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

    ISBN 978-0-310-24887-3

    1. Preaching. I. Duvall, J. Scott. II. Hays, J. Daniel, 1953- III. Title.

   BV4211.3.C37 2005

   251—dc22

2005007676

All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible: New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.

The website addresses recommended throughout this book are offered as a resource to you. These websites are not intended in any way to be or imply an endorsement on the part of Zondervan, nor do we vouch for their content for the life of this book.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

08 09 10 11 12 13 • 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

To those from whom I feel the greatest love and support in all my endeavors—my wife and best friend, Kathy Carter; our greatest gift from God and wonderful daughter, Tilly Gambill, and her husband, Brent, a welcome addition to our family.

To Ashley, Amy, and Meagan Duvall, for being gracious and encouraging to their dad, who is also their preacher.

To my dad, Jim Hays. His preaching edified, inspired, and entertained me as a boy, and his powerful yet folksy sermon illustrations still live on in my memory. His preaching has always been the standard by which I have evaluated the homiletics of others.

Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Acknowledgments

Preface

Introduction

PART 1: Developing and Preaching a Biblical Sermon

1. Preaching a Biblical Sermon

2. Discovering Biblical Truth: The Interpretive Journey

3. Preaching the Meaning in Their Town

4. Exegeting the Audience

5. Communicating the Meaning in Our Town

6. Applying the Message

7. Illustrating Biblical Truth

8. Delivering a Biblical Sermon

PART 2: Preaching the New Testament

9. Preaching Letters

10. Preaching the Gospels and Acts

11. Preaching Revelation

PART 3: Preaching the Old Testament

12. Preaching Old Testament Narrative

13. Preaching the Law

14. Preaching the Prophets

15. Preaching Psalms and Wisdom Literature

Conclusion

About the Publisher

Share Your Thoughts

Acknowledgments

One would think that three authors would be able to handle all the details of writing a book. However, all writing projects require the assistance of many others, and so it is only appropriate to recognize some of those friends who made this work possible. First, we offer our deep appreciation to the encouraging people at Zondervan, and especially to our editor Jack Kuhatschek, for their vision and patience in the project. With their help and encouragement the emphasis on biblical preaching continues. As part of the process, Zondervan enlisted Ryan Padzur to read through the book and make appropriate suggestions for improvement. We offer gratitude to Ryan for taking the time and effort to review the manuscript and direct us to better ways of communicating the material. He helped us produce a better book.

As professors at the same institution, we are grateful that Ouachita Baptist University allows us the freedom and flexibility to write and contribute to various aspects of Christian studies. Writing demands time, encouragement, and freedom. Ouachita is a good place for this endeavor. In a similar vein, writing takes a great deal of time from families, and we want to thank our families for being so patient and encouraging throughout the process—that is especially true of our wives. We thank God for them daily.

Finally,we are daily reminded of the grace of God present in our lives that allows us to engage in the work of writing. We are ever indebted for all the blessings and abilities he has bestowed on us, and we hope the book helps you fan into flame your gifts.

Terry G. Carter, J. Scott Duvall, and J. Daniel Hays

Preface

How This Book Came to Be

Several years ago we (Scott Duvall and Danny Hays) struggled to find a hermeneutics textbook to use in our classes here at Ouachita Baptist University that was appropriate and effective for teaching students how to study and interpret the Bible. There were lots of advanced books on hermeneutics, but we could not find any that really taught our students a practical, hands-on approach to reading, interpreting, and applying the Bible. We found ourselves changing textbooks each semester and developing our own material to supplement the textbooks.

Eventually we discussed this problem with Jack Kuhatschek at Zondervan, and he encouraged us to try to produce such a practical text. A few years later Grasping God’s Word: A Hands-on Approach to Reading, Interpreting, and Applying the Bible was published. It did indeed seem to fit the niche and now is being used regularly in numerous Christian universities, seminaries, and churches. We are appreciative of all the positive feedback that we have received from professors, students, pastors, and laypeople from all over North America who have been using Grasping God’s Word.

Meanwhile, our colleague Terry Carter, who regularly teaches homiletics at Ouachita Baptist University, also struggled to find a homiletics textbook appropriate for his students that was practical and contemporary, yet still focused on biblical preaching. One afternoon the three of us (Carter, Duvall, and Hays) were at Zondervan’s book booth at an Evangelical Theological Society (ETS) conference, chatting casually with the Zondervan staff. The topic of preaching came up, and all of us reaffirmed how important it was that preaching be biblical and follow sound hermeneutical principles like those presented in Grasping God’s Word. The Zondervan staff noted that there was a real need for a basic, introductory homiletics book that integrated sound hermeneutical principles into the practical aspects of sermon development and delivery. They suggested that perhaps the three of us could produce such a textbook.

With little time at that moment to give the idea serious consideration, the three of us soon scattered to attend various conference sessions (and Carter went to play golf). Later that night we gathered together again at the annual ETS banquet dinner. Over a thousand people were at the banquet, and dozens of waiters scrambled to serve the large crowd. The food looked great, and as far as we could tell, everyone in the banquet hall ate well—except Terry and Scott. They waited patiently for their food for quite some time, watching everyone else get served and begin to eat. Finally the waiters sheepishly told them that all the food was gone; they couldn’t be served. They were quite hungry by this time, so in spite of the $20 banquet tickets, they simply slipped out and drove to the nearby IHOP. While eating pancakes there, they recalled the conversation at the Zondervan booth that afternoon and began discussing ideas for a practical homiletics textbook designed to teach students how to develop and deliver powerful biblical sermons. On a napkin at the IHOP they sketched out the chapter outline for this book.

The Nature of Preaching God’s Word

First and foremost, this book teaches students that preaching must be biblical—sermons must be based on a solid exegetical study of the Bible. In this sense Preaching God’s Word is a companion text to Grasping God’s Word. In Grasping God’s Word the student learns how to use standard evangelical exegetical approaches to studying the Bible. Throughout Preaching God’s Word we build on this hermeneutical foundation, making frequent references to Grasping God’s Word in regard to the details relating to interpretive issues. But Preaching God’s Word focuses on communicating God’s Word. It teaches the students to take the results of their exegesis, develop them into a strong, coherent sermon, and then deliver that sermon in a powerful manner that connects with today’s audiences.

We realize that not everyone using this book has studied Grasping God’s Word, and we have, therefore, structured Preaching God’s Word so that it is still beneficial to those who are unfamiliar with the earlier book. Indeed, chapter 2 in Preaching God’s Word provides a good short summary of Grasping God’s Word, designed especially for those who need a review of the nuts and bolts of exegesis.

The subtitle sums up the book succinctly: A Hands-On Approach to Preparing, Developing, and Delivering the Sermon . Hands-on points to the practical orientation of the book. Preparing, developing, and delivering underscore that this book teaches both sermon development and sermon delivery. But from beginning to end, we stress that if sermons are to carry any authority, they must be firmly grounded in the Word of God.

The Organization of Preaching God’s Word

Part 1 of this book focuses on developing and preaching a biblical sermon. It deals with critical issues common to most biblical sermons. In teaching this material the book presents a ten-step process:

After learning the basic biblical sermon development and delivery, the student moves on to analyze the unique challenges and opportunities when preaching from specific biblical genres. Thus, part 2 deals with New Testament genres: New Testament letters, Gospels and Acts, and Revelation. Part 3 covers the Old Testament genres: Old Testament narrative, law, prophets, and psalms and wisdom literature. We cover preaching from the New Testament first because for most students, the New Testament is easier, and we find that learning progresses best when the student moves from the less difficult to the more difficult.

Target Audience for Preaching God’s Word

Preaching God’s Word is targeted primarily for beginning students. Especially in part 1, this book assumes that the reader knows little about preaching and has little experience. Likewise reflecting the classroom tone are the assignments at the end of each chapter. If you are a professor using this book for a homiletics class, we also encourage you to require your students to watch great preachers on video and to evaluate their sermons. Thus, we make reference in a few places to the video series Great Preachers.

However, biblical preaching is a challenging enterprise, and we know that many, many preachers already active in a preaching ministry are interested in improving their sermons and their preaching skills. Perhaps you fall into this category. We think that this book will be helpful to you as well, and we have included a significant amount of material that may be new and helpful (e.g., how to exegete your audience). Moreover, within sermon development, the issue of biblical hermeneutics—how to move from the biblical text to valid but relevant and powerful application in the lives of people today—is a huge challenge. Perhaps this book can assist you in that process. Regardless of your experience level, you will probably find part 2 (Preaching the New Testament) and part 3 (Preaching the Old Testament) particularly helpful.

Introduction

I felt God call me into the ministry when I was fifteen years old. Having been in my home church since I was in preschool, everyone was pleased and sought to help me in every way possible. The pastor took it upon himself to help the preacher boy and offered advice and a chance to preach. So it was set on the calendar—my first of many preaching events.

Where should I start? With no clue at all to the process for preparing and delivering a sermon, I did the best I could. I found a book of sermon outlines and selected one that seemed to fit the bill—simple and easy. I worked hard with great anxiety, finding a few lightweight commentaries in my deacon father’s library and reading several minutes about the text. After all, no one wants to embarrass himself in front of an audience and certainly not on the first try. It was an ominous task. The title of my sermon was Christian Resources and Responsibilities. If you are wondering how I remember, it’s because that sermon still resides in my file as an ever-present reminder of where I started and where I never want to return.

The event occurred on a Sunday evening, probably because few pastors will readily give up Sunday morning to a rank novice. After what I considered days of preparation (it was probably a couple of hours) and lots of worry, I stood to preach the first sermon of my ministry career. As the title suggests this sermon determined to cover virtually everything one could imagine in the Christian life. To be honest, I have had a career preaching the same sermon in smaller chunks—about a thousand altogether. Maybe I was just starting with the general and then spent the rest of my preaching career on the specifics.

All this is to say that the sermon lacked focus—it rambled everywhere. The delivery could only be described as stellar if stellar means eyes down, tied to notes, speaking pace at breakneck speed, and gripped by fear at every breath. Having been given thirty minutes to preach, I gave back twenty; finishing that sermon in a short ten minutes. I doubt seriously if anyone in the audience understood anything. It was an inauspicious beginning.

Biblical preaching is perhaps the most urgent need of our day.

Well, you guessed it. I had no idea what I was doing. Preaching is hard and scary. But in that sermon I also sensed its immense importance. Maybe that’s why it mattered so much to me to do well. I had to learn something if I was going to spend a lifetime doing this. So the journey that I am still on began that night in a small West Texas church.

What did I need to learn? Well, where does the list end? How do I exegete a text? At that time the word exegete never entered my mind but the concept did. How do I put information into a sermon? How can I say it so it makes sense? Where can I find those illustrations pastors use every Sunday? What should I be trying to accomplish with my sermon? How long should I preach? How should I deliver the message? Questions like these plague all beginning preachers, and many veteran ones as well. So what about the answers?

Are there others struggling as I did? We see student preachers every year with the same questions. They do what I did—just imitate what they have seen and heard, sometimes from bad role models. How can they find the answers and improve their preaching? We offer in this book one way it can be done. We believe Preaching God’s Word will help all preachers by providing a hands-on approach to sermon preparation, beginning with solid biblical exegesis and culminating in a well-crafted sermon that communicates the greatest story ever told to today’s audience.

Our primary goal, then, is to promote the preaching of biblical sermons (i.e., sermons that flow out of the biblical text). To some degree, we are motivated to write this book from hearing sermons that had little serious connection to the biblical text. Biblical preaching is perhaps the most urgent need of our day. More and more preachers are realizing that congregations are desperately hungry for a genuine word from God. People also look to sermons to model for them how to understand and apply the Bible for themselves. And preachers themselves need realistic examples of how to discover, develop, and deliver that word from God.

We do not believe that our goal of preaching relevant, biblical sermons is a pipe dream; rather, it is a matter of learning how to do so. We hope Preaching God’s Word can lead you to preach biblical sermons that will quench the thirst of your audience. If you preach a biblical text to them in a way that communicates the truth, your audience will appreciate it and might rise up and call you blessed.

So what is the game plan? We begin by defining the goal—a biblical sermon. The first chapter ends with a Ten-Step Process for accomplishing the goal, and the following seven chapters flesh out those steps. We will provide a key at the beginning of each chapter to keep you in step. The steps include exegesis, incorporating the biblical data into your sermon, exegeting your audience, translating the truth to your audience, applying the spiritual principles, illustrating them, and then finally delivering the sermon. All these steps build up to a solid biblical message that truly communicates what the text of God’s Word is about to your audience. In parts two and three (chs. 9–15) we offer you advice on how to develop biblical sermons from various types of material found in the Bible (New Testament letters, Old Testament prophets, etc.). We think you will find the journey beneficial.

So let’s get to it. Get ready to work because biblical preaching is hard work. Prepare to take the text seriously. Learn to incorporate its truth into your sermons using powerful illustrations and relevant applications. Seek through preaching to interest and grow your audience as they listen week after week. God gives you the gift of preaching. We merely want to help you fan it into flame by discovering a process that results in relevant, biblical preaching.

Part 1

Developing and Preaching a Biblical Sermon

1

Preaching a Biblical Sermon

Defining a Biblical Sermon

Beginning the Sermon Process

Elements of a Biblical Sermon

The Form of the Sermon: Deductive versus Inductive

Summary and Review Questions

Sermon Prep Guide

The Ten-Step Sermon Process

Have you ever experienced the preaching of John R. W. Stott or Eugene Lowery or Tony Campolo? Stott is calm in presentation and fills sermons with background information from biblical times. He is intentional in his outline and lays out the truths clearly. Lowery is free in his approach and fills his sermon with narrative and colorful language to lead the audience in discovering the truth from the text. Campolo is a whirl of activity and excitement, filling his sermons with stories of exploits of radical ministry. In our homiletics classes we want our students to be exposed to preachers like these. Each of these preachers possesses a style of preaching so different from the other two that one wonders how in the world what each does in the pulpit can be called preaching in the same sense. And yet each continues to enthrall audiences with unique presentations of God’s Word.

How can these three men be so different and yet so effective with their preaching ministries? What common feature in their sermons endears them to congregations and continues to place them in the category of great preachers? For that matter, what will it take for you with your own unique style to establish an effective preaching ministry? We think we have an answer to those questions, and that is the purpose of this textbook on preaching. We believe all three of these men, and many more like them, exhibit an understanding of biblical preaching. They approach it in different ways and present sermons their own way, but in the end they all arrive at the same place.

A biblical sermon is one that carries biblical authority.

Good preaching is biblical preaching. You are now probably asking yourself what that means. What is biblical preaching and how can I imitate great preachers? This textbook seeks to show you the way—or at least a way to that kind of preaching. Our goal is to help you develop a process that will allow you to preach biblical sermons week in and week out in your own way—sermons that challenge and encourage growth in your congregation. So where do we start?

Defining a Biblical Sermon

In the 1960s, in A Quest for Reformation in Preaching, H. C. Brown declared that Protestant preaching in America was in a crisis because too many ministers held to inadequate and inferior concepts about the ministry in general and preaching in particular.¹ Unfortunately this inadequate and inferior concept of preaching has probably plagued the church throughout much of its history. Until preachers grasp the goal of the preaching event and come to a clear understanding of how structure and content contribute to that goal, the people in our churches will continue to suffer under weak and ineffective preaching. Therefore, it is imperative in a textbook on homiletics that we come to grips with the most basic building blocks of biblical preaching—how to develop an effective biblical sermon.

Obviously a biblical sermon is necessary for biblical preaching. But what exactly is a biblical sermon? One way to define it is to connect the sermon to the concept of biblical authority. In other words, a biblical sermon is one that carries with it high biblical authority. In such a sermon the biblical text serves as the basis of the sermon, and the message communicated through the sermon follows closely the intended meaning of the biblical text, thus drawing its authority from that text.

Brown classifies sermons according to how well they reflect the intended meaning of the text. Direct biblical sermons are the best, for they employ the natural and logical meaning of the text in a direct, straightforward fashion. Indirect biblical sermons tend to depart from the intended meaning of the text and stray from the central idea in the scriptural passage. Casual biblical sermons, continues Brown, utilize Scripture in a rather free and looseway. The combination biblical sermon attempts to combine all of the above categories, while the corrupted biblical sermon intentionally or unintentionally abuses the Scripture.²

The direct biblical sermon carries the highest level of biblical authority. If our goal is to preach with the authority of thus says the Lord, then it is critical that we ground our sermons firmly and directly in the Bible. That is, we should endeavor to develop and preach direct biblical sermons

Beginning the Sermon Process

A biblical sermon first requires a text. The Latin term for text (tex-tus) comes from a root word connected to the concept of weaving a fabric.³ As the original inspired human authors of the Scriptures wove together the words of God to declare his message, so we, too, strive to declare this same message. In biblical preaching the text becomes the material or fabric to be woven into the sermon. When we declare a text from the pulpit, the sermon to follow should reflect that biblical passage in its points, theme, and message. It should be clear to the audience that the scriptural passage is the foundation and material of the sermon.

A sermon is not a biblical sermon if a passage is merely read and then ignored while the preacher tells funny stories or deals with other unrelated issues. As we discuss in this book, there are different effective styles or types of preaching, but all of them must be grounded in God’s Word, and their message must flow from that Word if we are to preach with biblical authority.

A few weeks ago I visited a church and sat through two sermons. In both cases the preacher set up a text and stated clearly to the audience that he intended to use that text as a basis for the sermon. After reading it, he began to ramble through a series of subjects from morality to ethics to church. Not once did he ever refer us back to the text, make a point from it, explain it, or even give us cause to look at the Bible again. In other words,we could just close our Bibles and listen, which is what several of us did after a while. Neither sermon possessed a text. Neither showed evidence of the weaving of biblical information or truth. They were not biblical sermons. He missed the idea of a sermon text. We don’t want that to happen to you or your audience.

But how do you get the meaning of the text? The details of this process appear in the next chapter of this book, but some preliminary considerations are necessary here. In order to utilize a Scripture passage as the text and foundation of a biblical sermon, an exegesis of the text is necessary. To exegete means to work through the text sufficiently to bring out the meaning. The fruit of good exegesis provides more than enough fascinating and relevant material to fill any sermon with principles originating from God. In the exegesis of the text and sermon process you discover the meaning of the text in their town, determine the similarities and differences between our situation and that of the biblical audience, find universal biblical principles, and begin to translate that meaning to your congregation.

How do you select a text for preaching? Various preachers answer this question in different ways, but perhaps a summary of some options will prove helpful to you.

Selecting a

Sermon Text

1. Personal reading and study of Scripture

2. Needs of the congregation

3. Book or theme series

4. Church calendar or events

(1) Personal reading and study of Scripture.Many preachers discover their sermon texts as they perform their own personal study of the Bible. Certain passages speak to them or cause a personal point of growth in their spiritual life. From this encounter with the text and the passion that results, they select a passage for preaching. One strength of selecting a sermon text in this manner is that such texts excite and interest the preacher, which leads to better sermons. In addition, the preacher finds motivation to share what he has personally learned from the truth found in a certain passage. But there is a weakness in this method as well. Sermons developed from these passages may or may not meet the needs of the congregation, and the preaching schedule rests on the preacher’s personal study habits and breadth of study. Avoid allowing this method to lead you into preaching only to your own needs and interests.

(2) Needs of the congregation. Some preachers simply observe and evaluate the congregation to determine what themes or spiritual truths they most need to hear. The preacher then searches for biblical passages that address those needs. This option depends on spending time with the people to understand their needs. Obviously, congregations benefit from good sermons targeted to them and their areas of needed growth. But be careful with this option because it may result in a preaching ministry that neglects large sections of Scripture. Try to preach the entire Bible while meeting the needs of the congregation. Chapter 4 provides help with this.

(3) Book or theme series. Some preachers select a biblical book or theme and preach through it. This narrows the search for texts and allows a focus of study time in one area. This makes the preaching process a little easier for the preacher, but it can result in missing some of the real needs of the congregation. Using this method does not solve all problems in text selection. The preacher still must find sections in the book to preach or passages dealing with preferred themes. Moreover, often people grow weary of long series or