Incredible Mysteries of the Bible: A Visual Exploration
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About this ebook
Stephen M. Miller
Stephen M. Miller is a best-selling author, seminary-educated journalist, and a full-time freelance writer and editor who specializes in Bible-related projects. Among his books are Who’s Who in the Bible, The Bible Through the Ages, The Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life and Times, Complete Guide to the Bible, and How to Get Into the Bible. He also contributed to The Quest Study Bible.
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Incredible Mysteries of the Bible - Stephen M. Miller
ZONDERVAN
Incredible Mysteries of the Bible
Copyright © 2008 by Stephen M. Miller
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of Zondervan.
ePub Edition August 2009 ISBN: 978-0-310-86634-3
Requests for information should be addressed to:
Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49530
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Miller, Stephen M., 1952 –
Incredible mysteries of the Bible : a visual exploration / Stephen M. Miller.
p. cm.—(Zondervan visual reference series)
ISBN-13: 978-0-310-25594-9
ISBN-10: 0-310-25594-5
1. Bible—Miscellanea 2. Bible—Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Title.
BS615.M54 2007
220—dc22
2007000428
All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible: New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.
Internet addresses (websites, blogs, etc.) and telephone numbers printed in this book are offered as a resource to you. These are not intended in any way to be or imply an endorsement on the part of Zondervan, nor do we vouch for the content of these sites and numbers for the life of this book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Published in association with the literary agency of Alive Communications, Inc., 7680 Goddard Street, Suite 200, Colorado Springs, CO 80920, www.alivecommunications.com.
Interior design by Ron Huizenga
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Copyright Page
Where Was the Garden of Eden?
Did People Really Live Hundreds of Years?
Was There Really a World-Wide Flood?
Whatever Happened to Noah’s Ark?
What Was the Tower of Babel?
Why Circumcision As a Symbol of God’s Promise to Abraham?
What Happened to Sodom and Gomorrah?
Were the Plagues of Egypt Natural Disasters?
How Large Was the Exodus Crowd?
Did the Red Sea Really Part?
Why Did the Israelites Worship a Golden Calf?
Why Did God Require Blood Sacrifices?
Why Kosher Food?
Where Did the Manna and Quail Come From?
Why Didn’t God Let Moses into the Promised Land?
Why Did God Order All Canaanites Slaughtered?
Did the Walls of Jericho Really Come Tumblin’ Down?
Did the Sun and Moon Stop during Joshua’s Battle?
What Happened to the Ark of the Covenant?
Why Did a Chariot of Fire Take Elijah to Heaven?
How Could Isaiah Accurately Describe Jesus—700 Years BC?
Did a Big Fish Really Swallow Jonah?
Does Prayer Change God’s Mind?
What Happened to Israel’s Lost Tribes?
What Was the Star of Bethlehem?
Was Mary Really a Virgin When She Delivered Jesus?
Why Are Shady Women Listed in Jesus’ Family Tree?
Why Didn’t Jesus Want to Turn Water into Wine at Cana?
Is the Devil a Living Being, or a Symbol of Evil?
Why Does God Let Bad Things Happen?
How Can There Be Three Gods in One?
What Is the Unforgivable Sin?
Why Did Judas Betray Jesus?
Why Did Jesus Have to Die?
Whatever Happened to the Twelve Disciples?
Why the Bizarre Symbols in the End-Time Writings?
Why Did Paul Tell Women to Keep Quiet in Church?
Is a Planet-Killing Apocalypse Coming?
When Will Jesus Return?
Is Hell Real or a Symbol?
About the Publisher
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WHERE WAS THE GARDEN OF EDEN?
OCEAN OR MOUNTAINS There are two competing theories at the moment. The garden of Eden was either located in what is now the Persian Gulf, or in the mountains of northern Iran, near the Ararat range where Noah’s ark came to a rest.
There’s not much to go on in the Bible except the names of four rivers. All four sprang from an unnamed river that watered the garden and then flowed out, splitting four ways. Two of those rivers are well known: the Tigris and Euphrates that empty into the Persian Gulf. But two remain a mystery: the Pishon and Gihon.
UNDERWATER One theory says the Persian Gulf was once a fertile river valley, and home to Eden. Flooding—perhaps from a cataclysmic deluge or from melting polar ice that lifted the sea levels—inundated the valley and linked it with the Arabian Sea, creating the gulf and burying Eden.
The lost river of Pishon may have been what is now the dried up fossil of a river in Kuwait: Wadi al Batin. The lost Gihon may have been Iran’s only navigable river: the Karun. Thousands of animal remains in the Gulf area suggest it was once home to a forest of plants and animals.
IN THE MOUNTAINS This theory places Eden on the high plains of a mountain range where the Tigris and Euphrates start—700 miles north of the Persian Gulf.
There, near the Iranian industrial town of Tabriz, flow two more rivers—some say the lost rivers of Eden. The Gihon may be the river called Giahun before the Islamic invasion of the seventh century AD; it’s now called Aras. The Pishon may be the former Uizhun, with the P
switched to U
to accommodate the Iranian alphabet. The river is now called Uzun, with an added first name: Kezel, which means golden.
Genesis said the Pishon flowed around a land rich in gold—as does the Kezel Uzun, or the Golden Pishon if this theory is right.
IN SEARCH OF EDEN One theory puts Eden in the mountains of northern Iran. Four rivers with names identical or similar to those in the Bible get their start in those mountains. Problem: other than mountain streams, there’s no main river like the one the Bible says fed those four in Eden. A second theory puts Eden in what some say was once a river valley that flooded to become the Persian Gulf. Problem: all four rivers flow the wrong way—into Even, instead of the direction the Bible says they flowed, out of Even. Some wonder if this reversal was the writer’s way of saying Eden can never be found.
FIRST MENTION OF EDEN? The Bible isn’t the first place to mention Eden, some scholars say. That distinction goes to this clay tablet with its wedge-shaped cuneiform letters pressed into soft clay a thousand years before Abraham from Sumer, the world’s first known civilization. Sumerians lived in what is now Iraq. The word edin, meaning plain,
appears in one of their 5,000-year-old epics—the story Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. The story describes edin as a land of abundance.
ARMED ANGEL To keep Adam and Eve from coming back to Eden, God stationed an armed guard on Eden’s east border—a cherubim with a flaming sword. East of Iran’s northern plains, where some say God planted the garden of Eden, there’s a village called Helabad. Formerly known as Kheruabad, it was settled in ancient times by a tribe of fierce warriors called the Kheru. Some scholars say this could be a variation of keruvim, the Hebrew word for cherubim.
Tabriz, where some say the garden of Eden was located, now covered in urban sprawl.
FORBIDDEN APPLE? The Bible mentions apples several times, but not in the story of Adam and Eve. Some scholars suggest that a peach or an apricot was more likely Eve’s dangling temptation. Yet apples were a favorite fruit in the ancient Middle East, and the prophet Joel said locusts destroyed apple orchards. Whatever the fruit, eating it brought death into the world. In an ancient Babylonian story, the plant was apparently seaweed. A warrior named Gilgamesh who lived about 5,00 years ago plucked a magical plant from the sea bottom. It was supposed to make him immortal—but a snake swallowed it.
ADAM FROM THE RED LAND
Red dirt is common in the Iranian mountains where some scholars speculate Eden once flourished. Adam sounds almost identical to words that mean red
(adom), dirt
(adama), and blood
(adamu). The Bible plays off one of these connections by saying God made Adam from adama. An ancient burial custom in one of Iran’s mountain