Medicinal Plants of the Northwest 130 Monographs

130 MEDICINAL PLANT

MONOGRAPHS

Of The Northwest

By

Darcy J. Williamson

PUBLISHED BY:

Darcy Williamson on Smashwords

Copyright © 2010 by Darcy Williamson

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.

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ISBN 978-0-9843136-5-5

— First eBook Edition —

From The Forest

P.O. Box 4190

McCall, Idaho 83638

About the Author

Darcy Williamson is a practicing herbalist, instructor, public speaker and author from central Idaho. Wild medicinal plants have been a passion of hers for as long as she can remember. For the past 35 years she has taught hands-on classes on locating, identifying, preparing and using medicinal herbs growing in the Rocky Mountains. She has found her occupation as an herbalist ~ the go-between for the medicinal herbs and those who need their healing powers ~ to be a glorious and humbling occupation. This personal collection of Darcy’s monographs covers 130 of the plants she has taught to apprentice groups and used in her practice as an herbalist.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Monograph Index

Medical Conditions Index

Monographs

Recipe Index

General Index

Monograph Index

Alder (Alnus sp. including A. glutinosa, A. rubra)

Alumroot (Heuchera rubescens)

Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. retroflexus)

Angelica (Angelica sp.)

Arnica (Arnica cordifolia, Arnica sp.)

Arrowleaf Balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata)

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)

Astragalus (Astragalus canadensis)

Avens, Large leaved (Geum macrophyllum)

Ballhead Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum capitatum)

Baneberry (Actaea rubra)

Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

Birch (Betula sp. (B. occidentalis, B. papyrifera, B. glandulosa))

Bistort, American (Polygonum bistortoides)

Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata)

Bitter Cherry (Prunus emarginated)

Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara)

Blackberry (Rubus villosus)

Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)

Blackwalnut (Julans nigra)

Blue Gentian (Gentiana calycosa)

Brown’s Peony (Paeonia brownii)

Bud Sagewort (Artemisia spinescens)

Bugleweed (Lycopus americanus)

Buffalo Berry (Shepherdia canadensis)

Bunchberry (Cornus canadensis)

Burdock (Arctium lappa)

Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana)

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)

Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)

Cinquefoil (Potentilla sp.)

Cleavers (Galium aparine)

Coralroot, Spotted (Corallorhiza maculata)

Cottonwood (Populus balsamiferous)

Cow Parsnip (Heracleum maximum)

Cranesbill (Geranium viscosissimum, G. maculatum)

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Desert Buckwheat (Eriogonum sp.)

Dutchman’s Britches (Dicentra cucullaria)

Elder (Sambucus cerulea, S. canadensis)

Elephant Head Betony (Pedicularis groenlandica)

Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis, O. hookeri)

False Helebore (Veratrum californium)

Fir (Abies sp.)

Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium)

Golden Current (Ribes aureum)

Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)

Goldthread (Coptis trifolia, C. laciniata)

Gumweed (Grindelia sp.)

Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)

Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)

Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)

Horsehair Lichen (Bryoria fremontii)

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)

Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum officinalis)

Huckleberry (Vaccinium sp.)

Idaho Syringa (Philadelphus lewisii)

Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea)

Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniform)

Jack-O’-Lantern Mushroom (Omphalotus illudens)

Jacob’s Ladder (Polemonium pulcherrimum; P. viscosum)

Juniper (Juniperus communis, Juniperus sp.)

Labrador Tea (Ledum glandulous)

Larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum)

Licorice, American (Glycyrrhiza lepidota)

Lodgepole Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum)

Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)

Lomatium (Lomatium dissectum)

Maiden Hair Fern (Adiantum pedatum)

Meadow Rue (Thalictrum occidentale)

Mountain Ash (Sorbus scopulina)

Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus)

Mountain Mist (Holodiscus discolor)

Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)

Ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus)

Oregon Grape (Mahonia repens)

Oxeye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)

Pearly Everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea)

Pennyroyal, American (Monardella odoratissima)

Penstemon (Penstemon sp.)

Pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellate)

Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa)

Prairie Smoke (Geum Triflorum)

Puccoon (Lithospermum ruderale)

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)

Pyrola (Pyrola asarifolia)

Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus)

Red Belted Polypore (Fomitopsis pinicola)

Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera)

Red Root (Ceanothus velutinus)

Rocky Mountain Maple (Acer glabrum)

Saint John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Salad Burnet (Sanguisorba minor)

Scarlet Gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata)

Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris)

Serviceberry (Amelanchier utahensis)

Sheep Sorrel (Rumex acetosella)

Skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata, S. resinosa)

Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus)

Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis)

Spreading Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium)

Steeplebush (Western Spirea) (Spiraea douglasii)

Stinging Nettle (Urtica sp.)

Sumac (Rhus glabra)

Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza Occidentalis)

Tall Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentate)

Tamarack (Larix occidentalis)

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)

Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus)

Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor)

Usnea (Usnea sp.)

Uva Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

Valerian (Valeriana spp.)

Virgin’s Bower (Clematis columbiana)

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)

Western Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)

Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata)

Western Yew (Taxus brevifolia)

White Virgin’s Bower (Clematis ligusticifolia)

Wild Ginger (Asarum caudatum)

Wild Violet (Viola sp.)

Willow (Salix sp.)

Wolf Lichen (Letharia vulpine)

Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)

Yarrow (Achillea sp.)

Yellow Dock (Rumex crispus)

Medical Conditions Index

Acute Inflammatory Diseases: Coral Root

Adaptogen: Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Burdock, Licorice, Red Belted Polypore, Stinging Nettle, Turkey Tail, Wild Ginger

Addison’s Disease: Licorice

Adrenal aid: Penstemon, Self-Heal

Alcoholism: Angelica, Goldthread, Skullcap, Spreading Dogbane

Allergies: Alder, Goldenrod, Gumweed, Stinging Nettle

Alternative: Burdock

Alzheimer’s Disease: Astragalus

Amoeba infestation: Alder, Oregon Grape, Yarrow

Analgesic: Birch, Bittersweet, Blue Gentian, Cottonwood, Elephant Head Betony, Labrador Tea, Meadow Rue, Mullein, Ponderosa Pine, Red Belted Polypore, Red Osier Dogwood, Saint John’s Wort, Skullcap, Steeplebush, Teasel, Valerian, Watercress, White Virgin’s Bower, Wild Ginger, Willow, Wormwood, Yarrow

Angina Pectoris: Hawthorn

Anthelmintic: Bindweed, Bitterbrush, Black Walnut, Western Mugwort, Tamarack, Wormwood

Anthrax, Cutaneous: Larkspur

Antibacterial: Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Blue Gentian, Dandelion, Goldthread, Self-Heal, Western Mugwort, Wild Ginger

Antibiotic: Alder, Goldthread, Oregon Grape, Pipsissewa, Pyrola, Saint John’s Wort, Tamarack, Usnea

Antidepressant: Saint John’s Wort, Wormwood

Antidiarrheal: (See Diarrhea)

Antidote: Rocky Mountain Maple

Antiemetic: Mountain Ash

Antifungal: Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Juniper, Oxeye Daisy, Purslane, Saint John’s Wort, Sweet Cicely, Usnea, Western Yew, Wild Ginger

Anti-inflammatory: Amaranth, Angelica, Arnica, Baneberry, Brown’s Peony, Evening Primrose, Pearly Everlasting, Tansy

Anti-Microbial: Mountain Ash, Usnea

Antioxidant: Chaga, Huckleberry

Antiperiodic: Indian Pipe, Wild Ginger

Antirheumatic: (See Rheumatism)

Antiseptic: Bistort, Horehound, Horsehair Lichen, Pearly Everlasting, Ponderosa Pine, Sumac, Tall Sagebrush, Tamarack, Western Mugwort, Willow, Wormwood

Antispasmodic: Black Locust, Brown’s Peony, Henbane, Pyrola

Antitumor: Chaga, Cleavers, Red Belted Polypore, Red Clover, Turkey Tail

Antiviral: Elder, Lomatium, Western Red Cedar, Wild Ginger

Appetite Stimulant: Astragalus, Sweet Cicely, Teasel

Ashtma: Gumweed, Lomatium, Mullein, Red Osier Dogwood

Arthritis: Asparagus, Gumweed, Ninebark, Virgin’s Bower, Wild Violet

Astringent: Bistort, Cranesbill, Prairie Smoke, Self-Heal, Watercress, Willow

Beverage: Catnip, Fireweed, Goldenrod, Horehound, Labrador Tea, Mullein, Red Clover, Stinging Nettle

Bitters: Bitterbrush, Blue Gentian

Bladder: Mullein

Blood Pressure: Oregon Grape, Spreading Dogbane, Valerian, Yarrow

Blood Tonic: Astragalus, Burdock, Scarlet Gilia, Yellow Dock

Burns: Brown’s Peony, Bunchberry, Cottonwood, Hound’s Tongue, Mountain Mahogany, Saint John’s Wort, Stinging Nettle

Bruises: Arnica, Baneberry, Bittersweet, Bud Sagewort, Cottonwood, Evening Primrose, Ponderosa, Pyrola, Saint John’s Wort, Self-Heal, Tamarack, White Virgin’s Bower, Wormwood, Yellow Dock

Cancer aid: Asparagus, Astragalus, Birch, Burdock, Chaga, Cleavers, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, False Hellebore, Jack-O’-Lantern Mushroom, Larkspur, Lodgepole Dwarf Mistletoe, Puccoon, Purslane, Red Belted Polypore, Red Clover, Red Root, Self-Heal, Serviceberry, Sheep Sorrel, Thimbleberry, Watercress, Western Yew, Wild Ginger, Wild Violet

Cathartic: Bitterbrush, Elder, Scarlet Gilia

Childbirth: Juniper

Cholera: Larkspur

Circulatory aid: Hawthorn, Lodgepole Dwarf Mistletoe

Cold Remedy: Angelica, Astragalus, Bitterbrush, Bitter Cherry, Bud Sagewort, Bunchberry, Catnip, Coral Root, Cottonwood, Elder, Fir, Gumweed, Horehound, Jacob’s Ladder, Juniper, Labrador Tea, Licorice, Lodgepole Pine, Lomatium, Meadow Rue, Mountain Ash, Mountain Mahogany, Mountain Mist, Mullein, Oxeye Daisy, Pearly Everlasting, American Pennyroyal, Pipsissewa, Ponderosa Pine, Rabbitbrush, Saint John’s Wort, Snowberry, Steeplebush, Sumac, Sweet Cicely, Thimbleberry, Western Red Cedar, White Virgin’s Bower, Wild Ginger, Wild Violet, Yarrow

Congestive Heart Failure: Hawthorn, Pipsissewa

Constipation: Cascara Sagrada, Rocky Mountain Maple, Spreading Dogbane

Convalescence Tonic: Asparagus, Red Clover

Cosmetic aid: Black Locust, Buffalo Berry, Chaga, Cleavers, Cranesbill, Elder, Oxeye Daisy, Red Root, Stinging Nettle, Tansy, Virgin’s Bower, Watercress, Yarrow

Cough Aid: Bitterbrush, Chokecherry, Cinquefoil, Elephant Head Betony, Evening Primrose, Gumweed, Horehound, Hound’s Tongue, Licorice, Lodgepole Pine, Rabbitbrush, Red Clover, Soapwort, Usnea, Wild Violet

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Licorice, Lomatium

Dermatological aid: Alder, Amaranth, Asparagus, Ballhead Waterleaf, Birch, Bistort, Bitterbrush, Bitter Cherry, Bittersweet , Blackberry, Black Locust, Black Walnut, Brown’s Peony, Bud Sagewort, Buffalo Berry, Burdock, Cleavers, Coral Root, Cottonwood, Cow Parsnip, Dandelion, Dutchman’s Britches, Elder, Evening Primrose, False Hellebore, Fir, Goldthread, Gumweed, Horsetail, Hound’s Tongue, Indian Paintbrush, Jacob’s Ladder, Juniper, Labrador Tea, Lodgepole Pine, Mullein, Oregon Grape, Pearly Everlasting, American Pennyroyal, Penstemon, Ponderosa Pine, Purslane, Saint John’s Wort, Scarlet Gilia, Self-Heal, Serviceberry, Sheep Sorrel, Skullcap, Snowberry, Soapwort, Sumac, Tamarack, Tansy, Teasel, Thimbleberry, Watercress, Western Red Cedar, Western Yew, White Virgin’s Bower, Wild Violet, Willow, Wormwood, Yellow Dock

Detoxifying: Burdock, Oregon Grape

Diabetes: Astragalus, Bugleweed, Evening Primrose, Huckleberry, Stinging Nettles, Sumac, Western Yew

Diaphoretic: Alder, Spotted Coral Root

Diarrhea: Alder, Alumroot, Amaranth, Ballhead Waterleaf, Bistort, Blackberry, Black Walnut, Cranesbill, Golden Current, Hound’s Tongue, Huckleberry, Jacob’s Ladder, Mountain Ash, Mountain Mist, Pearly Everlasting, Prairie Smoke, Puccoon, Rabbitbrush, Red Belted Polypore, Red Osier Dogwood, Saint John’s Wort, Salad Burnet, Serviceberry, Steeplebush, Sumac, Thimbleberry

Digestive aid: Angelica, Bitterbrush, Blue Gentian, Chicory, Dandelion, Labrador Tea, Mountain Mahogany, Steeplebush, Tamarack

Diuretic: Asparagus, Bittersweet, Black Locust, Burdock, Dandelion, Elder, Juniper, Pipsissewa, Sheep Sorrel, Spreading Dogbane, Sweet Cicely, Tamarack, Uva Ursi, Watercress, Wild Violet, Willow

Disinfectant: Brown’s Peony, Lomatium, Mountain Mist

Dysentery: Alumroot, Avens

Earache: Larkspur, Mullein

Eating Disorders: Blue Gentian

E-Coli: Oregon Grape

Edema: Bittersweet, Bud Sagewort, Pipsissewa

Electrical shock: Black Walnut

Emetic: Alder, Black Locust, Elder, Lodgepole Dwarf Mistletoe, Mountain Mist, Ninebark, Penstemon, Spreading Dogbane, Wild Violet

Enema: Amaranth

Epilepsy: Indian Pipe

Ezcema: Alder, Birch, Bitter Cherry, Bittersweet, Black Walnut, Burdock, Cottonwood, Elder, Primrose, Fir, Idaho Syringa, Jacob’s Ladder, Juniper, Oregon Grape, Pearly Everlasting, Penstemon, Ponderosa, Red Clover, Saint John’s Wort, Salad Burnet, Sheep Sorrel, Soapwort, Stinging Nettle, Tamarack, Watercress, Western Red Cedar, Wolf Lichen, Yellow Dock.

Eye aid: Buffalo Berry, Bunchberry, Catnip, Chokecherry, Cinquefoil, Cranesbill, Desert Buckwheat, Elder, Goldthread, Henbane, Huckleberry, Indian Pipe, Meadow Rue, Mountain Ash, Oregon Grape, Pipsissewa, Ponderosa Pine, Pyrola, Self-Heal, Serviceberry, Snowberry, Sweet Cicely, Teasel

Fevers: Avens, Bunchberry, Catnip, Coral Root, Elder, Goldthread, Idaho Syringa, Indian Pipe, Jacob’s Ladder, Mountain Ash, American Pennyroyal, Ponderosa Pine, Red Belted Polypore, Salad Burnet, Sheep Sorrel, Steeplebush, Sumac, Tansy, Thimbleberry, Wild Ginger, Willow, Wormwood, Yarrow

Flu: Amaranth, Bud Sagewort, Chaga, Elder, Fir, Lomatium, Serviceberry

Food Poisoning: Western Red Cedar

Foot aid: Tamarack, Uva Ursi

Gall Bladder: Golden Current, Mountain Ash, Soapwort

Gallstones: Soapwort

Gast-intestinal aid: Bindweed, Burdock, Catnip, Chokecherry, Cinquefoil, Cranesbill, Elder, Mountain Mist, Mullein, American Pennyroyal, Rabbitbrush, Red Root, Usnea, Valerian, Yellow Dock

Gout: Sweet Cicely, Tansy

Graves’ Disease: Puccoon

Guardia: Black Walnut, Teasel, Yarrow

Gynecological aid: Alder, Amaranth, Angelica, Arnica, Asparagus, Astragalus, Avens, Baneberry, Bitterbrush, Blackberry, Black Walnut, Brown’s Peony, Bugleweed, Chicory, Cinquefoil, Coral Root, Cow Parsnip, Desert Buckwheat, Elder, Evening Primrose, Gumweed, Horsetail, Idaho Syringa, Indian Paintbrush, Indian Pipe, Juniper, Licorice, Mountain Mist, Oxeye Daisy, American Pennyroyal, Prairie Smoke, Puccoon, Red Clover, Red Osier Dogwood, Red Root, Saint John’s Wort, Salad Burnet, Self-Heal, Serviceberry, Steeplebush, Stinging Nettles, Sumac, Tamarack, Tansy, Thimbleberry, Usnea, Uva Ursi, Valerian, Watercress, White Virgin’s Bower, Wild Ginger, Wormwood, Yarrow

Hair aid: Buffalo Berry, Horsetail, Ponderosa Pine, Spreading Dogbane, Virgin’s Bower

Heart aid: Asparagus, Astragalus, Bitter Cherry, Black Walnut, Bugleweed, Buffalo Berry, Desert Buckwheat, Evening Primrose, False Hellebore, Gumweed, Hawthorn, Horehound, Meadow Rue, Mountain Ash, Pipsissewa, Purslane, Pyrola, Self-Heal

Hemorrhage (internal): Alder, Alumroot, Amaranth, Cranesbill, Horsetail, Huckleberry, Indian Paintbrush, Lodgepole Dwarf Mistletoe, Mountain Ash, Salad Burnet, Stinging Nettles, Yarrow

Hemorrhoids: Catnip, Cinquefoil, Cranesbill, Henbane, Hound’s Tongue, Mountain Mahogany, Uva Ursi

Hepatic: Cascara sagrada, Red Root

Hepatitis: Dandelion, Red Root, Self Heal, Turkey Tail, Western Mugwort, Wormwood, Yellow Dock

Hermostat: Bud Sagewort, Bugleweed

Herpes Lesions: Cascara sagrada, Juniper, Sumac

HIV: Saint John’s Wort, Turkey Tail

Hypertension: Hawthorn

Hypnotic: Henbane

IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome): Bistort, Prairie Smoke

Immune Stimulant: Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Astragalus, Brown’s Peony, Lomatium, Red Clover, Turkey Tail, Western Red Cedar, Western Yew

Incontinence: Mullein

Infections: Gumweed

Inflammation of the Upper Intestine: Alder

Insect or Spider Bites: Bistort, Yarrow

Insecticide: False Hellebore, Larkspur, Oxeye Daisy

Insect Repellent: Buffalo Berry, Juniper, Labrador Tea, American Pennyroyal, Tansy, Western Red Cedar

Internal Injuries: Hound’s Tongue

Kidney aid: Asparagus, Birch, Bunchberry, Burdock, Chicory, Chokecherry, Dandelion, Goldenrod, Indian Paintbrush, Maiden Hair Fern, Pipsissewa, Scarlet Gilia, Steeplebush, Stinging Nettle, Tansy, Thimbleberry, Uva Ursi, Watercress, Western Red Cedar

Laxitive: Bindweed, Bitterbrush, Bitter Cherry, Buffalo Berry, Cascara Sagrada, Fir, Idaho Syringa, Licorice, Ninebark, Oregon Grape, Red Osier Dogwood, Yellow Dock

Liver Tonic: Avens, Bitterbrush, Bittersweet, Blue Gentian, Buffalo Berry, Burdock, Cascara sagrada, Chicory, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, Licorice, Maiden Hair Fern, Oregon Grape, Pipsissewa, Red Belted Polypore, Red Osier Dogwood, Red Root, Scarlet Gilia, Self-Heal, Spreading Dogbane, Teasel, Turkey Tail, Watercress, Western Mugwort, Wormwood, Yellow Dock

Lung aid: Astragalus, Coral Root, Hound’s Tongue, Lodgepole Dwarf Mistletoe, Maiden Hair Fern, Ponderosa Pine, Purslane, Snowberry, Usnea, Watercress, Western Yew

Lyme’s Disease: Labrador Tea, Teasel

Lymphatic aid: Cleavers, Red Root, Wild Violet

Male Reproductive System: Astragalus, Evening Primrose

Menopause: Licorice

Metabolic aid: Alder

Migraine: Virgin’s Bower

Motion Sickness: Angelica

Multiple Sclerosis: Evening Primrose, Skullcap

Narcotic: Larkspur

Nervous System: Dutchman’s Britches

Oral aid: Alder, Blackberry, Cow Parsnip, Goldthread, Horsetail, Oregon Grape, Purslane, Sumac, Willow

Orthopedic aid: Birch, Hawthorn, Horsetail

Pain: Arnica, Idaho Syringa, Indian Pipe, Puccoon, Skullcap, Valerian, Willow

Parasites: Bindweed, Bitterbrush, Black Walnut, Western Mugwort, Wolf Lichen, Wormwood

Pediatric aid: Blackberry, Bunchberry, Catnip, Mountain Ash, Red Clover, Uva Ursi

Poison Ivy: Sheep Sorrel, Soapwort, Sumac

Prostate: Evening Primrose, Horsetail, Labrador Tea, Mountain Mahogany, Puccoon, Stinging Nettle

Pulmonary aid: Turkey Tail

Purgative: Bindweed

Rattlesnake Bite Remedy (Wilderness Firstaid): Horehound

Respiratory Aid: Lodgepole Dwarf Mistletoe, Lodgepole Pine, Lomatium, Mullein, Salad Burnet

Rheumatism: Angelica, Arnica, Birch, Bittersweet, Cottonwood, Cow Parsnip, Elder, Dandelion, False Hellebore, Henbane, Maiden Hair Fern, Ninebark, Pipsissewa, Ponderosa Pine, Rabbitbrush, Scarlet Gilia, Valerian, Willow, Yellow Dock

Sedative: Asparagus, Baneberry, Black Locust, Coral Root, Elephant Head Betony, Henbane, Indian Pipe, Juniper, Skullcap

Seizures: Pyrola, Skullcap

Shingles: Skullcap, Valerian

Skin Cancer: Larkspur

Sleep Aid: Elephant Head Betony, Pearly Everlasting, Saint John’s Wort, Coral Root, Valerian

Smoker’s Aid: Juniper, Mullein

Spleen: Astragalus, Blue Gentian, Red Root

Sprains: Arnica, Baneberry, Brown’s Peony

Stimulant: Teasel

Stomach aid: Alumroot, Amaranth, Angelica, Avens, Blackberry, Bud Sagewort, Bugleweed, Buffalo Berry, Bunchberry, Cascara Sagrada, Cow Parsnip, Desert Buckwheat, Dutchman’s Britches, Elephant Head Betony, Goldthread, Horsehair Lichen, Indian Paintbrush, Juniper, Licorice, Oxeye Daisy, Prairie Smoke, Purslane, Red Belted Polypore, Salad Burnet, Snowberry, Sweet Cicely, Tansy, Teasel, Watercress, Western Mugwort, Wild Ginger, Wormwood

Stress: Labrador Tea, Saint John’s Wort, Skullcap

Sunburn: Cinquefoil, Red Root

Textile: Buffalo Berry

Throat Aid: Alumroot, Amaranth, Avens, Bistort, Black Locust, Black Walnut, Cinquefoil, Cottonwood, Cranesbill, Golden Current, Goldthread, Gumweed, Horehound, Mountain Ash, Prairie Smoke, Pyrola, Red Osier Dogwood, Red Root, Sumac

Thyroid: Black Walnut, Coral Root, Bugleweed, Puccoon

Tonic: Avens, Birch, Blackberry, Burdock, Dandelion, Dutchman’s Britches, Goldthread, Horehound, Labrador Tea, Lodgepole Dwarf Mistletoe, Mountain Mahogany, Mountain Mist, Mullein, Purslane, Rabbitbrush, Red Clover, Steeplebush, Tansy, Watercress, Western Yew, Wormwood, Yellow Dock

Tooth Aid: Alder, Oregon Grape, Rabbitbrush, Red Osier Dogwood, Sumac

Tranquilizer: Bugleweed, Catnip, Henbane, Mullein, Valerian

Tuberculosis: Hound’s Tongue

Tumor inhibitor: Bittersweet

Ulcers: Black Walnut

Urinary Tract: Cleavers, Goldenrod, Horsetail, Huckleberry, Mountain Ash, Mullein, Pipsissewa, Purslane, Pyrola, Red Belted Polypore, Uva Ursi, Willow

Vermifuge: Larkspur, Sheep Sorrel, Tansy

Venereal aid: Dutchman’s Britches, Scarlet Gilia

Veterinarian aid: Alder, Alumroot, Angelica, Arnica, Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Asparagus, Brown’s Peony, Burdock, Chicory, Cinquefoil, Elder, Goldenrod, Gumweed, Hawthorn, Horsetail, Hound’s Tongue, Juniper, Mullein, Ponderosa Pine, Purslane, Saint John’s Wort, Scarlet Gilia, Skullcap, Stinging Nettle, Sweet Cicely, Tansy

Visceral obstructions: Soapwort

Weight Loss: Evening Primrose

Whooping Cough: Bittersweet

Wilderness First Aid: Bud Sagewort, Buffalo Berry, Hound’s Tongue, Licorice, Pearly Everlasting

Wounds: Alumroot, Bindweed, Bistort, Buffalo Berry, Burdock, Chicory, Cinquefoil, Dandelion, Evening Primrose, Fir, Golden Current, Horsehair Lichen, Hound’s Tongue, Idaho Syringa, Indian Paint Brush, Indian Pipe, Lomatium, Mountain Mahogany, Mountain Mist, Oxeye Daisy, Penstemon, Pipsissewa, Ponderosa Pine, Prairie Smoke, Pyrola, Rocky Mountain Maple, Salad Burnet, Self-Heal, Sweet Cicely, Usnea, Virgin’s Bower, Western Yew, Wild Ginger, Yarrow

Yeast Infection: Goldthread, Sweet Cicely

MEDICINAL MONOGRAPHS

Alder

Family: Betulaceae

Genus: Alnus

Species: sp.

Taxon: Alnus sp. including A. glutinosa, A. rubra

Description: Alder bark is greenish-gray to reddish-brown, thin and smooth on small trees, becoming scaly near the base on more mature, larger trees. The flowers, which appear early in the spring before the leaves develop, are reddish green. Male flowers are borne in drooping catkins and the female in erect catkins, both on the same tree. The cone-like fruit usually remains on the limbs throughout the winter. The bark has a strong, rather aromatic odor and a bitter astringent taste. Alder grows along streams and around springs or seeps, attaining a height of six to fifteen feet. It associates with Lodgepole pine, Willows and Aspen.

Harvesting: Gather the bark at any time of year. The developing cones are gathered from early autumn and up to March, depending on elevation. Harvested cones remain stable for three years. Alder leaves are best gathered during mid-spring.

Historic Notes: The Nez Perce people used alder as a dermatological aid. A poultice of moistened, heated leaves was placed on wounds to reduce swelling and speed healing. Fresh leaves were often placed in moccasins during a long journey – the tannin in the leaves toughened the feet.

Flower Essence: Taking life at surface value; unable to see what one senses to be true; promotes clarity of perception on all levels; helps us integrate seeing with knowing so that we can recognize our highest truth in each life experience.

Hydrosol: (Hydrosol lasts approx. 18 months) This Hydrosol is made during the winter months when the catkins are forming. The catkins and peeled bark are put into the distiller together. Alder Hydrosol can be applied directly on eczema, poison ivy and nettle rashes. It is also very effective when taken externally, one dropper per half cup of water, for alleviating allergy attacks. Taken regularly, two droppers in 1 cup of water after meals, it aids in digestion.

Cautions: Fresh alder bark is an emetic, causing stomach cramping and vomiting.

Cultivation: Zones 2 - 7. Our native alders prefer a heavy soil and a damp situation. However, they also grow well in heavy clay soils and can tolerate very infertile sites. Alder is a fast-growing tree with a short life span. They can be started from seed, which are best sown in a cold frame. Use the whole mature cones harvested in late March or early April. Barely cover the cones with fine soil. Seed can also be sown in an outdoor bed in the spring. The trees, however, are most easily started from cuttings of mature wood, taken as soon as the leaves fall in autumn. Start the cuttings outdoors in damp sandy soil, mulching heavily in cold climates. There are a few pests to be aware of when growing alder. These trees are a host to the gypsy moth and fall webworm (which also attacks ash trees). Female cones are sometimes damaged by powdery mildew. Tent caterpillar can be a threat. Cankers and leaf rust may also occur, but are less serious.

Constituents: The plant contains alnincanone, brassinolide, castasterone, and taraxerone. The leaves contain three-beta-hydroxy-glutin-5-en, alnusfoliendiolone, delta-amyrenome, L-ornithine, and sucrose. Bark contains alnulin, beta-sitosterol, citrullin, emodin, glutinone, hyperoside, lupeol, phliobaphene, protoalnulin, tannin, and taraxerol.

General Usage

Allergies – Harvest the green alder cones during the late autumn or early winter months and dry them. Grind the dried cones in a coffee grinder then put the powder into #00 capsules. Take two daily for three weeks. Repeat twice yearly, in the early spring and autumn.

Amoeba Infestation – Prepare a tincture of the green cones by filling a jar with your fresh harvest. Cover the cones with food grade alcohol (such as vodka or rum). Seal the jar and allow the mixture to stand at least three weeks. Filter the liquid through a coffee filter or several layers of cheesecloth, discarding the cones. Decant the tincture in dark bottles and store in a cool, dark place. Take one teaspoon of cone tincture in ½ cup of water first thing in the morning on an empty stomach. Repeat before noon and evening meals. Take an additional dosage ½ hour before mealtime. The tincture may be taken for several weeks without known adverse effects.

Antibiotic – A tincture of the fresh catkins and dried bark has an antibiotic activity against many strains of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Use equal portions of catkins and bark when tincturing, following the procedure described in Amoeba Infestation. Take in ½ teaspoon dosages up to six times daily.

Dermatological Aid – Tincture and Alder Bark Salve are useful in treating eczema. Take ½ teaspoon tincture of dried alder bark twice daily with meals. Apply salve externally to eczema, as needed. A poultice of moistened, heated leaves can reduce swelling and help heal wounds or skin ulcers. An infusion of fresh bark is effective when applied to poison ivy rash. Use two tablespoonfuls of the bark per one cup of boiling hot water. Cool before applying. For head lice or scabies, simmer ½ cup fresh bark in one pint of vinegar for ten minutes. Cool. Use as a hair rinse two times a day.

Diaphoretic – Make an infusion of the dried bark using two tablespoons of dried bark per cup of hot water. Sip slowly.

Diarrhea – To stop diarrhea take two #00 capsules of dried powdered bark three times a day, not to exceed two days.

Emetic – The fresh bark will cause vomiting and cramping, so use dried bark for other than emetic purposes.

Gynecological Aid – To regulate menstrual flow, take one #00 capsule of powdered dried bark two times a day.

Hemorrhage (internal) – Take three capsules of the dried powdered cones three times daily until bleeding has stopped.

Inflammation of the Upper Intestine – Infuse ten to fifteen dried young alder cones in a cup of hot water and take three cups daily for three days. Or use ½ to one teaspoon of the tincture in one cup of warm water several times daily as an astringent in acute and chronic enteritis, enterocolitis, dysentery or colitis. Take dosage for three to seven days.

Metabolic Aid – To improve food absorption and fat metabolism, make a decoction of two tablespoons dried bark per one cup of water. Take 1½ ounces at mealtimes.

Oral Aid – For sore throats and hoarseness make a decoction of three tablespoons of dried bark per one cup of water. Use as gargle.

Tooth Aid – Use a decoction of ½ cup dried bark per one cup of water for cleaning teeth and strengthening gums. Unused portion stores refrigerated for five to six days. Alder Bark Toothpaste safely whitens teeth. Brush your teeth with the paste twice a day for up to ten days.

Veterinarian aid: Treatment of blood ailments, rheumatic joints and other swellings. Used also for udder swelling and inflammation. Mash the leaves well with a small amount of tinctured Brown’s Peony root. Bind material over swelling and wrap with gauze. Also give a dose internally twice daily until symptoms subside by mixing a handful of chopped dried bark in bran or oats for large animals; half dose for sheep and hogs; ½ cup strong decoction for large to medium dogs. Give 1 tsp. tinctured dried bark to cats.

Recipes

Alder Bark Salve

Cut alder bark into thin strips. Pack four cups of fresh alder bark into a quart jar. Fill the jar with jojoba oil to one inch of the top. Loosely cover the jar and let stand in a warm place for three weeks. Strain the oil through a coffee filter or several layers of cheesecloth, discarding solids. Put oil in the top of a double boiler. Add 1½ ounces of shaved beeswax to the oil and heat slowly over simmering water. Pour into salve jars and cool completely before applying lid. Use salve for treating eczema and similar skin conditions.

Alder Bark Toothpaste

2 tsp dried Irish moss

½ cup finely powdered dried Alder Bark

2 cups of water

1 tsp. sea salt

2 tsp. baking soda

2 drops of essential oil of peppermint or anise

Soak the moss and powdered bark in water 25 minutes, and then bring it to a slow boil in a small pot. Simmer for 25 minutes. The moss may or may not completely dissolve. As the mixture cools it will begin to gel. Once cooled, strain the gel through cheesecloth into a small container. Mix salt and soda, and then add to the gel. After that is well mixed, add the essential oil and mix again. Store the toothpaste in a small sealed jar in the refrigerator.

Alumroot

Family: Saxifragaceae

Genus: Heuchera

Species: rubescens

Taxon: Heuchera rubescens

Description: Alumroot is often overlooked unless it is in bloom. In the springtime many small flowers, ranging in color from pinkish-white to light green, bloom intermittently on leafless spikes. They tend to cluster along one side of the stem. The leaves are basal, ranging from ½ to one inch across. The root is large, scaly from dead growth, and usually angled out or even downward from rock crevices. It has a dark coating and inner pith that ranges from flesh colored to pink. This inner pith has a strong, intensely astringent taste. The plant can be found growing in moist, sloped rocky areas.

Harvesting: The root is the part of the plant used medicinally. There is no reason, however, to destroy a plant when harvesting the root. Alumroot develops its large scaly roots just below the surface of the soil, so there is no need for a shovel. Merely reach into the loose soil with your fingers and break off a clump. Try not to take more than one third of the root, leaving the plant with enough to continue its cycles of life.

Historic Notes: Alumroot is one of North America's strongest astringents, containing up to twenty percent tannin.

Flower Essence: The power of the small; manifestation of godliness; ability to move in a pattern without having to do it your way; willingness to choose to be.

Cautions: Excessive use can cause gastric irritation and kidney and liver problems.

Cultivation: Zones 3 - 6. Methods of propagation include seed, division and leaf cuttings. Leaf cuttings are taken in late fall and consist of the entire leaf plus a short segment of the petiole. Division is the best method and is done in spring. When starting from seed, the seeds should be chilled for four weeks and up to four months. It is best to keep the seeds in the refrigerator until sowing. The seed germinates in three weeks at 65° to 75° F. Do not cover the seed with soil. Alumroot does best in rich, moist soil with excellent drainage in full sun in the North, partial shade in the South.

Constituents: Includes tannin, phlebotannins, and assorted polyhydric phenols with galloyl glucosides.

General Usage

Diarrhea – An infusion of the root is taken to stop diarrhea. Soak two tablespoons of fresh, clean chopped roots in one cup of boiling hot water for thirty minutes. Take in mouthful doses over a course of an hour. If dried root is used, simmer one tablespoon dried root in 1½ cups of water for ten minutes.

Hemorrhaging – For ulcers of the stomach and esophagus simmer ¼ cup of the chopped, dried root in water for twenty minutes; take ½ cup before every meal.

Stomach Aid – Simmer one tablespoon of the chopped dried root in one pint of water for twenty minutes and take in small doses to ease vomiting and diarrhea.

Throat Aid – Prepare the root following directions for stomach aid, adding one tablespoon chopped Oregon Grape root to the pint of water. Gargle with the mixture.

Veterinary Aid – Mashed, boiled leaves are used as a wash for saddle sores on horses. The soaked roots can also be given to horses for colic.

Wounds – The powdered dried root may be applied to cuts and abrasions to promote clotting. It is excellent mixed with equal parts of Goldthread to treat such wounds.

Shoshoni Usage

Antidiarrheal – Infusion of root was taken to stop diarrhea.

Febrifuge – A decoction of the root was sipped in small doses to reduce high fevers.

Heart Medicine – A decoction of root was taken several times daily for heart palpitations.

Liver Aid – An infusion of roots were taken to relieve liver trouble or biliousness.

Tonic – A decoction of the root was taken, over several weeks’ time, as a tonic for general debility.

Venereal Aid – Decoction of the root was applied to venereal sores.

Veterinary Aid – Mashed, boiled leaves were used as a wash for horses' saddle sores. Soaked roots were given to horses for cramps.

Amaranth

Family: Amaranthaceae

Genus: Amaranthus

Species: hypochondriacus, cruentus, retroflexus

Taxon: Amaranthus hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. retroflexus

Description: Amaranth is an annual herb with stout, upright stem 3 to 4 feet high. The plants bear alternate, oblong-lanceolate pointed, green leaves that have a red-purplish spot or tinged with purple. The flowers, which are bright-red, are compactly clustered on erect, compound racemes. Their seeds may be brown or black in weedy species and light-colored in domestic species. Some species of amaranth are known as pigweed. None of the species is poisonous and many are used as potherbs.

Harvesting: Look for amaranth along roadsides, in disturbed waste areas, or as weeds in crops throughout the world. Amaranth seed and leaves have been used effectively in a number of medicinal applications. Gather leaves in spring through early summer. Seeds are gathered in autumn. Shake the tops of older plants to get the seeds.

Historic Notes: It is believed that amaranth was brought to America by those first migrants from the Tower of Babel, who have traveled eastward across China and launched their barges on the Pacific, eventually reaching Mexico around 2000 B.C. Chinese had been using this herb for centuries as a remedy for profuse menstruation.

Flower Essence: Holds the essence required to open the door between the living and the dead. The language of the amaranth is eternal life.

Cautions: When grown on nitrogen-rich soils Amaranth are known to concentrate nitrates in the leaves. This is especially noticeable on land where chemical fertilizers are used. Nitrates are implicated in stomach cancers, blue babies and some other health problems. Do not take Amaranth medicinal during pregnancy.

Cultivation: Zones 3 - 8. Amaranth is not picky as to soil type, but prefers a well-drained fertile soil in a sunny area and requires a hot sheltered position if it is to do well. Sow seed late spring directly in garden. An earlier sowing can be made in a greenhouse and the plants put out after the last expected frosts. Germination is usually rapid if the soil is warm; a drop in temperature overnight aids germination. Cuttings of growing plants root easily. Plants should not be given inorganic fertilizers, see Caution on toxicity.

Constituents: Mucilage, tannin, sugar. High in vitamins A and C. Excellent source of calcium, iron, magnesium, and folate.

General Usage

Anti-inflammatory – Applied externally, Amaranth can reduce tissue swelling from sprains and tick bites. Fresh bruised leaves, as well as Amaranth Salve, are effective in treating both swelling and bites.

Dermatological Aid – As a wash to foul, indolent ulcers make a strong infusion using ½ cup of Amaranth leaves per 1 pint of water. Simmer 5 minutes, cool, strain, and then apply frequently to external ulcer.

Diarrhea – Take tinctured Amaranth seed in ½ tsp. doses every two hours, or as Tea. For tea, bring 3 cups of water to a rolling boil then add 2 tsp of seeds. Cover and simmer for 5 minutes on low heat. Remove from heat and add 1 tsp of leaves, and let it steep for 30 minutes. Drink 4 cups of this tea daily.

Enema – As an enema for colon inflammation and rectal sores simmer 2 Tbsp. of the seeds in 1 pint of boiling water for 10 minutes. Cool and strain.

Flu – Amaranth is used to battle stomach flu accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting. Follow preparation and dosage for Diarrhea.

Gynecological Aid – Amaranth is used both to stop excessive menstruation and for contraception. A strong decoction of the leaves (2 tablespoons per cup of water) drunk freely (5 to 7 cups daily) is highly recommended in severe menorrhagia. For conception, drink three cups of seed tea daily. Bring 3 cups of water to a rolling boil then add 3 tsp of seeds. Cover and simmer for 5 minutes on low heat. As a douche for leucorrhea, simmer 2 Tbsp. of the seeds in 1 pint of boiling water for 10 minutes. Cool and strain.

Hemorrhaging – Amaranth is very effective for treating hemorrhaging from the bowels. Bring 3 cups of water to a rolling boil then add 2 tsp of seeds. Cover and simmer for 5 minutes on low heat. Remove from heat and add 1 tsp of leaves, and let it steep for 30 minutes. Drink 4 cups of this tea daily.

Stomach Aid – For treating gastroenteritis or spitting of blood, take Tea made of the seeds and leaves. For tea, bring 3 cups of water to a rolling boil then add 2 tsp of seeds. Cover and simmer for 5 minutes on low heat. Remove from heat and add 1 tsp of leaves, and let it steep for 30 minutes. Drink 3 to 4 cups of this tea daily. A tincture of leaves and seeds may also be used (½ tsp. in ½ cup warm water 3 to 4 times daily) may also be used, but is not as effective.

Throat Aid – As a gargle for mouth and throat irritations simmer 2 Tbsp. of seeds in 1 quart water for 15 minutes. Add 2 tsp. sea salt and cool. Use as a gargle 3 to 4 times a day.

Recipes

Amaranth Salve

Finely chop the fresh leaves. Add enough jojoba oil to cover. Place mixture in a jar, and then place the jar in a pan of simmering water. Allow mixture to heat slowly for 1½ hours, being certain than the water in the pan does not simmer dry. Strain the mixture through a coffee filter. Add 1 Tbsp. bee pollen and thicken with enough shave beeswax to obtain the desired consistency. Drop a few drops onto a cold plate. If the consistency is too thin, add a little more beeswax.

Angelica

Family: Apiaceae

Genus: Angelica

Taxon: Angelica sp.

Description: Angelica is a stout, hollow-stemmed plant ranging from 2 to 5 feet high. The large leaves are divided into smaller ones; oval to cut-leaf in shape. (The side veins end in the tip of the leaves and not, like water hemlock, in the valleys or notches of the leaves). The entire plant has a somewhat soapy scent. Lower parts of the plant may have a slight purplish tinge. (Not to be confused with water hemlock, a much more delicate plant with carrot-like leaves and purple or wine-colored splotches on the base of the stems). Angelica flowers form the usual inverted umbrella-like umbel characteristic of the family (Umbelliferae). The flowers are white, maturing into double seeds which, when the separate, are egg shaped and completely flat on the inner side. The large, fleshy root is medium brown with cream-colored pith.

Harvesting: The roots and seeds are used medicinally. Seeds are harvested in late summer; roots in early spring or late autumn. This is not a plant for the novice harvester. Angelica can easily be mistaken for Water Hemlock. It also cross-pollinates with Water Hemlock becoming toxic, so make certain that there is no Water Hemlock in the vicinity.

Historic Notes: It is believed that this herb obtained the name Angelica as it helped protect people from disease, including bubonic plague. It also blooms around May 8th, the feast day of Saint Michael, the archangel. The oil from seeds and the roots are used in Benedictine, chartreuse, vermouth and gin.

Flower Essence: Opens connection to higher spirit and supreme realms; helps knit things together in our lives. It enables one to experience angelic protection and guidance, both in daily life and in times of crisis.

Cautions: Large doses may affect blood pressure and stimulate the nervous system. Since Angelica is high in sugar it should be avoided by diabetics. Avoid during pregnancy and bouts of heavy menstrual bleeding.

Cultivation: Zones 3 - 7. Angelica seeds germinate easily (fresh seeds immediately, dried in about 3 weeks). Sprinkle Angelica seed on moist growing mix and leave the pots outdoors from fall to spring; cold promotes better germination. Or put the seed in moist growing mix in the refrigerator for six weeks, and then move to a warm, bright spot. Plant Angelica seedlings in the garden when they are small to minimize root disturbance.

Angelica thrives in moist, rich soil in light shade, or full sun in cool climates. Mulch and irrigate if the weather gets hot and dry. Fertilize in spring and midsummer.

Constituents: Essential oil (beta-phellandrene, pinene, limonene, caryophyllene, linalool), coumarins, macrocyclic lactones, acids (valerianic, angelic), resins, sterol, and tannin.

General Usage

Alcoholism – The taste for alcohol is often lost when two capsules of dried powdered root are taken morning and evening.

Anti-inflammatory – Angelica Anti-inflammatory Salve made from the infused oil of the seeds, can be rubbed on sore muscles.

Cold Remedy – Capsules of the powdered root are used for colds or chest ailments. Take two #00 capsules morning and evening. For coughs try Angelica Cough Drops.

Digestive Aid – Tea made from simmering one teaspoon of dried chopped root in a cup of water for ten minutes, and then sipped slowly, stimulates digestion. You may also wish to try Angelica Chewable Anti-Acid Tablets.

Gynecological Aid – Teaspoon of dried root tincture in a cup of warm water helps alleviate heavy menstrual cramps. To make the tincture, combine two tablespoons of water per cup of finely chopped dried root in a glass container. Cover mixture with food grade alcohol. Allow the mixture to stand, covered, in a cool, dark place for four weeks. Strain through several layers of cheesecloth. Store the tincture in dark bottles away from heat and light. This tincture recipe works well for all dried plants.

Motion Sickness – Teaspoon of dried root tincture in a small amount of water relieves motion sickness.

Rheumatism – Angelica Liniment, made by pouring rubbing alcohol over the fresh root, and then straining after three weeks, helps relieve arthritis and rheumatism when applied externally.

Stomach Aid – The tinctured seeds are used for acid indigestion, nausea and vomiting. Mix one teaspoon of the tincture in ½ cup of warm water. Seeds are best tinctured fresh. To prepare a fresh seed tincture, gather the seeds in early summer. Place them in a glass jar or container and cover with a food-grade alcohol. Cover tightly and allow mixture to stand in a cool, dark place for three weeks before straining and bottling the tincture.

Veterinary Aid – Several Native American tribes of the Rocky Mountain region used Angelica to treat horses with symptoms similar to canine distemper – lack of appetite, running nose and weeping eyes. A dried root compound made of equal amounts of Angelica, Lomatium and Arrowleaf Balsamroot was soaked briefly in water, and then added to a small campfire. The horse was tied to a tree near the fire and the smoke was directed into its nostrils with a feather fan. This process was repeated twice daily until the animal regained its health.

Shoshoni Usage