The Tribe Within

The Tribe Within

Search for DNA Tribe R1b-L513

By Anthony Murphy Barrett

Copyright — January, 2014 —

Last updated: November, 2020 —

Version: 7.3

For FREE update versions use passcode posted at the end of Chapter 7.

Email author:

anthonymurphybarrett@gmail.com

Readers’ comments are welcome.

License Notes

Thank you for downloading this eBook. This book remains the copyrighted property of the author, and may not be redistributed to others for commercial or non-commercial purposes. If you enjoyed this book, please encourage your friends and family to download their own copy from their favourite authorized retailer. Thank you for your support.

This book is dedicated to Theresa Louise Catherine, my lifeline,

my Oak tree, my wife of 34 years. With her maternal line McKenzie,

we created our own tribe and are now joined by Martins.

The Avel-gelc’hwid continues.

I didn’t fail. I just found 1,000 ways not to make a light bulb. Every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward. – Thomas Edison

History with its flickering lamp stumbles along the trail of the past, trying to reconstruct its themes, to revive its echoes and kindle with pale gleams the passion of former days.

– Winston Churchill

Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth. Modern definition of Meek: Quiet, gentle, and easily imposed on; submissive. Like a lamb to the slaughter.

Medieval definition of Meek: One who carries a sword but choose to keep it in its scabbard.

A story must be told or there'll be no story, yet it is the untold stories that are most moving. – John Ronald Reuel (J.R.R.) Tolkien

Sources: Images of Grianán an Aileach in Donegal Ireland, (from left to right) Irelandxo.com, Gareth Wray Photography and tripadvisor.com.

Grianán an Aileach

What is this mighty ring of stone

Set on a narrow neck of land

With seas to either hand?

‘Tis the Grianán an Aileach

Home to the Northern Ui Neill

And rival of Tara, herself!

Who made this ring of rocks

With gates to enter and leave

And stairways to climb?

Some will say ‘twas built by the hand

Of no less than The Dagda, himself

Atop the ruin of an ancient earthen fort.

Why is it here on this high point

Where the wind blows constant

And the rain seldom falls?

Look around, out from the wall

Five counties of Donegal you see

And the waters to each side.

And what purpose does it serve

Sitting atop the barren rocks

Between Donegal and the rest of Eire?

‘Twas set to protect this far northern cape

And guard it safe from all intruders.

Who would take the kin and women of Ui Neill.

Source: ancienttext.org, from King Arthur in Irish Pseudo-Historical Tradition, Dane Pestano (2011).

The Clanna Dëdad

(pronounced Deeda)

The following surnames form a pattern of DNA Tribe R1b-L513 now identified as the Clan of Dëda•Mac•Sin: Abbott, Adams, Aitman, Allsbury, Ammerlann, Anderson, Anglin, Appleby, Armstrong, Arrick, Ash, Ball, Baine, Bane, Barber, Banks, Barrett, Bassett, Batten, Belsher, Benn(ett), Berney, Beauripper, Beatty, Beverly, Bergeron, Bibber, Bingham, Bissett, Black(well), Blair, Bliot, Boyd, Brady, Braithwaite, Branley, Brazil, Briar, Brion, Brooks, Brown/Bruen, Boscher, Boyle, Breen, Bruce, Bruen, Bryant, Buchanan, Buckley, Bullock, Burns, Burrows, Burton, Butler, Bussey Byrd, Byrne, Callahan, Calway, Calvert, Cameron, Campbell, Cannon, Carey, Carlisle, Carter, Center, Chisholm, Christiersson, Clark(e), Clavett, Cleary, Clendaniel/ Clendennin/Glendennin/Glendinning, Coffey, Coggin, Coleman, Colgan, Collins, Conn, Conner, Cope, Cook(e), Corrigan, Coulson, Craig, Crawford, Cross, Crotty, Cru(i)se, Culbert, Cullen, Cunningham, Currate, Currie, Darcy, Davidson, Davis, Davisson, de Crombrugghe, Dennis, Denson, Dewar, DeVane, /Devers, Devin, Devine, Divin(e), Diamond, Dillon, Donohoe, O’Donoughue, Donaldson, Donnelly, Doran, Douglas, Downie/ey, Drummond, Duff, Duffee, Kilduff, Dugger, Duncan, Edwards, Elliott, Elwood, Emerson, Enderton, Englund, Enright, Ericksson, Evans, Fagan, Fay, Feain, Ferguson, Ferry, Finley, Finn, Fitzgerald, Fitzpatrick, Fleming, Fletcher, Foster, Frazer, Franklin, Fritts, Ford, Fox, Gallagher, Gamble, Gamel, Gambrel, Gardner, Garrett, Garvey, Gelling, Gettings, Gijsbert, Gillespie, Gilroy, Gittens, Goff, Golliher, Goodie, Gordon, Gorman, Grant, Gray, Green, Greer, Gruetzmacher, Griffin, Grogan, Gulle, Gurthrie, Gurry, Hall, Hadlock, Haggerty, Hamilton, Hannay, Hart, Hartley, Harvey, Harris, Hatcliff, Hay(es), Head, Heath, Healy, Neff, Henderson, Henry, Herron, Higgins, Hinkle, Holder, Holmberg, Holmes, Hogan, Hopkins, Hood, Horan, Howard, Howley, Hughes, Irvine/Irving, Irwin, Jackman, Jakobsson, James, Jarvis, Jenkins, Jester, Johns(t)on, Jolley, Jones, Jonsson, Kane, Karlsson, Kautz, K(e)ane, Keenan, Keiller, Kern, Kelly, Kennedy, Kilroy, Kingston, Knox, Lacey, Laird, Lakey, Lambers, Lamont, Lancaster, Land, Leary, Lee, Lemmon(s), Leonard, Lewis, Lintz, Little, Lytle, Logan, Long, Lowe, Lucey, Lyons, Mac/McCarthy, McCarty, Mac/McDonald, Mac/McFarlane, Mac/McGintie, Mac/McIntosh, Mac/McKenzie, Mac/McLean, Mac/McLeod, Mac/McPherson, MacKeorie, Mackie, MacLennan, Mac/McMahon, Mac/McMillan, Mac/McNichol(s), Mac/McNeill, Mac/McQueen, Madden, Maloney, Markwick, Marney, Martin, Martini, Marts, Massey, Massie, Mathews, Matheson, Mathis, McAdams, McAdoo, McAffee, McAllister, McAuley, McBride, McCaleb, McCalip, (Mc)Cain, McClain, McCauley, McCloud, McDonald, McClure, McCombs, McConnel, McCool, McCormick, McCowan/McKowan, McCrea/McRae, McCusker, McDaniel, McDowell, McDougal, McFall, McGauley, McGowan, McGregor, McGuire, McLauglin, McLouglin, McLain, Maguire, McGurk, McInnis, McIntyre, McIver, McKay, McKinsey, McKelvey, McKeon, McKlem, McKnight, McManus, NcNabb, McOsker, McVicar, McVitty, Meehan, Meek(s), Merrick, Mickelsson, Millar, Miller, Milliken, Mills, Monaghan, Moody, Moore, Morgan, Morris(on), Moss, Mowdy, Mugford, Mullenneaux, Müller, Munnerlyn, Murphy, Murray, Nelson, Nesbitt, Newton, Nichols(on), Noe, O’Brien, O’Connor, O’Gara/O’Hara, Oliveri, Olovsson, O’Neill, O’Riordan, O'Rourke/Ruark, (O')Shea, O’Toole, Owen, Palmer, Parker, Parks, Patrick, Patton, Paul, Pelkey, Perry, Phillips, Pillsbury, Pitts, Plunket(t), Poor, Powell, Power(s), Pritchard, Profitt, Purvis, Quinn, Raferty, Reardon, Redmond, Read, Rice, Rine, Roberts(on), Robinett, Robinson, Roddy, Rogers, Roland, Rose/Ross, Rosenblad, Rowan, Rowland, Russell, Ryan, Savage, Scanlan, Scott, Sears, Sherry, Sherwood, Simonsson, Sincock, Short, Skrika, Smith, Spence(r), Sprague, Spriggs, Squires, Starr, Stringfellow, Sunneson, St. Clair/ Sinclair, Sinkler, Staffansson, Stevens(on), Stewart, Stone, Strawshay, Taylor, Templeton, Tiernan, Tierney, Timmons, Thompson, Thomas, Toomey, Traylor, Troutman, Twohey, Vance, Vans/Vaus/Vaux, Van Der Beek, Vaughan, Walker, Walsh, Ward, Ware(s), Warren, Watkins, Watson, Watt, Whalen, Webster, Wheeler, Welch, Welsh, White, Williams(on), Wilson, Winter(s),Wood(s) Young.

Table of Contents

Chapter One: The Science of History

Chapter Two: Bloodline of the Blessed

Chapter Three: Quest of the Sevenfold Grace

Chapter Four: Deep Valour

Chapter Five: A Revision of 1066

Chapter Six: Thieves, Robbers and Conquerors

Chapter Seven: Men worth their salt

My Thoughts: Do tribes have a role to play in modern society?

R1b-L21 Chart

Common Surname Chart

Index of Surnames

Chapter One: The Science of History

Most family histories have been washed over with the broad strokes of time and a modern culture which promotes assimilation. For those gallant souls who endeavour to search their family roots; reaching a dead-end is very frustrating. But now, through science, DNA testing is peeling back layers to reveal connections to amazing tribal histories. This story is about one lost tribe recently found. Perhaps within these pages will reflect your family history and culture.

This particular tribal history [R1b-L513] begins in Western Europe and continues down through about 90 generations to present time. Tribe R1b-L513 is an incredible story of the human spirit: of loss, courage and achievement. It reveals a people of vision and clarity using advanced technologies and playing a major role in innovations. Yet, it is a common story of struggle and triumph over enormous odds to rise from one generation to another to where they are today.

The following is derived from genealogical research based on available historical records and DNA testing being conducted by scientists on hundreds of thousands of people mainly in North America, Australia, the British Isles but also world-wide. What started as a family history project has blossomed into a much larger awareness of a heritage not previously imagined thanks to the advancement of science and historical documentation now available through the internet.

Science now gives us opportunity to connect the dots to historical information. Like stars in a night sky, they seem unconnected until we place patterns upon them to reveal constellations. Placing human DNA over seemingly unconnected historical data is revealing tribal patterns. Through new revelations this book is now able to tell a family story untold for a thousand years.

It begins with science. In the last decade, DNA testing for genealogy purposes has made great progress. So far, almost 30 million people have paid to have their ancestral DNA traced. According to Spencer Wells, Project Leader of the Genographic Project at the National Geographic Society, both sexes have Y Chromosome DNA and Mitochondrial DNA, but only men pass on their Y DNA Chromosomes to their sons and only women pass on their Mitochondrial DNA to their daughters. Through science we can follow generations of ancestors from either the male or female ancestral branches.

Amazingly, all women can be traced back to one woman, Scientific Eve, about 140,000 years ago. All men can be traced back only 60,000 years (or 1,800 ancestors) to one man, Scientific Adam. Both original ancestors are from Africa where the story of humanity begins. Other people lived in Africa at this time but only Scientific Adam and Eve lineage has survived.

Although we are 99% biologically the same as everyone in the world, distinct groups of related people called haplogroups can be identified through DNA and all can trace their haplogroup back to a common ancestor. Scientists have separated and categorized these numerous haplogroups and identified them in an alpha-numeric code.

Through DNA testing, men can now trace their ancestor from 60,000 years ago up to 1200 AD – the timeframe in which surnames begin. This book follows men’s Y DNA Chromosome to connect science with surnames since both follow a male lineage. When scientists compare modern surnames, they are finding matching DNA patterns. This journey is following one such DNA genealogical haplogroup who are/were scattered across the British Isles and Western Europe.

R1b-L513 is a Celtic tribe marker just discovered in January 2011. This discovery is the basis for this book. Now thousands of people have been confirmed with this DNA strand connecting a pattern of about 400 ancestral families who were related to each other (by tribe) from around the years 500 to 1200. Each surname is like a page of this tribe’s history revealing an astonishing story of how we are all connected.

It is worth noting that the author of this book is neither a historian nor scientist as both disciplines are not subject to speculation. This study takes the recent discovery of related men from around the years 800 to 1200 and compares it with the available history of their surnames from the same period. Studying almost 400 ancestral families makes available a great deal of data points and the challenge is to find patterns to support the science which indicates how they are all related. The author has discovered from the collection of thousands of facts a pattern of history which has gone unnoticed. Science now has the ability to tell a greater story from what appears on the surface to be unrelated facts. This is perhaps the first book of its kind.

Let’s use the Barrett surname case study as an example. To date, 369 Barrett folks (various spellings) have tested their male DNA. The results (321 out of 369 or 87%) follow a pattern to a DNA strand called R1b-P312, western European origin. The other 48 results are shared among these haplogroups: I2b (25 or 6%) southern European origin; E1b (13 or 4%) African origin; J2a (5 or 1.5%) middle-east origin; G2a (5 or 1.5%) Western Caucasians; and R1a (0) Scandinavian. Most results are from $120 Y Chromosome tests which only reveal up to 6,200 years ago. To discover younger tribal origins require an investment of $250-$450USD from which less than a hundred of R1b-P312 Barretts have explored. The results lead to an origin 2,500-years old: DNA Tribe R1b-L513.

R1b-L513 or R-L513 consists of 10 main branches of which a number of successful sub-tribes formed after 50 BC (or BCE, Before the Common Era, as it is designated today). If there are 10,000 descendants from each related surname, R-L513 could represent an ancestral tribe for about 4 million people today.

The surnames listed at the beginning of this book frequently match R-L513 DNA markers. Many from this group has had an exact Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) test confirming their results. When the author first published this book in January 2014 there were 100 surnames; now there are about 400 surnames. If science can match DNA patterns to surnames, then perhaps we can match these findings with their family surname histories.

Of course, some surnames listed are associated with other tribes. For a family to connect with a specific history, a surname alone is not good enough when attempting to connect past to present. To determine if a family has matched with the right history requires a pattern of evidence. The following criteria has been adopted: R-L513 surnames must also match location patterns and show a pattern of relation to other group surnames (or a social pattern) before being linked to this tribe. It was thought at first to be an exercise in futility, but DNA results are showing the way.

There are also many individuals who have tested positive as R-L513; however, there have not been enough samples of others with their same surnames to determine if there is a link connecting both surnames to R-L513 strand.

Scientists stating: when they compare modern surnames, they are finding matching DNA patterns, is in itself, an amazing conclusion. This, of course, puts all the pressure on wives to continue the line. Once a surname formed independently from another tribe is removed there remains five other variant historical factors which may change a DNA lineage from a family surname: 1) adoption; 2) slavery; 3) coercion; 4) rape; 5) infidelity.

This author has put these factors in this order for a reason. Surnames go back in time to about 1200 CE. To test one’s DNA to see if it matches a surname means going into the bedrooms of as many as 25 of your ancestors. It would just take one of those 25 generations from the above factors to remove this DNA marker from a surname. The fact that science can still draw patterns after 800 years during the most violent period of human history speaks volumes about the strength and integrity of women. This is truly the grace of humanity in scientific form.

DNA provides an opportunity to view history without prejudice. Science, with no preconceived ideas of stereotypes sifts through centuries of historical distortion to find original truth. Its story is quite revealing encouraging others to re-examine their own histories and thereby re-define their heritage. Symbols, as it turns out, play an important role in this genealogical DNA. Symbols are a language that can help bridge people’s past to the present. More than anything else, this book is a quest of self-discovery.

As more information becomes available this eBook will be updated periodically with revised editions. This latest update not only introduces new information but also corrects previous assumptions from new research uncovered. One would think that after several editions the story would be complete but with each new version the fabric of this tribe’s history gets more lush, complex and woven together. Perhaps, not surprisingly, using science to retrieve history reveals a presents of deep-rooted spirituality.

This study spends most of its research effort from 400 to 1200 CE in what is called the Early Medieval Period. Some call it the Dark Ages suggesting perhaps little can be drawn from this timeframe leaving most to skip over its history. Historians are right if one is looking for Nation-State history. In contrast, much can be learned from this period of Western Europe if seeking tribal origins.

This author defines the end time of tribes in the British Isles starting in summer 1537 with the destruction of Christian monasteries and the beginning of the nation-state. Under orders of King Henry VIII all monasteries in England, Wales and Ireland are taken over by the state ending 2,000 years of tribal order and ushering in the Renaissance Period – the age of science and reason. It is interesting the same science now provides us opportunity to re-discover lost tribal ancestries the Renaissance was so eager to bury.

For further research on genographic study, this author suggests viewing Youtube video: National Geographic Live! – Spencer Wells: The Human Journey which can further explain the science.

The following chart outlines R1b peoples’ major DNA markers representing over 24,000 years of human history. Science has identified these markers so we can now follow their movement to various locations during certain timelines telling a story of their migration patterns. The centre red line is the core of this ancestry with Celtic branches beginning at R-L21 (green markers) with R-L513 at the far left-hand bottom corner.

This is an absolutely amazing piece of work bringing together the story of DNA marker group R1b in chart form which could represent a billion people’s genetic history. Our study focuses on the red (centre) to the green (far left, near-bottom corner) sections of this chart. Source: Family Tree DNA.

A plausible deep early history

Science can now combine DNA with radiocarbon dating (updated September 2020 chart above) to identify timelines with locations of these ancient ancestors. DNA marker A was located in Africa about 60,000 years ago. This study begins with DNA marker R which is radiocarbon dated about 22,000 BC. According to DNA studies, we can now follow the DNA of our fathers’ or mothers’ ancestry through science.

The markers below are following individual men who have passed on their genetic markers to their sons. The dates in brackets are reference points; some of which have been radiocarbon dated from sample grave sites for close accuracy. The following is the author’s amateur best guess as to our ancient origin based on all available information combined to date.

R ................... M207 .......... (22,000 B.C.) .......... 720 Ancestors

This ancestor lives on the plains of Siberia in south Russia perhaps following the hunting grounds of the woolly mammoth.

R1 .................. M173 .......... (15,000 B.C.) .......... 500 Ancestors

This ancestor is a nomad traveling with his tribe from eastern Mongolia in Asia to Hungary, Europe. Most of northern Europe is still in an ice age. They travel a trail well used and will continue to be used for millennia. It is called the Steppe which is relatively easy to travel as it is one large long plain from the far east to Ukraine. It is very similar to the Canadian or American prairie. With few trees, open skies and rolling grassland, this hunter-gather society could travel the entire length of the prairie land in half a year.

R1b ............... M343 .......... (12,000 B.C.) .......... 420 Ancestors

This man’s ancestors has at this point lived a nomadic lifestyle for 10,000 years. This tribe continues it’s roaming lifestyle traveling from Europe to Asia along the Steppe. Their home base is in central Russia and may represent the Samara Culture. Their cousin, DNA Tribe R1a is much older breaking away from R1 around 20,000 years ago. Tribe Ra1 may reference the Yamna culture in the Steppe. They will populate the Ukraine to Georgia in the south-east. Ra1 and all its sub-tribes are not listed on the R1b chart but it too represents a very large group of the human family tree.

From 12,000 BC to the great civilization crash of 1,200 BC, those 10,000 years saw only 11 human branches break away from the main R1b tribe. PH155 broke away around 12,000 BC and settled the near or Middle East. M73 settled in Latvia around 6,300 BC. PF6323 separated around 5,400 BC moving from Ukraine to Spain. V1636 and PF7562 settled in Poland, Ukraine, and southern Russia in 4,200 BC. Z2103 became early Indo-Iranians. PF7589 could represent the tribe’s contribution leaving in 3,100 BC for Italy to future develop Roman civilization. Both groups FT37737 and S1194 split from the main group around 2,700 BC. FT37737 settlement is unknown while S1194 are found in the Balkans. A8053 made their home in the Middle East around 2,500 BC. A very successful branch, R-U106 would carve out their homes in Sweden around 2,100 BC. The main group would continue as R1b-P312.

The above map is the future kingdom of the Scythians, a warrior culture located in the Ukraine along the Black Sea to north of Georgia between the Black and Caspian Seas. The Scythian Kingdom will not come of age until around 700 BC. Image: Google maps.

R1b1a2 .......... M269 .......... (4,200 B.C.) .......... 190 Ancestors

This man’s tribe (still the core R1b) continues in the Pontic Steppe in the Urals (Europe-Asia). They are a Scythian-type tribe but Scythia will not be identified for another 3,000 years in this area. This author suspects they are part of the Saka and follow a seasonally nomadic lifestyle.

The Saka culture are a pre-Scythian civilization. Like the more modern native plains tribes of 19th century North America, these people follow hunting and raiding routes of their ancestors, living off the land. They would winter in a protective peninsula east of the Black Sea. They will domesticate wild horses of the plains and become great warriors riding on horseback and hunting with bows. Their horses give them unprecedented speed and agility. They revere horses to the point of respect that archaeologists have found their horse burial sites.

In spring\summer\fall they follow the great herds which has sustained them for millennia. They speak an Indo-European language. Over a couple thousand years, the tribe home base focuses living east along the Black Sea in south Russia, between the Black and Caspian Seas.

DNA Tribe R1b-M269 (R-M269) families may have be living in the Krasnodar region of south Russia (identified above). This region is sub-Mediterranean in climate and has one of the great Oak forests in Asia. Scientists studying ancient pollen samples have identified two great Oak forests species in this area: Sessile Oak (or Irish Oak) and White Oak which is also found in northern Spain. Here they begin building canoe-type boats from carved out logs. The Saka will flourish for the next 2,000 years.

Named in the Behistun Inscription, the three pillars of the Saka Culture: 1. the people beyond the sea meaning Black Sea west [suspect R-M269]; 2. the people of the north in the Ukraine tigraxauda meaning pointed caps [suspect Ra1] and 3. the people in the east near Caspian Sea Haumavargil meaning Hauma plant drinkers [suspect Ra1]. Images: Wikipedia

If one was to define their cousins, Tribe Ra1 they would be a tribe of the land while Tribe R-M269 is of the water. Over centuries R-M269 will explore sea and river routes deep into the west as they search for resources.

Their most important discovery will be finding gold, silver and copper deposits across the Black Sea in western Anatolia. Settlements will follow based on resource extraction along the southern fertile land of the Black Sea and west into what will eventually become Phrygia along the Sakarya (root word Saka) River. The Sakarya ran through the middle of Phrygia which had direct assess to the Black Sea.

The Phrygia region in Anatolia. Image: Wikipedia

Phrygia describes an area on the western end of the high Anatolian plateau, an arid region quite unlike the forested lands to the north and west. Phrygia begins in the northwest where an area of dry steppe is interrupted by the Sakarya and Porsuk river systems and is home to the settlements of Dorylaeum and the Phrygian capital Gordion. They also speak an Indo-European language. According to a report Bronze metallurgy in the Late Phrygian settlement of Gordion, Turkey, its authors claim that Gordion was a hot bed of metal-working with many foundries established in this area of Anatolia. Its report reveals a predominant use of Oak wood to fuel those foundries. The local terrain does not support Oak trees suggesting the wood is imported.

The climate is harsh with hot summers and cold winters; olives will not easily grow here and the land is mostly used for livestock grazing and the production of barley. South of Dorylaeum, is an important Phrygian settlement, Midas City (city of gold). Further south, central Phrygia includes the cities of Afyonkarahisar (ancient Akroinon) with its marble quarries at nearby Docimium (İscehisar), and the town of Synnada. At the western end of Phrygia stood the towns of Aizanoi (modern Cavdarhisar) and Acmonia. From here to the southwest lies the hilly area of Phrygia that contrasts the bare plains of the region's heartland. Phrygia will ally themselves with the City of Troy and have a common enemy with their Hittite neighbours.

According to ancient tradition among Greek historians, the Phrygians migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans. Greek historian Hererodotus says Phrygians were called Bryges when they lived in Europe. Bryges or Briges is the historical name given to a people of the ancient Balkans. Both names, Bryges and Phrygians, are assumed to be variants of the same root. An early splinter group of R-M269 (around 2,500 BC) is R-S1194 which settled in the Balkans in Germany and Poland according to Family Tree DNA findings below. Trade and movement back and forth from this area of northern Europe to Anatolia could have confused period historians thinking Phrygians were originally from the Baltic Sea area.

The location map of DNA marker R-S1194 which is down stream of R-M269. Source: Family Tree DNA R1b S1194 page. Image: Wikipedia

At one point, Phrygians were without a king, but it was decreed by elders that the next man to enter the city driving an ox-cart should become their king. A peasant farmer named Gordias drove into town on an ox-cart and was immediately declared king. Out of gratitude, his son Midas dedicated the ox-cart to Sabazios, Phrygians’ greatest god.

Sabazios is always shown on horseback, as a nomadic horseman sky god, wielding his characteristic staff of power. His symbol was displayed by an open single right-hand raised and tied to a post with an intricate knot of dogwood bark. This author fines this most interesting.

Left to right: Bronze right hand which would be placed at the top of a staff used in the worship of the god Sabazios is at the British Museum. Is an Oak acorn on its thumb? Maps: 1. Phrygia Kingdom. 2. By 3,000 BC many from this tribe may have traveled across the Black Sea to the pink strip area (R-M269 genetic map area) on the north-western Anatolia region, coincidently the same area as Phrygia. The genetic map (right) gold area would be dominated by Ra1 tribes where R-M269 originally settled across the Black Sea. Images: Wikipedia

The knot was later described by Roman historian Quintus Rufus as comprising several knots all so tightly entangled that it was impossible to see how they were fastened. Thus became the story of Phrygian’s Knot. No other Anatolian culture has reference to this kind of knot.

Left to right: Mongolian infinity knot; Sample of Phrygia’s knot; stone carving in Galicia, northern Spain and Celtic knot associated with Ireland. These infinity knots follow the migration pattern of R1b-M269. Images: Wikipedia

The Hittite Empire (east of Phrygia) consists of a number of tribes that speak an Indo-European language. The Egyptian Empire is to the south, Phoenician Empire is to the west, the Black Sea to the North and Assyrian Empire is to the east. They trade with the Phoenicians and Israelites but are at odds with the Egyptians. The Hittites adapt the Phoenician’s discovery of the wheel. The Hittites invent the chariot and with an alliance with the Luwians to the north-west expand their territory to the Mediterranean. Out of this new territory came the Cilicia Kingdom. The kingdom was strategically important because it gave them access to both the Black and Mediterranean Seas.

One of the Black Sea settlements over 6,500 years-old is Sinope. David Robinson writing in The American Journal of Philology (1906) stated Sinope’s geographic peninsula produces a double harbour, with a high plateau. The land rises from the Black Sea 600 feet in height making a bold flat landmark. Robinson states the plateau shape resembles a boar's head with its highest point at the snout. It is about 6 kms in length and 3 kms wide. This may have been a settlement of R-M269 at one point. Currently, there is no scientific consensus as to the exact eastern settlements for R-M269 or their cultures.

R1b1a2a1a .......... L11 .......... (2,700 B.C.) .......... 140 Ancestors

With the introduction of the Bronze Age (3,000 BC) the need to find more metals takes this tribe outside of their ancient world in search of precious metals of tin and copper which makes bronze. On the far west side of the Black Sea gives this tribe access to the Danube River.

The first waves of migration may have been very small but over the centuries this movement will attract more and more people perhaps with the greatest exodus around 1,200 BC at the end of Bronze Age and the end of Anatolian civilization. They take their canoe boats down the Danube into the great forests of Europe. Here they we create a trade settlement on Lake Constance in Switzerland in the centre of Europe and trade.

There are 3 exceptions to the above pattern: DNA markers R-A8039, R-A8053 and R-A8472, subgroups of R-L11 will journey in a different direction. These 3 groups move south into Egypt around 2,500 BC. They will settle with other groups along the Jordan River. The Bible, especially the Book of Genesis and Exodus, describes a long period during which Israelites lived in the Nile Delta of ancient Egypt. The Egyptians appear to have called them Hebrews and enslaved them. The Israelites, by then organized into 12 tribes, escaped servitude and wondered in the wilderness of Sinai before settling. Israelites first appear in the archaeological record on an ancient tablet called the Merneptah Stele in around 1,205 BC at the end of the Bronze Age.

It has been claimed that Hebrews were a federation of nomadic tribes of the hill-country around the Jordan River. According to this interpretation, this federation presumably consolidated into the Kingdom of Israel. These tribes included people of various ethnicities including: Mesopotamian, Hittite, Canaanite, and Egyptian. This would seem to follow R-L11 DNA results as 3 sub-tribes from the Saka tribe (perhaps a part of the Hittite Kingdom) at the time correspond with ancient text. They will eventually be part of the Jewish nation.

From about 2,700 BC, R-L11 will seek out resources introducing the Bronze Age in the ancient world. They will travel from the east from the Black Sea (far right of map) along the Danube River (in red) to create an establishment along Lake Constance in Switzerland, in central Europe.

Source: Google maps.

R1b1a2a1a2 ........ P312 ........ (2,400 B.C.) ........ 130 Ancestors

From this central location in Europe, 8 groups will split up their search for gold, silver, tin and cooper. Seven will take a land route and head north finding opportunities, create settlements for their people who eventually evolve into ethnic Frankish people in Germany and eventually France.

One Sea and River tribe will explore 250 kms south from Lake Constance, following a river starting in Lake Geneva (Geneva, Switzerland) which drains into the Mediterranean. According to scientific pollen studies recorded in Swiss Vegetation History During The Last 18,000 Years, author C. A. Burga states a great mixed Oak forest dominated the Jura and Lake Geneva regions. This region would provide for Oak trees necessary for boat-building for Mediterranean voyages.

250 kms south-west of Lake Constance, Lake Geneva at the top right of the map, will take the Sea and River tribe down the Rhône River to the Mediterranean. The Gaulish (Celtic) name of the river was Rodonos. Image: Wikipedia

At this time, their numbers are small as most of their people (according to this author’s theory) are still in Phrygia. This group will travel by river through eastern Europe to modern Austria, travel overland from Lake Constance to Lake Geneva, row down the Rhône River to modern Port St. Louis de Rhône on the Mediterranean.

Once in the Mediterranean they follow Greek and Phoenicians to the Atlantic Ocean. This turns out to be a great advantage as their large boats are more suitable for the Atlantic and over centuries they dominate trade coming out of the British Isles. They will settle in Galicia, northern Spain. This group ride horses, are cattle herders, and armed with bronze axes and spears. New scientific evidence (nationalgeographic.com 2019) suggest this haplogroup replaces most of the male population of Spain from the earlier ancient farmers.

The migration route: Black Sea, Danube River to Lake Constance, overland to Lake Geneva, Switzerland, down the Rhône River to Mediterranean, then finally a boat trip to the other side of northern Spain will be repeated many times by their tribal people. So much so, it will become a part of their collective migration heritage: Similar to Pilgrimage Trails which are developed in the middle ages to help people move from one continent to another. They will arrive in Spain with such advanced skills it is hard to image them not learning them directly from Anatolia.

Many such trails would develop lodging to accommodate traders along the