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    This is The Statistics Handbook your Professor Doesn't Want you to See. So Easy, it's Practically Cheating...
    This is The Statistics Handbook your Professor Doesn't Want you to See. So Easy, it's Practically Cheating...
    This is The Statistics Handbook your Professor Doesn't Want you to See. So Easy, it's Practically Cheating...
    Ebook319 pages1 hour

    This is The Statistics Handbook your Professor Doesn't Want you to See. So Easy, it's Practically Cheating...

    By S. Deviant

    4.5/5

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    About this ebook

    Updated and revised edition of the most popular "cheating" guide to statistics! Everything you need to get you through elementary statistics. Expanded t-tests, f-tests and hypothesis testing sections, plus everything from calculating standard deviations to chi-square tests.
    Are You Taking a Statistics Class Right Now or Very Soon? Are You Getting Your Butt Kicked, Like Everyone Else? Afraid You'll Have to Retake The Class or Even Miss Graduation?
    I wrote the Practically Cheating Statistics Handbook so you don't have to struggle anymore. I've been giving my own students this material since I started teaching, and the students who use it never fail, and their average grade is one or two letter grades higher than other students in the same class. Here's what they are saying:
    This was very helpful. I am not sure if I could take this class without your examples.-Angie, Gen. Ed.
    I was starting to get that sinking feeling until I read this, love the matter of fact approach to describing the steps.-Bill, Gen. Ed.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAndale LLC
    Release dateMar 13, 2014
    ISBN9781311241214
    This is The Statistics Handbook your Professor Doesn't Want you to See. So Easy, it's Practically Cheating...

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    • 5/5
      The Author is blessed with the ability showing the reader an understandable way of learning great stuff. I'm not a mathematics but sometimes i need an clear result of technical questions how long could that machine work, when ... and the answer is depending on some factors. I got a key to success with this book, and I will start my work now, because now has it become possible to do the work. THANK YOU very much S. Deviant.

    Book preview

    This is The Statistics Handbook your Professor Doesn't Want you to See. So Easy, it's Practically Cheating... - S. Deviant

    ! Factorial

    f Frequency

    n Number, or sample size

    Q1 First Quartile

    Q3 Third Quartile Variance

    P(X) Probability of an event, X

    E Margin of error

    E(X) Expected value

    p Probability of success (binomial distribution)

    q Probability of failure (binomial distribution)

    μ Mean, average

    σ Standard Deviation

    s Sample standard deviation

    Sample Mean

    σ² Variance

    α Alpha level, significance level

    H0 Null Hypothesis

    H1 Alternate hypothesis

    r Correlation coefficient

    r² Coefficient of determination

    Σ Sum of

    a Y intercept (linear regression)

    b Slope of the line (linear regression)

    ν Degrees of freedom

    Pre-Statistics

    There are some elements from basic math and algebra classes that are must-knows in order to be successful in statistics. This section should serve as a gentle reminder of those topics.

    HOW TO CONVERT FROM A PERCENTAGE TO A DECIMAL

    Percent means how many out of one hundred. For example, 50% means 50 out of 100, 25% means 25 out of 100.

    Step 1: Move the decimal point two places to the left.

    Example: 75% becomes .75%.

    Step 2: Remove the % sign.

    .75% becomes .75.

    HOW TO CONVERT FROM A DECIMAL TO A PERCENTAGE

    Step 1: Move the decimal point two places to the right:

    .75 becomes 75.00

    Step 2: Add a % sign.

    75.00 becomes 75.00%

    Step 3 (Optional): You can drop the zeros if you want

    75.00% becomes 75%

    HOW TO ROUND TO X DECIMAL PLACES

    Sample problem: Round the number .1284 to 2 decimal places

    Step 1: Identify where you want the number to stop by counting the number starting from the decimal point and moving right. One point to the right for the number .1284 would stop between the numbers 1 and 2. Two decimal places for the number .1284 will stop the number between 2 and 8:

    .12|84.

    Step 2: If the number to the right of that stop is 5 or above, round the number to the left up. In our example, .12|84, the 8 is larger than 5, so we round the left number up from 2 to 3:

    .12|84 becomes .13|84.

    Step 3: Remove any digits to the right of the stop:

    .13|84 becomes .13.

    Tip: Another way of looking at this is to take both numbers, either side of that stop mark I put in: 2|8 (we can forget the 4 at the end, as we’re rounding way before that). Think of this as the number 28 and ask yourself: is this closer to 20, or closer to 30? It’s closer to 30, so you can say .12|84, rounded to 2 decimal places, equals .1300. Then, you can just drop the zero.

    HOW TO USE ORDER OF OPERATIONS

    In order to succeed in statistics, you’re going to have to be familiar with Order of Operations. The operations: addition, multiplication, division, subtraction, exponents, and grouping, can be performed in multiple ways, and if you don’t follow the order, you’re going to get the problem wrong. For example:

    4 + 2 × 3

    …can equal either 18 or 10, depending on whether you do the multiplication first or last:

    4 + 2 × 3

    6 × 3

    18 (Wrong!)

    4 + 2 × 3

    4 + 6

    10 (Right!)

    Here’s how to get it right every time with an acronym: PEMDAS.

    The acronym PEMDAS actually stands for Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction, but you may easily remember it as Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally. Let’s say we have a question that asks you to solve the following equation:

    1.96 +z

    Where:

    You are given:

    = 5

    μ= 3 × 7

    s = 5²

    n = 100

    Step 1: Insert the numbers into the equation:

    1.96 + z = 1.96 + ((5 – (3 × 7)) / (5² / √100))*

    or

    1.96 + z = 1.96 + ((5 – (3 × 7)) / 5² / 10))**

    Step 2: Parentheses. Work from the inside out if there are multiple parentheses. The inside parentheses is 3 × 7 = 21, so:

    1.96 + z = 1.96 + ((5 – 21) / (5² / 10))

    and there’s only one operation left inside that first set of parentheses, so let’s go ahead and do it:

    1.96 + z = 1.96 + ((-16) / (5² / 10))

    Next, we tackle the second set of parentheses.

    Step 3: Exponents. 5² = 25, so:

    1.96 + z = 1.96 + (-16 / (25 / 10))

    Step 4: There’s no Multiplication in this equation, so let’s do the next one: Division. Notice that there are two division signs. You may be wondering which one you should do first. Remember that we have to evaluate everything inside parentheses first, so we can’t do the first division sign on the left until we evaluate (25 / 10), so let’s do that:

    25 / 10 = 2.5

    1.96 + z = 1.96 + (-16/(2.5))

    Now we can do the second division:

    -16 / 2.5 = -6.4

    1.96 + z = 1.96 + (-6.4)

    Step 5: Addition.

    1.96 + (-6.4) = -4.44

    Step 6: Subtraction. In this case there is nothing more to do, so we’re already done!

    This should hopefully jog your memory–PEMDAS and Order of Operations is covered in basic math classes and you should be thoroughly familiar with the concept in order to succeed with statistics.

    Notes:

    * Notice that I placed parentheses around the top and bottom parts of the equation to separate them. If I hadn’t, the equation would look like this:

    z = 5 – 3 × 7 / 52 / √100

    which could easily be interpreted (incorrectly) as this:

    z = (5 – 3 × 7 / 52) / √100

    So use parentheses liberally, as a reminder to yourself which parts of the equation go together.

    ** √100 = 10. You don’t need PEMDAS to evaluate simple square roots like this one.

    HOW TO FIND THE MEAN, MODE AND MEDIAN

    Step 1: Put the numbers in order so that you can clearly see patterns.

    For example, let’s say we have:

    2, 19, 44, 44, 44, 51, 56, 78, 86, 99, 99

    The mode is the number that appears the most often. In this case the mode is 44—it appears three times.

    Step 2: Add the numbers up to get a total. Example:

    2 +19 + 44 + 44 +44 + 51 + 56 + 78 + 86 + 99 + 99 = 622

    Set this number aside for a moment.

    Step 3: Count the amount of numbers in the series.

    In our example (2, 19, 44, 44, 44, 51, 56, 78, 86, 99, 99), we have 11 numbers.

    Step 4: Divide the number you found in Step 2 by the number you found in Step 3. In our example:

    622 / 11 = 56.5454*

    is the mean, sometimes called the average.

    If you had an odd number in Step 3, go to Step 5. If you had an even number, go to Step 6.

    Step 5: Find the number in the middle of the series.

    2,19,44,44,44, 51,56,78,86,99,99

    In this case it’s 51—this is the median.

    Step 6: Find the middle two numbers of the series. Example:

    1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17

    The median is the number that comes in the middle of those

    two numbers (7 and 8). To find the middle, add the numbers together and divide by 2:

    (7 + 8) / 2 = 7.5

    Tip: You can have more than one mode. For example, the mode of

    1, 1, 5, 5, 6, 6 is 1, 5, and 6.

    * This is a repeating decimal (.545454…)

    WEIGHTED MEAN: FORMULA: HOW TO FIND WEIGHTED MEAN

    A weighted mean is a kind of average. Instead of each data point contributing equally to the final mean, some data points contribute more weight than others. If all the weights are equal, then the weighted mean equals the arithmetic mean (the regular average you’re used to). Weighted means are very common in statistics, especially when studying populations.

    The Arithmetic Mean.

    When you find a mean for a set of numbers, all the numbers carry an equal weight. For example, if you want to find the arithmetic mean of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10:

    Add up your data points: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 10 = 26.

    Divide by the number of items in the set: 26 / 5 = 5.2.

    What do we mean by equal weight? You can think of each number in the sum above to contribute 1/5 to the total mean (as there are 5 numbers in the set).

    The Weighted Mean.

    In some cases, you might want a number to have more weight. In that case, you’ll want to find the weighted mean. To find the weighted mean:

    1. Multiply the numbers in your data set by the weights.

    2. Add the numbers up.

    For that set of number above with equal weights (1/5 for each number), the math to find the weighted mean would be:

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