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    Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series: Type A Combinatorial Theory (AM-175)
    Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series: Type A Combinatorial Theory (AM-175)
    Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series: Type A Combinatorial Theory (AM-175)
    Ebook265 pages3 hours

    Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series: Type A Combinatorial Theory (AM-175)

    By Ben Brubaker, Daniel Bump and Solomon Friedberg

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    Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are generalizations of the Riemann zeta function. Like the Riemann zeta function, they are Dirichlet series with analytic continuation and functional equations, having applications to analytic number theory. By contrast, these Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series may be functions of several complex variables and their groups of functional equations may be arbitrary finite Weyl groups. Furthermore, their coefficients are multiplicative up to roots of unity, generalizing the notion of Euler products. This book proves foundational results about these series and develops their combinatorics.


    These interesting functions may be described as Whittaker coefficients of Eisenstein series on metaplectic groups, but this characterization doesn't readily lead to an explicit description of the coefficients. The coefficients may be expressed as sums over Kashiwara crystals, which are combinatorial analogs of characters of irreducible representations of Lie groups. For Cartan Type A, there are two distinguished descriptions, and if these are known to be equal, the analytic properties of the Dirichlet series follow. Proving the equality of the two combinatorial definitions of the Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series requires the comparison of two sums of products of Gauss sums over lattice points in polytopes. Through a series of surprising combinatorial reductions, this is accomplished.


    The book includes expository material about crystals, deformations of the Weyl character formula, and the Yang-Baxter equation.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPrinceton University Press
    Release dateJul 5, 2011
    ISBN9781400838998
    Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series: Type A Combinatorial Theory (AM-175)

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      Book preview

      Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series - Ben Brubaker

      Series

      Chapter One

      Type A Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series

      We begin by defining the basic shape of the class of Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series. To do so, we choose the following parameters.

      Φ, a reduced root system. Let r denote the rank of Φ.

      n, a positive integer,

      F, an algebraic number field containing the group μ2n of 2n-th roots of unity,

      S, a finite set of places of F , and large enough so that the ring

      S = {x ∈ F | |x|υ ≤ 1 for υ S}

      of S-integers is a principal ideal domain,

      m = (m1, · · · , mr), an r-tuple of nonzero S-integers.

      We may embed F S into FS = υ∈S Fυ along the diagonal. Let (d, c)n,S denote the S-Hilbert symbol, the product of local Hilbert symbols (d, c)n,υ ∈ μn at each place υ ∈ S, defined for c, d ∈ . Let Ψ : ( )r be any function satisfying

      for any ε1, · · ·, εr ∈ and c1, · · ·, cr ∈ denotes the set of nof such functions is a finite-dimensional (nonzero) vector space.

      To any such function Ψ and data chosen as above, Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are functions of r complex variables s = (s1, · · ·, sr) r of the form

      c S/c S, and it remains to define the coefficients H (c; m) so the function H must possess complementary transformation properties for the sum to be well-defined.

      Indeed, the function H satisfies a twisted multiplicativity in c, expressed in terms of n-th power residue symbols and depending on the root system Φ, which specializes to the usual multiplicativity when n = 1. Recall that the nis defined when c and d S and gcd(n, d) = 1. It depends only on c modulo d, and satisfies the reciprocity law

      (The properties of the power residue symbol and associated S-Hilbert symbols in our notation are set out in [12].) Then given c = (c1, · · ·, cr) and c′ = ( ) in with gcd(c1 · · · cr, ) = 1, the function H satisfies

      where αi, i = 1, · · ·, r denote the simple roots of Φ and we have chosen a Weyl group invariant inner product 〈·,·〉 for our root system embedded into a real vector space of dimension r. The inner product should be normalized so that for any α, β ∈ Φ, both ||α||² = 〈α, α〉 and 2〈α, β〉 are integers. We will devote the majority of our attention to Φ of Type A, in which case we will assume the inner product is chosen so that all roots have length 1.

      The function H possesses a further twisted multiplicativity with respect to the parameter m. Given any

      with gcd = 1, H satisfies the twisted multiplicativity relation

      As a consequence of properties (1.3) and (1.4) the specification of H reduces to the case where the components of c and m are all powers of the same prime. Given a fixed prime p S and any m = (m1, · · ·, mr), let li = ordp (mi)for any r-tuple of nonnegative integers k = (k1, · · ·, kr). For brevity, we will refer to these coefficients as the "p-part" of H(s; m; Φ) with chosen data is equivalent to specifying the p-parts of H.

      Remark. Both the transformation property of Ψ in (1.1) and the definition of twisted multiplicativity in (1.3) depend on an enumeration of the simple roots of Φ. However, the product H. Ψ is independent of this enumeration of roots and furthermore well-defined modulo units, according to the reciprocity law. The p-parts of H are also independent of this enumeration of roots.

      The definitions given above apply to any root system Φ. In most of this text, we will take Φ to be of Type A. In this case we will give two combinatorial definitions of the p-part of H. These two definitions of H will be referred to as HΓ HΔ, and eventually shown to be equal. Thus either may be used to define the multiple Dirichlet series Z (s;m; Ar). Both definitions will be given in terms of Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns.

      By a Gelfand-Tsetlin pattern of rank r we mean an array of integers

      where the rows interleave; that is, ai–1,j–1 ≥ ai,j ≥ ai–1,j. Let λ = (λ1, · · ·, λr) be a dominant integral element for S Lr+1, so that λ1 ≥ λ2 ≥ · · · ≥ λr. In the next chapter, we will explain why Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns with top row (λ1, · · ·, λr, 0) are in bijection with basis vectors for the highest weight module for SLr+1( ) with highest weight λ.

      in both definitions HΓ and HΔ will be described in terms of Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns with top row (or equivalently, highest weight vector)

      We denote by GT(λ + ρ) the set of all Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns having this top row. Here

      :

      where

      can be read from differences of consecutive row sums in the pattern, so both kΓ and kΔ are expressions of the weight of the pattern up to an affine linear transformation.

      Then given a fixed r-tuple of nonnegative integers (l1, · · ·, lr), we make the following two definitions for p-parts of the multiple Dirichlet series:

      and

      where the functions GΓ and GΔ on Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns will now be defined.

      ). The entries in these arrays are

      with 1 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ r)) with an entry of the pattern ai,j ) as applying a kind of right-hand rule , since Γi,j involves entries above and to the right of ai,j as in (1.11); in Δ we use a left-hand rule where Δi,j involves entries above and to the left of ai,j as in (1.11). When we represent these arrays graphically, we will right-justify the Γ array and left-justify the Δ array. For example, if

      then

      To provide the definitions of GΓ and GΔ corresponding to each array, it is convenient to decorate the entries of the Γ and Δ arrays by boxing or circling certain of them. Using the right-hand rule with the Γ array, if ai,j = ai–1,j–1 then we say Γi,j is boxed, and indicate this when we write the array by putting a box around it, while if ai,j = ai–1,j we say it is circled (and we circle it). Using the left-hand rule to obtain the Δ array, we box Δi,j if ai,j = ai–1,j and we circle it if ai,j = ai–1,j–1. For example, if

      then the decorated arrays are

      We sometimes use the terms right-hand rule and left-hand rule to refer to both the direction of accumulation of the row differences, and to the convention for decorating these accumulated differences.

      If m, c ∈ S with c ≠ 0 define the Gauss sum

      is a character of FS S and no larger fractional ideal. With p now fixed, for brevity let

      These functions will only occur with a > 0. The reader may check that g(a) is nonzero for any value of a, while h(a) is nonzero only if n|a, in which case h(a) = (q — 1)qa–1, where q S/p S. Thus if n|a then h(a) = (pa), the Euler phi function for pa S.

      Let

      is strict if ai,j > ai,j+1 for every 0 ≤ i ≤ j < r Thus the rows of the pattern are a strictly decreasing sequence. Otherwise we say that the pattern is non-strict. ) = 0 for non-strict patterns. Similarly let

      For example, we may use the decorated arrays as in (1.13) to write down GΓ( ) and GΔ( ) appearing in (1.12) as follows:

      GΓ( ) = q⁴h(4)h(3)h(4)g(2)h(1), and GΔ( ) = g(2)h(7)h(8)h(3)q³h(1).

      Inserting the respective definitions for GΓ and GΔ into the formulas (1.9) and (1.10) completes the two definitions of the p-parts of HΓ and HΔ, and with it two definitions for a multiple Dirichlet series ZΨ (s; m)in (1.12) would appear in the p-part of ZΨ(s; m) if

      (ordP(m1), · · ·, ordP(mr)) = (1,5,3)

      . Moreover, this pattern would contribute GΓ( ) to the term HΓ(pk;pl) = HΓ(p⁴,p⁸,p⁶;p¹,p⁵,p³) according to the definitions in (1.8) and (1.9).

      In [17], the definition HΓ was used to define the series, and so we will state our theorem on functional equations and analytic continuation of ZΨ(s;m) using this choice. Before stating the result precisely, we need to define certain normalizing factors for the multiple Dirichlet series. These have a uniform description for all root systems (see Section 3.3 of [12]), but for simplicity we state them only for Type A here.

      Let

      We will identify the weight space for GL(r + 1, ) r+1 in the usual way. For any α ∈ Φ+ the set of positive roots, there exist 1 ≤ i < j ≤ r + 1 such that α = αi,j is the root (0, · · ·, 0, 1, 0, · · ·, – 1, 0, · · ·) with the 1 in the i-th place and the –1 in the j-th place. If α = αi,j is a positive root, then define

      Further let

      where ζ is the Dedekind zeta function attached to the number field F. Then the normalized multiple Dirichlet series is given by

      THEOREM 1.1 The Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series (s; m) with coefficients HΓ as in (1.9) has meromorphic continuation to r and satisfies functional equations

      for all simple reflections σi ∈ W, where

      Here σiis a linear map defined in [14].

      The endomorphisms σi of functions satisfying (1.1) are the simple reflections in an action of the Weyl group W . See [12] and [14] for more information.

      can be found in Section 7 of [14]. As we demonstrate in Chapter 6, this theorem ultimately follows from proving the equivalence of the two definitions of the p-part HΓ and HΔ offered in (1.9) and (1.10). Because of this implication, and because it is of interest to construct such functions attached to a representation but independent of choices of coordinates (a notion we make precise in subsequent chapters using the crystal description), we consider the equivalence of these two descriptions to be our main

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