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    Calculus: 1,001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)
    Calculus: 1,001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)
    Calculus: 1,001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)
    Ebook1,072 pages17 hours

    Calculus: 1,001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)

    By Patrick Jones

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    About this ebook

    Practice makes perfect—and helps deepen your understanding of calculus

    1001 Calculus Practice Problems For Dummies takes you beyond the instruction and guidance offered in Calculus For Dummies, giving you 1001 opportunities to practice solving problems from the major topics in your calculus course. Plus, an online component provides you with a collection of calculus problems presented in multiple-choice format to further help you test your skills as you go.

    • Gives you a chance to practice and reinforce the skills you learn in your calculus course
    • Helps you refine your understanding of calculus
    • Practice problems with answer explanations that detail every step of every problem

    The practice problems in 1001 Calculus Practice Problems For Dummies range in areas of difficulty and style, providing you with the practice help you need to score high at exam time.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherWiley
    Release dateJul 22, 2014
    ISBN9781118496732
    Calculus: 1,001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)
    Author

    Patrick Jones

    Patrick Jones lives in Minneapolis and is the author of many novels including the Support and Defend series. A former librarian, Jones received lifetime achievement awards from the American Library Association and the Catholic Library Association.

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    • 4/5
      I used this book to refresh my understanding of derrivatives and calculus one in general. I'm not sure how effective it would be at teaching you the subject from scratch, but it is an excellent resource if you forgot a few things.

    Book preview

    Calculus - Patrick Jones

    cover.epsTitle page image

    1,001 Calculus Practice Problems For Dummies®,

    Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River St., Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com

    Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

    Media and software compilation copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

    Published simultaneously in Canada

    No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

    Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

    LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: WHILE THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED THEIR BEST EFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS BOOK, THEY MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTATIVES OR WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR YOUR SITUATION. YOU SHOULD CONSULT WITH A PROFESSIONAL WHERE APPROPRIATE. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM.

    For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.

    Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

    Library of Congress Control Number: 2013954232

    ISBN 978-1-118-49671-8 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-118-49670-1 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-49673-2 (ebk)

    Manufactured in the United States of America

    10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

    1,001 Calculus Practice Problems For Dummies®

    Visit www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/1001calculus to view this book's cheat sheet.

    Table of Contents

    Introduction

    What You'll Find

    Beyond the Book

    What you'll find online

    How to register

    Where to Go for Additional Help

    Part I: The Questions

    Chapter 1: Algebra Review

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Simplifying Fractions

    Simplifying Radicals

    Writing Exponents Using Radical Notation

    The Horizontal Line Test

    Find Inverses Algebraically

    The Domain and Range of a Function and Its Inverse

    Linear Equations

    Quadratic Equations

    Solving Polynomial Equations by Factoring

    Absolute Value Equations

    Solving Rational Equations

    Polynomial and Rational Inequalities

    Absolute Value Inequalities

    Graphing Common Functions

    Domain and Range from a Graph

    End Behavior of Polynomials

    Adding Polynomials

    Subtracting Polynomials

    Multiplying Polynomials

    Long Division of Polynomials

    Chapter 2: Trigonometry Review

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Basic Trigonometry

    Converting Degree Measure to Radian Measure

    Converting Radian Measure to Degree Measure

    Finding Angles in the Coordinate Plane

    Finding Common Trigonometric Values

    Simplifying Trigonometric Expressions

    Solving Trigonometric Equations

    Amplitude, Period, Phase Shift, and Midline

    Equations of Periodic Functions

    Inverse Trigonometric Function Basics

    Solving Trigonometric Equations Using Inverses

    Chapter 3: Limits and Rates of Change

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Finding Limits from Graphs

    Evaluating Limits

    Applying the Squeeze Theorem

    Evaluating Trigonometric Limits

    Infinite Limits

    Limits from Graphs

    Limits at Infinity

    Horizontal Asymptotes

    Classifying Discontinuities

    Continuity and Discontinuities

    Making a Function Continuous

    The Intermediate Value Theorem

    Chapter 4: Derivative Basics

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Determining Differentiability from a Graph

    Finding the Derivative by Using the Definition

    Finding the Value of the Derivative Using a Graph

    Using the Power Rule to Find Derivatives

    Finding All Points on a Graph Where Tangent Lines Have a Given Value

    Chapter 5: The Product, Quotient, and Chain Rules

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Using the Product Rule to Find Derivatives

    Using the Quotient Rule to Find Derivatives

    Using the Chain Rule to Find Derivatives

    More Challenging Chain Rule Problems

    Chapter 6: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions and Tangent Lines

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Derivatives Involving Logarithmic Functions

    Logarithmic Differentiation to Find the Derivative

    Finding Derivatives of Functions Involving Exponential Functions

    Finding Equations of Tangent Lines

    Finding Equations of Normal Lines

    Chapter 7: Implicit Differentiation

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Using Implicit Differentiation to Find a Derivative

    Using Implicit Differentiation to Find a Second Derivative

    Finding Equations of Tangent Lines Using Implicit Differentiation

    Chapter 8: Applications of Derivatives

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Finding and Evaluating Differentials

    Finding Linearizations

    Using Linearizations to Estimate Values

    Understanding Related Rates

    Finding Maxima and Minima from Graphs

    Using the Closed Interval Method

    Finding Intervals of Increase and Decrease

    Using the First Derivative Test to Find Local Maxima and Minima

    Determining Concavity

    Identifying Inflection Points

    Using the Second Derivative Test to Find Local Maxima and Minima

    Applying Rolle's Theorem

    Using the Mean Value Theorem

    Applying the Mean Value Theorem to Solve Problems

    Relating Velocity and Position

    Finding Velocity and Speed

    Solving Optimization Problems

    Doing Approximations Using Newton's Method

    Approximating Roots Using Newton's Method

    Chapter 9: Areas and Riemann Sums

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Calculating Riemann Sums Using Left Endpoints

    Calculating Riemann Sums Using Right Endpoints

    Calculating Riemann Sums Using Midpoints

    Using Limits and Riemann Sums to Find Expressions for Definite Integrals

    Finding a Definite Integral from the Limit and Riemann Sum Form

    Using Limits and Riemann Sums to Evaluate Definite Integrals

    Chapter 10: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the Net Change Theorem

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to Find Derivatives

    Working with Basic Examples of Definite Integrals

    Understanding Basic Indefinite Integrals

    Understanding the Net Change Theorem

    Finding the Displacement of a Particle Given the Velocity

    Finding the Distance Traveled by a Particle Given the Velocity

    Finding the Displacement of a Particle Given Acceleration

    Finding the Distance Traveled by a Particle Given Acceleration

    Chapter 11: Applications of Integration

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Areas between Curves

    Finding Volumes Using Disks and Washers

    Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Slices

    Finding Volumes Using Cylindrical Shells

    Work Problems

    Average Value of a Function

    Chapter 12: Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Hyperbolic Functions, and L'Hôpital's Rule

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Finding Derivatives Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

    Finding Antiderivatives by Using Inverse Trigonometric Functions

    Evaluating Hyperbolic Functions Using Their Definitions

    Finding Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

    Finding Antiderivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

    Evaluating Indeterminate Forms Using L'Hôpital's Rule

    Chapter 13: U-Substitution and Integration by Parts

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Using u-Substitutions

    Using Integration by Parts

    Chapter 14: Trigonometric Integrals, Trigonometric Substitution, and Partial Fractions

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Trigonometric Integrals

    Trigonometric Substitutions

    Finding Partial Fraction Decompositions (without Coefficients)

    Finding Partial Fraction Decompositions (Including Coefficients)

    Integrals Involving Partial Fractions

    Rationalizing Substitutions

    Chapter 15: Improper Integrals and More Approximating Techniques

    The Problems You'll Work On

    What to Watch Out For

    Convergent and Divergent Improper Integrals

    The Comparison Test for Integrals

    The Trapezoid Rule

    Simpson's Rule

    Part II: The Answers

    Chapter 16: Answers and Explanations

    About the Author

    Cheat Sheet

    More Dummies Products

    End User License Agreement

    Introduction

    This book is intended for a variety of calculus students. Perhaps you want a supplement to your current calculus class or you're looking to brush up on a course you took long ago. Or maybe you're teaching yourself and need a comprehensive book of extra practice problems.

    The 1,001 questions in this book cover calculus concepts that a high school student would encounter in a calculus course in preparation for the AP exam. It also covers most of the concepts that a calculus student could expect to see in the first two semesters of a three-semester calculus course. The types of questions are questions that I regularly assigned when teaching both as homework questions or are questions that a student could've expected to see on a quiz or test.

    Jump around the book as you like. You can find a robust algebra and trigonometry review at the beginning of the book to make sure that you're prepared for calculus. The number-one reason students have difficulty in calculus is not calculus itself but having a weak background in algebra and trigonometry. If you're rusty on the fundamentals, spend time on those first two chapters before jumping into the rest of the text!

    As with many things worth doing in life, there's no shortcut to becoming proficient in mathematics. However, by practicing the problems in this book, you'll be on your way to becoming a much stronger calculus student.

    What You'll Find

    The 1,001 calculus practice problems in the book are divided into 15 chapters, with each chapter providing practice of the mechanical side of calculus or of applications of calculus. Some of the questions have a diagram or graph that you need in order to answer the question.

    The end of the book provides thorough and detailed solutions to all the problems. If you get an answer wrong, try again before reading the solution! Knowing what not to do is often a great starting point in discovering the correct approach, so don't worry if you don't immediately solve each question; some problems can be quite challenging.

    Beyond the Book

    This book provides a lot of calculus practice. If you'd also like to track your progress online, you're in luck! Your book purchase comes with a free one-year subscription to all 1,001 practice questions online. You can access the content whenever you want. Create your own question sets and view personalized reports that show what you need to study most.

    What you'll find online

    The online practice that comes free with the book contains the same 1,001 questions and answers that are available in the text. You can customize your online practice to focus on specific areas, or you can select a broad variety of topics to work on — it's up to you. The online program keeps track of the questions you get right and wrong so you can easily monitor your progress.

    This product also comes with an online Cheat Sheet that helps you increase your odds of performing well in calculus. Check out the free Cheat Sheet at www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/1001calculus. (No PIN required. You can access this info before you even register.)

    How to register

    To gain access to additional tests and practice online, all you have to do is register. Just follow these simple steps:

    Find your PIN access code:

    Print-book users: If you purchased a print copy of this book, turn to the inside front cover of the book to find your access code.

    E-book users: If you purchased this book as an e-book, you can get your access code by registering your e-book at www.dummies.com/go/getaccess. Go to this website, find your book and click it, and answer the security questions to verify your purchase. You'll receive an email with your access code.

    Go to Dummies.com and click Activate Now.

    Find your product (1,001 Calculus Practice Problems For Dummies) and then follow the on-screen prompts to activate your PIN.

    Now you're ready to go! You can come back to the program as often as you want — simply log on with the username and password you created during your initial login. No need to enter the access code a second time.

    tip.eps For Technical Support, please visit http://wiley.custhelp.com or call Wiley at 1-800-762-2974 (U.S.), +1-317-572-3994 (international).

    remember.eps Your registration is good for one year from the day you activate your access code. After that time frame has passed, you can renew your registration for a fee. The website gives you all the important details about how to do so.

    Where to Go for Additional Help

    Calculus is hard, so don't become overwhelmed if a particular topic isn't immediately easy to you. This book has many practice problems of varying difficulty, so you can focus on those problems that are most appropriate for you.

    In addition to getting help from your friends, teachers, or coworkers, you can find a variety of great materials online. If you have internet access, a simple search often turns up a treasure trove of information. You can also head to www.dummies.com to see the many articles and books that can help you in your studies.

    1,001 Calculus Practice Problems For Dummies gives you just that — 1,001 practice questions and answers in order for you to practice your calculus skills. If you need more in-depth study and direction for your calculus courses, you may want to try out the following For Dummies products (or their companion workbooks):

    Calculus For Dummies: This book provides instruction parallel to the 1,001 calculus practice problems found here.

    Calculus II For Dummies: This book provides content similar to what you may encounter in a second-semester college calculus course.

    Pre-Calculus For Dummies: Use this book to brush up on the foundational skills and concepts you need for calculus — solving polynomials, graphing functions, using trig identities, and the like.

    Trigonometry For Dummies: Try this book if you need a refresher on trigonometry.

    Part I

    The Questions

    9781118496718-pp0101.tif

    webextras.eps Visit www.dummies.com for free access to great For Dummies content online.

    In this part …

    The only way to become proficient in math is through a lot of practice. Fortunately, you have now 1,001 practice opportunities right in front of you. These questions cover a variety of calculus-related concepts and range in difficulty from easy to hard. Master these problems, and you'll be well on your way to a very solid calculus foundation.

    Here are the types of problems that you can expect to see:

    Algebra review (Chapter 1)

    Trigonometry review (Chapter 2)

    Limits and continuity (Chapter 3)

    Derivative fundamentals (Chapters 4 through 7)

    Applications of derivatives (Chapter 8)

    Antiderivative basics (Chapters 9 and 10)

    Applications of antiderivatives (Chapter 11)

    Antiderivatives of other common functions and L'Hôpital's rule (Chapter 12)

    More integration techniques (Chapters 13 and 14)

    Improper integrals, the trapezoid rule, and Simpson's rule (Chapter 15)

    Chapter 1

    Algebra Review

    Performing well in calculus is impossible without a solid algebra foundation. Many calculus problems that you encounter involve a calculus concept but then require many, many steps of algebraic simplification. Having a strong algebra background will allow you to focus on the calculus concepts and not get lost in the mechanical manipulation that's required to solve the problem.

    The Problems You'll Work On

    In this chapter, you see a variety of algebra problems:

    Simplifying exponents and radicals

    Finding the inverse of a function

    Understanding and transforming graphs of common functions

    Finding the domain and range of a function using a graph

    Combining and simplifying polynomial expressions

    What to Watch Out For

    Don't let common mistakes trip you up. Some of the following suggestions may be helpful:

    Be careful when using properties of exponents. For example, when multiplying like bases, you add the exponents, and when dividing like bases, you subtract the exponents.

    Factor thoroughly in order to simplify expressions.

    Check your solutions for equations and inequalities if you're unsure of your answer. Some solutions may be extraneous!

    It's easy to forget some algebra techniques, so don't worry if you don't remember everything! Review, review, review.

    Simplifying Fractions

    1–13 Simplify the given fractions by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and/or dividing.

    1. 9781118496718-eq01001.eps

    2. 9781118496718-eq01002.eps

    3. 9781118496718-eq01003.eps

    4. 9781118496718-eq01004.eps

    5. 9781118496718-eq01005.eps

    6. 9781118496718-eq01006.eps

    7. 9781118496718-eq01007.eps

    8. 9781118496718-eq01008.eps

    9. 9781118496718-eq01009.eps

    10. 9781118496718-eq01010.eps

    11. 9781118496718-eq01011.eps

    12. 9781118496718-eq01012.eps

    13. 9781118496718-eq01013.eps

    Simplifying Radicals

    14–18 Simplify the given radicals. Assume all variables are positive.

    14. 9781118496718-eq01014.eps

    15. 9781118496718-eq01015.eps

    16. 9781118496718-eq01016.eps

    17. 9781118496718-eq01017.eps

    18. 9781118496718-eq01018.eps

    Writing Exponents Using Radical Notation

    19–20 Convert between exponential and radical notation.

    19. Convert 9781118496718-eq01019.eps to radical notation. (Note: The final answer can have more than one radical sign.)

    20. Convert 9781118496718-eq01020.eps to exponential notation.

    The Horizontal Line Test

    21–23 Use the horizontal line test to identify one-to-one functions.

    21. Use the horizontal line test to determine which of the following functions is a one-to-one function and therefore has an inverse.

    (A) y = x² + 4x + 6

    (B) 9781118496718-eq01021.eps

    (C) 9781118496718-eq01022.eps

    (D) y = 3x + 8

    (E) 9781118496718-eq01023.eps

    22. Use the horizontal line test to determine which of the following functions is a one-to-one function and therefore has an inverse.

    (A) y = x² – 4

    (B) y = x² – 4, x ≥ 0

    (C) y = x² – 4, –2 ≤ x ≤ 8

    (D) y = x² – 4, –12 ≤ x ≤ 6

    (E) y = x² – 4, –5.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.1

    23. Use the horizontal line test to determine which of the following functions is a one-to-one function and therefore has an inverse.

    (A) y = x⁴ + 3x² – 7

    (B) 9781118496718-eq01024.eps

    (C) y = cos x

    (D) y = sin x

    (E) y = tan−1 x

    Find Inverses Algebraically

    24–29 Find the inverse of the one-to-one function algebraically.

    24. f (x) = 4 – 5x

    25. f (x) = x² – 4x, x ≥ 2

    26. 9781118496718-eq01025.eps

    27. f (x) = 3x⁵ + 7

    28. 9781118496718-eq01026.eps

    29. 9781118496718-eq01027.eps

    The Domain and Range of a Function and Its Inverse

    30–32 Solve the given question related to a function and its inverse.

    30. The set of points {(0, 1), (3, 4), (5, –6)} is on the graph of f (x), which is a one-to-one function. Which points belong to the graph of f −¹(x)?

    31. f (x) is a one-to-one function with domain [–2, 4) and range (–1, 2). What are the domain and range of f −¹(x)?

    32. Suppose that f (x) is a one-to-one function. What is an expression for the inverse of g(x) = f (x + c)?

    Linear Equations

    33–37 Solve the given linear equation.

    33. 3 x + 7 = 13

    34. 2 (x + 1) = 3(x + 2)

    35. –4(x + 1) – 2x = 7x + 3(x – 8)

    36. 9781118496718-eq01028.eps

    37. 9781118496718-eq01029.eps

    Quadratic Equations

    38–43 Solve the quadratic equation.

    38. Solve x² – 4x – 21 = 0.

    39. Solve x² + 8x – 17 = 0 by completing the square.

    40. Solve 2x² + 3x – 4 = 0 by completing the square.

    41. Solve 6x² + 5x – 4 = 0.

    42. Solve 3x² + 4x – 2 = 0.

    43. Solve x¹⁰ + 7x⁵ + 10 = 0.

    Solving Polynomial Equations by Factoring

    44–47 Solve the polynomial equation by factoring.

    44. 3 x⁴ + 2x³ – 5x² = 0

    45. x⁸ + 12x⁴ + 35 = 0

    46. x⁴ + 3x² – 4 = 0

    47. x⁴ – 81 = 0

    Absolute Value Equations

    48–51 Solve the given absolute value equation.

    48. 9781118496718-eq01030.eps

    49. 9781118496718-eq01031.eps

    50. 9781118496718-eq01032.eps

    51. 9781118496718-eq01033.eps

    Solving Rational Equations

    52–55 Solve the given rational equation.

    52. 9781118496718-eq01034.eps

    53. 9781118496718-eq01035.eps

    54. 9781118496718-eq01036.eps

    55. 9781118496718-eq01037.eps

    Polynomial and Rational Inequalities

    56–59 Solve the given polynomial or rational inequality.

    56. x² – 4x – 32 < 0

    57. 2 x⁴ + 2x³ ≥ 12x²

    58. 9781118496718-eq01038.eps

    59. 9781118496718-eq01039.eps

    Absolute Value Inequalities

    60–62 Solve the absolute value inequality.

    60. 9781118496718-eq01040.eps

    61. 9781118496718-eq01041.eps

    62. 9781118496718-eq01042.eps

    Graphing Common Functions

    63–77 Solve the given question related to graphing common functions.

    63. What is the slope of the line that goes through the points (1, 2) and (5, 9)?

    64. What is the equation of the line that has a slope of 4 and goes through the point (0, 5)?

    65. What is the equation of the line that goes through the points (–2, 3) and (4, 8)?

    66. Find the equation of the line that goes through the point (1, 5) and is parallel to the line 9781118496718-eq01043.eps .

    67. Find the equation of the line that goes through the point (3, –4) and is perpendicular to the line that goes through the points (3, –4) and (–6, 2).

    68. What is the equation of the graph of 9781118496718-eq01044.eps after you stretch it vertically by a factor of 2, shift the graph 3 units to the right, and then shift it 4 units upward?

    69. Find the vertex form of the parabola that passes through the point (0, 2) and has a vertex at (–2, –4).

    70. Find the vertex form of the parabola that passes through the point (1, 2) and has a vertex at (–1, 6).

    71. A parabola has the vertex form y = 3(x + 1)² + 4. What is the vertex form of this parabola if it's shifted 6 units to the right and 2 units down?

    72. What is the equation of the graph of y = ex after you compress the graph horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect it across the y-axis, and shift it down 5 units?

    73. What is the equation of the graph of 9781118496718-eq01045.eps after you stretch the graph horizontally by a factor of 5, reflect it across the x-axis, and shift it up 3 units?

    74. Find the equation of the third-degree polynomial that goes through the points (–4, 0), (–2, 0), (0, 3), and (1, 0).

    75. Find the equation of the fourth-degree polynomial that goes through the point (1, 4) and has the roots –1, 2, and 3, where 3 is a repeated root.

    76. A parabola crosses the x-axis at the points (–4, 0) and (6, 0). If the point (0, 8) is on the parabola, what is the equation of the parabola?

    77. A parabola crosses the x-axis at the points (–8, 0) and (–2, 0), and the point (–4, –12) is on the parabola. What is the equation of the parabola?

    Domain and Range from a Graph

    78–80 Find the domain and range of the function with the given graph.

    78. 9781118496718-un0101.tif

    79. 9781118496718-un0102.tif

    80. 9781118496718-un0103.tif

    End Behavior of Polynomials

    81–82 Find the end behavior of the given polynomial. That is, find 9781118496718-eq01046.eps and 9781118496718-eq01047.eps .

    81. f(x) = 3x⁶ – 40x⁵ + 33

    82. f(x) = –7x⁹ + 33x⁸ – 51x⁷ + 19x⁴ – 1

    Adding Polynomials

    83–87 Add the given polynomials.

    83. (5x + 6) + (–2x + 6)

    84. (2x² – x + 7) + (–2x² + 4x – 9)

    85. (x³ – 5x² + 6) + (4x² + 2x + 8)

    86. (3x + x⁴ + 2) + (–3x⁴ + 6)

    87. (x⁴ – 6x² + 3) + (5x³ + 3x² – 3)

    Subtracting Polynomials

    88–92 Subtract the given polynomials.

    88. (5x – 3) – (2x + 4)

    89. (x² – 3x + 1) – (–5x² + 2x – 4)

    90. (8x³ + 5x² – 3x + 2) – (4x³ + 5x – 12)

    91. (x + 3) – (x² + 3x – 4) – (–3x² – 5x + 6)

    92. (10x⁴ – 6x³ + x² + 6) – (x³ + 10x² + 8x – 4)

    Multiplying Polynomials

    93–97 Multiply the given polynomials.

    93. 5x²(x – 3)

    94. (x + 4)(3x – 5)

    95. (x – y + 6)(xy)

    96. (2x – 1)(x² – x + 4)

    97. –x(x⁴ + 3x² + 2)(x + 3)

    Long Division of Polynomials

    98–102 Use polynomial long division to divide.

    98. 9781118496718-eq01048.eps

    99. 9781118496718-eq01049.eps

    100. 9781118496718-eq01050.eps

    101. 9781118496718-eq01051.eps

    102. 9781118496718-eq01052.eps

    Chapter 2

    Trigonometry Review

    In addition to having a strong algebra background, you need a strong trigonometry skill set for calculus. You want to know the graphs of the trigonometric functions and to be able to evaluate trigonometric functions quickly. Many calculus problems require one or more trigonometric identities, so make sure you have more than a few of them memorized or at least can derive them quickly.

    The Problems You'll Work On

    In this chapter, you solve a variety of fundamental trigonometric problems that cover topics such as the following:

    Understanding the trigonometric functions in relation to right triangles

    Finding degree and radian measure

    Finding angles on the unit circle

    Proving identities

    Finding the amplitude, period, and phase shift of a periodic function

    Working with inverse trigonometric functions

    Solving trigonometric equations with and without using inverses

    What to Watch Out For

    Remember the following when working on the trigonometry review questions:

    Being able to evaluate the trigonometric functions at common angles is very important since they appear often in problems. Having them memorized will be extremely useful!

    Watch out when solving equations using inverse trigonometric functions. Calculators give only a single solution to the equation, but the equation may have many more (sometimes infinitely many solutions), depending on the given interval. Thinking about solutions on the unit circle is often a good way to visualize the other solutions.

    Although you may be most familiar with using degrees to measure angles, radians are used almost exclusively in calculus, so learn to love radian measure.

    Memorizing many trigonometric identities is a good idea because they appear often in calculus problems.

    Basic Trigonometry

    103–104 Evaluate 9781118496718-eq02001.eps , 9781118496718-eq02002.eps , and 9781118496718-eq02003.eps for the given right triangle. Remember to rationalize denominators that contain radicals.

    103. 9781118496718-un0201.tif

    104. 9781118496718-un0202.tif

    105–108 Evaluate the trig function. Remember to rationalize denominators that contain radicals.

    105. Given 9781118496718-eq02004.eps , where 9781118496718-eq02005.eps , find 9781118496718-eq02006.eps .

    106. Given 9781118496718-eq02007.eps , where 9781118496718-eq02008.eps , find 9781118496718-eq02009.eps .

    107. Given 9781118496718-eq02010.eps , where 9781118496718-eq02011.eps and 9781118496718-eq02012.eps , find 9781118496718-eq02013.eps .

    108. Given 9781118496718-eq02014.eps , where 9781118496718-eq02015.eps , find 9781118496718-eq02016.eps .

    Converting Degree Measure to Radian Measure

    109–112 Convert the given degree measure to radian measure.

    109. 135 °

    110. –280°

    111. 36 °

    112. –315°

    Converting Radian Measure to Degree Measure

    113–116 Convert the given radian measure to degree measure.

    113. 9781118496718-eq02017.eps rad

    114. 9781118496718-eq02018.eps rad

    115. 9781118496718-eq02019.eps rad

    116. 9781118496718-eq02020.eps rad

    Finding Angles in the Coordinate Plane

    117–119 Choose the angle that most closely resembles the angle in the given diagram.

    117. Using the diagram, find the angle measure that most closely resembles the angle 9781118496718-eq02021.eps .

    9781118496718-un0203.tif

    (A) 9781118496718-eq02022.eps

    (B) 9781118496718-eq02023.eps

    (C) 9781118496718-eq02024.eps

    (D) 9781118496718-eq02025.eps

    (E) 9781118496718-eq02026.eps

    118. Using the diagram, find the angle measure that most closely resembles the angle 9781118496718-eq02027.eps .

    9781118496718-un0204.tif

    (A) 9781118496718-eq02028.eps

    (B) 9781118496718-eq02029.eps

    (C) 9781118496718-eq02030.eps

    (D) 9781118496718-eq02031.eps

    (E) 9781118496718-eq02032.eps

    119. Using the diagram, find the angle measure that most closely resembles the angle 9781118496718-eq02033.eps .

    9781118496718-un0205.tif

    (A) 9781118496718-eq02034.eps

    (B) 9781118496718-eq02035.eps

    (C) 9781118496718-eq02036.eps

    (D) 9781118496718-eq02037.eps

    (E) 9781118496718-eq02038.eps

    Finding Common Trigonometric Values

    120–124 Find 9781118496718-eq02039.eps , 9781118496718-eq02040.eps , and 9781118496718-eq02041.eps for the given angle measure. Remember to rationalize denominators that contain radicals.

    120. 9781118496718-eq02042.eps

    121. 9781118496718-eq02043.eps

    122. 9781118496718-eq02044.eps

    123. 9781118496718-eq02045.eps

    124. 9781118496718-eq02046.eps

    Simplifying Trigonometric Expressions

    125–132 Determine which expression is equivalent to the given one.

    125. 9781118496718-eq02047.eps

    (A) 9781118496718-eq02048.eps

    (B) 9781118496718-eq02049.eps

    (C) 9781118496718-eq02050.eps

    (D) 9781118496718-eq02051.eps

    (E) 9781118496718-eq02052.eps

    126. sec x – cos x

    (A) 1

    (B) sin x

    (C) tan x

    (D) cos x cot x

    (E) sin x tan x

    127. (sin x + cos x)²

    (A) 2 + sin 2x

    (B) 2 + cos 2x

    (C) 1 + sec 2x

    (D) 1 + sin 2x

    (E) 1 + cos 2x

    128. sin(π – x)

    (A) cos x

    (B) sin x

    (C) csc x

    (D) sec x

    (E) tan x

    129. sin x sin 2x + cos x cos 2x

    (A) cos x

    (B) sin x

    (C) csc x

    (D) sec x

    (E) tan x

    130. 9781118496718-eq02053.eps

    (A) 9781118496718-eq02054.eps

    (B) 9781118496718-eq02055.eps

    (C) 9781118496718-eq02056.eps

    (D) 9781118496718-eq02057.eps

    (E) 9781118496718-eq02058.eps

    131. 9781118496718-eq02059.eps

    (A) csc x + cot x

    (B) sec x + cot x

    (C) csc x – cot x

    (D) sec x – tan x

    (E) csc x – tan x

    132. 9781118496718-eq02060.eps

    (A) 5 cos³θ – 3 cos θ

    (B) 2 cos³θ – 3 cos θ

    (C) 4 cos³θ – 3 cos θ

    (D) 4 cos³θ + 3 cos θ

    (E) 2 cos³θ + 5 cos θ

    Solving Trigonometric Equations

    133–144 Solve the given trigonometric equations. Find all solutions in the interval [0, 2π].

    133. 2 sin x – 1 = 0

    134. sin x = tan x

    135. 2 cos² x + cos x – 1 = 0

    136. 9781118496718-eq02061.eps

    137. 2 sin² x – 5 sin x – 3 = 0

    138. cos x = cot x

    139. 9781118496718-eq02062.eps

    140. sin 2x = cos x

    141. 2 cos x + sin 2x = 0

    142. 2 + cos 2x = –3 cos x

    143. tan(3x)

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