Commentary on First Corinthians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #7)
()
About this ebook
In this verse-by-verse commentary, Robert Gundry offers a fresh, literal translation and a reliable exposition of Scripture for today's readers.
Gundry unpacks this first letter of Paul to the church in Corinth, addressing the pressing issues the church faces--issues many churches face today as well.
Pastors, Sunday school teachers, small group leaders, and laypeople will welcome Gundry's nontechnical explanations and clarifications. And Bible students at all levels will appreciate his sparkling interpretations.
This selection is from Gundry's Commentary on the New Testament.
Robert H. Gundry
Robert H. Gundry (PhD, Manchester) is a scholar-in-residence and professor emeritus of New Testament and Greek at Westmont College in Santa Barbara, California. Among his books are Mark: A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross; Matthew: A Commentary on His Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution, Soma in Biblical Theology, and Jesus the Word According to John the Sectarian.
Read more from Robert H. Gundry
A Survey of the New Testament: 5th Edition Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Church and the Tribulation: A Biblical Examination of Posttribulationism Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Re-Views by an Evangelical Biblical Critic Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on the New Testament Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Peter -- False Disciple and Apostate according to Saint Matthew Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5
Related to Commentary on First Corinthians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #7)
Titles in the series (19)
Commentary on Matthew (Commentary on the New Testament Book #1) Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Commentary on John (Commentary on the New Testament Book #4) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Luke (Commentary on the New Testament Book #3) Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Commentary on Acts (Commentary on the New Testament Book #5) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Romans (Commentary on the New Testament Book #6) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on First Corinthians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #7) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Galatians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #9) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Second Corinthians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #8) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Ephesians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #10) Rating: 1 out of 5 stars1/5Commentary on Colossians and Philemon (Commentary on the New Testament Book #12) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Philippians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #11) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Hebrews (Commentary on the New Testament Book #15) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on First and Second Peter, Jude (Commentary on the New Testament Book #17) Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Commentary on First and Second Timothy, Titus (Commentary on the New Testament Book #14) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on First and Second Thessalonians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #13) Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Commentary on Revelation (Commentary on the New Testament Book #19) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on James (Commentary on the New Testament Book #16) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on First, Second, and Third John (Commentary on the New Testament Book #18) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Related ebooks
Commentary on Second Corinthians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #8) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Philippians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #11) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on James (Commentary on the New Testament Book #16) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Hebrews (Commentary on the New Testament Book #15) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Colossians and Philemon (Commentary on the New Testament Book #12) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsColossians & Philemon Verse by Verse Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Commentary on First and Second Peter, Jude (Commentary on the New Testament Book #17) Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Commentary on Romans (Commentary on the New Testament Book #6) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on Galatians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #9) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on First and Second Timothy, Titus (Commentary on the New Testament Book #14) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings1 Corinthians (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series) Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/51 Corinthians: A Critical & Exegetical Commentary Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Commentary on John (Commentary on the New Testament Book #4) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on First, Second, and Third John (Commentary on the New Testament Book #18) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommentary on First and Second Thessalonians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #13) Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Colossians and Philemon Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Commentary on Acts (Commentary on the New Testament Book #5) Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings2 Corinthians: A Short Exegetical and Pastoral Commentary Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPhilippians (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series) Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Romans Verse by Verse Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Commentary on Ephesians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #10) Rating: 1 out of 5 stars1/51 & 2 Timothy, Titus (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series) Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Philippians Verse by Verse Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Galatians Verse by Verse Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Mark (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series) Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The First Epistle to the Corinthians, Revised Edition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Romans (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series) Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Holman New Testament Commentary - 1 & 2 Corinthians Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Galatians (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series) Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The First and Second Letters to the Thessalonians Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Christianity For You
Decluttering at the Speed of Life: Winning Your Never-Ending Battle with Stuff Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Anxious for Nothing: Finding Calm in a Chaotic World Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Mere Christianity Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The 5 Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Screwtape Letters Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Boundaries Updated and Expanded Edition: When to Say Yes, How to Say No To Take Control of Your Life Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Wild at Heart Expanded Edition: Discovering the Secret of a Man's Soul Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Four Loves Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Good Boundaries and Goodbyes: Loving Others Without Losing the Best of Who You Are Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Winning the War in Your Mind: Change Your Thinking, Change Your Life Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Present Over Perfect: Leaving Behind Frantic for a Simpler, More Soulful Way of Living Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Bible Recap: A One-Year Guide to Reading and Understanding the Entire Bible Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Story: The Bible as One Continuing Story of God and His People Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Uninvited: Living Loved When You Feel Less Than, Left Out, and Lonely Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Unseen Realm: Recovering the Supernatural Worldview of the Bible Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Law of Connection: Lesson 10 from The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Book of Enoch Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Less Fret, More Faith: An 11-Week Action Plan to Overcome Anxiety Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5I'll Start Again Monday: Break the Cycle of Unhealthy Eating Habits with Lasting Spiritual Satisfaction Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Stories We Tell: Every Piece of Your Story Matters Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Changes That Heal: Four Practical Steps to a Happier, Healthier You Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Undistracted: Capture Your Purpose. Rediscover Your Joy. Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership: Follow Them and People Will Follow You Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Girl, Wash Your Face: Stop Believing the Lies About Who You Are so You Can Become Who You Were Meant to Be Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5How to Lead When You're Not in Charge: Leveraging Influence When You Lack Authority Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5I Guess I Haven't Learned That Yet: Discovering New Ways of Living When the Old Ways Stop Working Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Holy Bible (World English Bible, Easy Navigation) Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Reviews for Commentary on First Corinthians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #7)
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
Commentary on First Corinthians (Commentary on the New Testament Book #7) - Robert H. Gundry
California
Introduction
Dear reader,
Here you have part of a commentary on the whole New Testament, published by Baker Academic both in hardback and as an ebook. The electronic version has been broken into segments for your convenience and affordability, though if you like what you find here you may want to consider the whole at a proportionately lower cost. Whether in whole or in part, the e-version puts my comments at your fingertips on your easily portable Kindle, iPad, smartphone, or similar device.
I’ve written this commentary especially for busy people like you—lay people with jobs and families that take up a lot of time, Bible study leaders, pastors, and all who take the New Testament seriously—that is, people who time-wise and perhaps money-wise can’t afford the luxury of numerous heavyweight, technical commentaries on the individual books making up the section of the Bible we call the New Testament. So technical questions are avoided almost entirely, and the commentary concentrates on what will prove useful for understanding the scriptural text as a basis for your personal life as a Christian, for discussion with others, and for teaching and preaching.
Group discussion, teaching, and preaching all involve speaking aloud, of course, and when the New Testament was written, even private reading was done aloud. Moreover, most authors dictated their material to a writing secretary, and books were ordinarily read aloud to an audience. In this commentary, then, I’ve avoided almost all abbreviations (which don’t come through as such in oral speech) and have freely used contractions that characterize speaking (we’ll,
you’re,
they’ve,
and so on). To indicate emphasis in oral speech, italics also occur fairly often.
You’ll mostly have to make your own practical and devotional applications of the scriptural text. But such applications shouldn’t disregard or violate the meanings intended by the Scripture’s divinely inspired authors and should draw on the richness of those meanings. So I’ve interpreted them in detail. Bold print indicates the text being interpreted. Translations of the original Greek are my own. Because of the interpretations’ close attention to detail, my translations usually, though not always, gravitate to the literal and sometimes produce run-on sentences and other nonstandard, convoluted, and even highly unnatural English. Square brackets enclose intervening clarifications, however, plus words in English that don’t correspond to words in the Greek text but do need supplying to make good sense. (As a language, Greek has a much greater tendency than English does to omit words meant to be supplied mentally.) Seemingly odd word-choices in a translation get justified in the following comments. It needs to be said as well that the very awkwardness of a literal translation often highlights features of the scriptural text obscured, eclipsed, or even contradicted by loose translations and paraphrases.
Literal translation also produces some politically incorrect English. Though brothers
often includes sisters, for example, sisters
doesn’t include brothers. Similarly, masculine pronouns may include females as well as males, but not vice versa. These pronouns, brothers,
and other masculine expressions that on occasion are gender-inclusive correspond to the original, however, and help give a linguistic feel for the male-dominated culture in which the New Testament originated and which its language reflects. Preachers, Bible study leaders, and others should make whatever adjustments they think necessary for contemporary audiences but should not garble the text’s intended meaning.
Out of respect for your abilities so far as English is concerned, I’ve not dumbed down the vocabulary used in translations and interpretations. Like the translations, interpretations are my own. Rather than reading straight through, many of you may consult the interpretation of an individual passage now and then. So I’ve had to engage in a certain amount of repetition. To offset the repetition and keep the material in bounds, I rarely discuss others’ interpretations. But I’ve not neglected to canvass them in my research.
On the theological front, the commentary is unabashedly evangelical, so that my prayers accompany this volume in support of all you who strive for faithfulness to the New Testament as the word of God.
Robert Gundry
First Corinthians
After a greeting to the Corinthian church (1:1–3) and a thanksgiving for them (1:4–9), this letter of Paul divides into two main parts: (1) his responses to a report he has heard or read about the church (1:10–6:20) and (2) his replies to questions asked him in a letter sent to him by the church (7:1–16:4). (The church’s letter hasn’t survived.) A set of miscellanea concludes the letter (16:5–24). See Acts 18:1–18a for Paul’s evangelization of Corinth, a city located in Greece on a narrow isthmus between the Aegean Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the west. He writes this letter from Ephesus, close to the west coast of Asia Minor, on his third missionary journey (Acts 18:22–23; 19:20).
ADDRESS AND GREETING
1 Corinthians 1:1–3
1:1–3: Paul, called through God’s will [to be] an apostle of Christ Jesus, and Sosthenes, [our] brother, ²to the church of God that’s in Corinth, [that is, to those who] have been consecrated in Christ Jesus, called [to be] sacred [in him] along with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ, their [Lord] and ours: ³Grace and peace to you from God, our Father, and the Lord, Jesus Christ. An apostle of Christ Jesus
means someone sent by Jesus to speak and act with the very authority of Jesus himself. The prefixing of Christ,
properly a title meaning Anointed One
(Messiah
in Hebrew), lays a basis for that authority in Jesus’ messianic office. And called through God’s will
adds further emphasis on Paul’s apostolic authority in that Jesus carried out God’s will when commissioning Paul (for the details of which see Acts 9:15–16; 22:11–15, 21; 26:12–18; Galatians 1:15–16). All this emphasis on Paul’s authority is designed to undergird both his responses to the disturbing report he has heard about the Corinthian church and his replies to disputed questions they’ve asked him in their letter (compare 12:28; 2 Corinthians 10:8; 13:10). Sosthenes is probably a Corinthian who happens to be with Paul at the time of writing (Acts 18:17). If so, Paul’s inclusion of him in the greeting and affectionately calling him a brother
enlist one of the Corinthians’ own number in support of what he, Paul, is going to write.
For the church of God
see the comments on 1 Thessalonians 2:14. Consecrated in Christ Jesus
means set apart as sacred to God
by virtue of being "in Christ Jesus" and thus distinguishes Christians from the rest of humanity. People come to be in Christ Jesus by believing in him; and when they believe in him they receive the Spirit of God, who is also the Spirit of Christ, so that having the Spirit of God that indwells Christ entails being in Christ (see especially Romans 8:1–11, but also 1 Thessalonians 1:1 for the additional entailment of being in God, the Father
). "Called [to be] sacred [in Christ Jesus] refers to God’s effective drawing of certain people into this field of consecration to himself and sets up a parallel with Paul’s apostolic calling. The parallel implies that the Corinthian believers are just as obligated to live out their consecration to God as Paul is to live out his apostolic commission.
Along with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ indicates that though Paul has addressed his letter only to the Corinthian church and will take up topics specific to that church, what he has to say to them about living as people consecrated to God applies to all Christians everywhere, so that the Corinthians shouldn’t think Paul is
picking on them when he proceeds to spell out the requirements of their consecration. And they should make this letter available to Christians from elsewhere.
All and
in every place underscore the general relevance of Paul’s instructions.
Calling on the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ" means appealing to him for salvation because he’s the Lord and therefore can save (Romans 10:13). "Our Lord distinguishes him from the Caesars and pagan deities whom pagans designated their lords.
Their Lord and ours means
the Lord of all other Christians as well as of us, reemphasizes the general relevance of this letter, and puts forward all Christians’ confession of Jesus’ lordship as a backdrop against which Paul will criticize splits in the Corinthian church (1:10–4:21; compare 7:17; 11:16; 14:33, 36; 16:1). For
grace and peace see the comments on 1 Peter 1:2; 2 John 3.
From God, our Father, and the Lord, Jesus Christ transforms an expected greeting from Paul into a greeting from God and Jesus Christ the Lord, so that once more the authority of this letter is underscored. Yet balancing the element of authority is the designation of God as
our Father, for it establishes a familial framework for Paul’s coming instructions. Since Jesus Christ is the Lord as well as a human being, Paul pairs him with God, so that the two become objects of one and the same preposition,
from."
A THANKSGIVING
1 Corinthians 1:4–9
1:4–8: On the basis of God’s grace that was given to you in Christ Jesus I’m always thanking my God for you ⁵in that you’ve been enriched in him in every [respect]—[that is,] in every [kind of] speech and every [kind of] knowledge, ⁶just as the testimony about the Christ [= Paul’s testimony that Jesus is the Messiah] has been confirmed among you, ⁷so that you aren’t falling short in any gracious gift while eagerly awaiting the revelation of our Lord, Jesus Christ, ⁸who will also confirm you until the end [so as to be] unaccusable in the Day of our Lord, Jesus Christ. Having struck an authoritative note in 1:1–3, Paul now strikes a complimentary note. The compliment consists in stating his recognition that the Corinthians have a wealth of gifts having to do with speech and knowledge; and this compliment gets added emphasis from his always thanking [his] God for [the Corinthians],
from his description of their enrichment as having confirmed
among them the testimony about the Christ,
from his statement that as a group they aren’t falling short in any gracious gift,
and from his description of them as eagerly awaiting the revelation of our Lord, Jesus Christ.
The details concerning the gracious gifts will follow in chapters 12–14. Meanwhile the multifaceted compliment has the purpose of winning an acceptance of Paul’s coming responses and replies. Yet to forestall the Corinthians’ taking pride in the compliment, he bases his thanking God for them on God’s grace [= ill-deserved favor] that was given to [them] in Christ Jesus [not because of what they were or are in themselves]
and describes their enrichment in terms of gracious gifts.
By calling God "my God Paul supports what he has to say with a back reference to his being an apostle of Christ Jesus
through God’s will (1:1).
The revelation of our Lord, Jesus Christ will happen at
the end, which equates with
the Day of our Lord, Jesus Christ—in other words, the day when he comes back in a full display and exercise of his lordship (compare 1 Thessalonians 4:13–5:10; 2 Thessalonians 2:1–12).
Who will also confirm you until the end [so as to be] unaccusable in the Day of our Lord, Jesus Christ assures the Corinthians that their
eagerly awaiting that revelation is well justified. They’ll be confirmed—that is, well-established in Christian faith—just as
the testimony about the Christ has [already] been confirmed among [them]. As a result, no one will be able to accuse them of apostasy when the Lord returns. The four occurrences in 1:1–8 of
our Lord" imply a foundation of shared faith on which Paul will build his coming responses and replies.
1:9: God [is] faithful, through whom you were called into the fellowship of his Son, Jesus Christ, our Lord. God [is] faithful
continues the assurance in 1:8. So he’ll faithfully confirm the Corinthians until the end.
"Through whom you were called makes God the agent of calling, which way of putting it involves him as closely as possible in the calling itself. As indicated by
Jesus Christ, our Lord,
the fellowship of [God’s] Son" refers to Christians’ sharing Jesus Christ as their Lord (versus, as before, other lords: Caesars and pagan deities) and therefore once again implies a foundation of shared faith on which Paul will build his coming responses and replies.
RESPONSES TO A REPORT ABOUT THE CORINTHIAN CHURCH
1 Corinthians 1:10–6:20
ON SPLITS IN THE CORINTHIAN CHURCH
1 Corinthians 1:10–4:21
1:10–12: But I urge you, brothers, through the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ, that you all say the same thing and [that] there be no splits among you but [that] you be put back together in the same [turn of] mind and in the same purpose. ¹¹For concerning you, my brothers, it has been pointed out to me by Chloe’s [household members] that there are contentions among you. ¹²I’m saying this [in other words]: that each of you is saying, I belong to Paul,
but I belong to Apollos,
but I belong to Cephas,
but I belong to Christ.
As often, brothers
introduces an exhortation on an affectionate note; but in view of Paul’s discussion of divisions among the Corinthians, the present such address implies they should restore family unity in their church. "Through the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ" adds to the exhortation the authority of Jesus Christ as Lord. That you all say the same thing
exhorts the Corinthians to adopt the same slogan rather than different slogans (I belong to Paul
[and so forth]). That . . . there be no splits among you
alludes to the divisive effect of those slogans. The unifying slogan won’t become wholly apparent till 3:21–23. Everybody’s say[ing] the same thing
—that is, adopting the same slogan—will put [them] back together.
This mending of their fractured fellowship will issue in a shared mindset (the same [turn of] mind
) and in a shared objective (the same purpose
).
A repetition of the address, brothers,
and the addition to it of my
deepen Paul’s expression of affectionate concern over the report of internal contentions by members of Chloe’s household. (We know no more about Chloe, the members of her household, or how they communicated with Paul, whether by oral report in a visit to him or by way of a letter.) The contentions consist in divided personal loyalties. I belong to Paul
comes first on the list of slogans representing those loyalties in order to emphasize Paul’s rejection of loyalty even to him. For Apollos, see especially Acts 18:24–19:7. Cephas
is the Aramaic form of Simon’s Greek nickname, Peter,
about which see the comments on Matthew 16:16–18 (and see 1 Corinthians 9:5; Galatians 2:11; 1 Peter 5:13 for his itinerant ministry). Though an explanation of I belong to Christ
will appear in 3:21–23, Paul doesn’t explain how or why these divided loyalties arose; so speculation serves no good purpose. At the same time, "each of you is saying" stresses the extent of the divisions; and a grammatical construction in Paul’s Greek text stresses the slogans’ divisiveness. (A somewhat literal translation of the construction goes as follows: On the one hand . . . on the other hand . . . on the other hand . . . on the other hand.
But then we have too many hands.[1])
1:13–17: Has the Christ been divided? Paul wasn’t crucified for you, was he? Or were you baptized in Paul’s name? ¹⁴[In view of my misbegotten followers] I’m thanking God that I baptized none of you except Crispus and Gaius, ¹⁵lest anyone [of you] should say that you were baptized in my name. ¹⁶(But I also baptized the household of Stephanas; as for the rest, I don’t know whether I baptized anyone else.) ¹⁷For Christ didn’t send me to baptize [people]—rather, to proclaim the gospel, not with wisdom of speech, lest the cross of the Christ be voided. Here Paul counters the divisive slogans with a satirical question that both he and the Corinthians hardly need to answer: Has the Christ been divided?
This question arises out of Paul’s teaching that all believers are in Christ,
so that divisions among them falsely imply a division of Christ himself. "The Christ calls attention to his being the corporate Christ. Paul counters also with a question that the Corinthians are expected to answer:
Paul wasn’t crucified for you, was he? Of course not, as they well know; for otherwise he wouldn’t be writing this letter. Then he counters with a question that he himself answers:
Or were you baptized in Paul’s name?" But instead of answering that he hadn’t baptized any of the Corinthians in his own name—that is, to gain a following for himself—he proceeds to answer that he hadn’t baptized very many of them at all. Yet the exceptions of Crispus and Gaius (on whom see Acts 18:8; Romans 16:23) do prove that he hadn’t baptized anyone in his name, for baptizing to establish a following of his own would have led him to baptize as many as he could. He’s reminded of further exceptions (the household of Stephanas
), but the very facts that he didn’t at first remember having baptized them and that he doesn’t remember whether he baptized anyone else add further proof of his not having baptized people to gain a personal following. So too does his thanking God that he didn’t. For if he’d baptized people for that purpose and gained so few followers by doing so, he’d have little reason to thank God—and he wouldn’t have the present argument with which to denounce divisions in the Corinthian church.
But why did Paul baptize anybody at all if Christ didn’t send him to baptize people? The question is wrongly framed. Baptism as such isn’t at issue. Baptism in Paul’s name is at issue. Christ didn’t send him to gain a personal following by baptizing people; but he did send Paul to proclaim the gospel, which has to do with the cross of the Christ,
not with anything having to do with Paul. (Incidentally, send
is the verbal counterpart of apostle
in 1:1.) Both philosophy (which means love of wisdom
) and eloquence (speech
) were highly prized—indeed, celebrated—in Greece and throughout Greco-Roman culture. So if Paul had proclaimed the gospel with eloquently expressed wisdom (wisdom of speech
), a Corinthian audience would have attributed their conversions to his abilities as a philosopher and orator and for that reason would have declared subservience to him en masse. As it was,