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    Fibre Optics Spark Technology
    Fibre Optics Spark Technology
    Fibre Optics Spark Technology
    Ebook265 pages3 hours

    Fibre Optics Spark Technology

    By S.C.Basu

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    About this ebook

    ……No Life without Light, a proven thought emerged on the road to civilization! Creative thinkers like Pythagoras, Euclid, then Newton and Einstein were instrumental in understanding the properties of Light – while in modern era, Narinder Kapany, Charles K. Kao, all experimented to use Light as communication device. The outcome of much needed technological development in Fibre optics has paved the way for revolutionary achievements, that now dictate many important advances in the telecommunication, mechanical and medical fields, and even in banking sector. Communication through sound, video and computer are more reliable than in the past, by providing trusted monitoring systems and maintaining safer modes of transportation via optical fibre.

    Submarine optic-fibre cables carry over 97% of intercontinental data traffic more efficiently than before. In fact, it’s the only technology that can transmit large amounts of information worldwide, cost effectively with minimum delays, and addresses Global Bandwidth growth.

    ‘Fibre optics spark Technology’ is the book for readers who are interested in assimilating the essence of Fibre optic technology from different sources. It can be treated as a reference, even while the chapters comprising of various important aspects of such a rapidly advanced technology, are explained in simple and easy manner.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherNotion Press
    Release dateOct 17, 2014
    ISBN9789384381547
    Fibre Optics Spark Technology

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      Book preview

      Fibre Optics Spark Technology - S.C.Basu

      (Diagram/Photo)

      Pages: 3 - 10

      History, Discovery & Demonstrations

      History - Discovery of Light

      Did light rays emanate from a person’s eye or from the object being viewed? This was a common debate among ancient Greek Philosophers.

      Pythagoras (582BC – 500 BC), a Greek Philosopher and Mathematician, assumed that vision resulted when a visible object emits a steady stream of particles that bombard the eye. He suggested that light travels in straight lines from the eye to the object, and that the sensation of light is obtained when the object is touched by these rays.

      Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC), a Greek philosopher and polymath proposed: A disturbance in the air (a wave-like phenomenon) effects light.

      Epicurus (341 BC – 270 BC), a Greek philosopher argued: Objects produce light rays, which then travel to the eye.

      Ray diagrams were used by Euclid (325 BC - 265 BC), a Greek mathematician and Ptolemy (AD 90 – AD 168), a Greco-Roman mathematician and astronomer, to show how light bounces off a smooth surface or bends as it passes from one transparent medium to another.

      During the second century B.C., signalling lamps were used to encode optical signals.

      Postulates: Light Follows Wave-Particle Duality

      In 1690, Dutch mathematician - astronomer Christian Huygens described the Undulator Theory. His speculation was on the existence of some Invisible Medium - an ether, filling empty space between objects. He further speculated that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down, perpendicular to the direction that the light travels. Light forms when a luminous body causes a series of waves or vibrations in this ether.

      The waves stimulate vision when they advance forward and encounter an object like an eye. Huygens formulated a way of visualizing wave propagation, which is now known as ‘Huygens’ Principle’ which explains: Light shone through a pin hole or slit would spread out rather than travel in a straight line.

      In 1704, Newton proposed: Light exists as corpuscles, or particles, and it travels in straight line. Light can be reflected from a mirror and can be refracted too when passing through two different transparent media.

      The properties of a coloured light do not change when it is separated from a coloured beam and by shining it on various objects. A prism could decompose white light into a spectrum of colours. White light could be recomposed by a lens and a second prism, from the multi-coloured spectrum.

      The key properties of Newton’s Particle Theory: Reflection and Refraction were explained in his ‘Treatise Opticks’. The phenomenon of light: Interference and Polarisation could not be explained by Newton’s Particle Theory. Light was thought either to consist of waves (Huygens) or of corpuscles (Newton).

      In 1803, an English physician and physicist Thomas Young studied the interference of light waves and observed the spreading out of light waves according to ‘Huygens’ Principle’. Later in 1815, a French engineer and physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, supported Young’s experiments with mathematical calculations. In 1900, Max Planck, a German physicist proposed the existence of a light quantum, a finite packet of energy which depends on the frequency and velocity of the radiation. In 1905, Albert Einstein, a German-born physicist proposed a solution to the problem of observations made on the behaviour of light, having characteristics of both wave and particle. Einstein suggested, based on Plank’s work on ‘Emission of light from hot bodies’, that light is composed of tiny particles called Photons and that each Photon has energy.

      Demonstrations – Infrared Light (Beneath Red)

      In 1800, Sir Frederick William Herschel discovered a region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum while trying to find out the relationship between light and heat.

      He used a prism to split a beam of sunlight into a spectrum and different coloured filters, and used thermometers to understand how much heat was passed through them - Fig.1. William Herschel called it Infrared, which can be felt but is not visible to the naked eye.

      Fig.1 – Sir Herschel’s experiment: Discovering Infrared

      Infrared Light refers to broad range of frequencies and lies between the visible and microwave portions of the EM spectrum with wavelengths ranging from 700 nm to 1 mm approx. Near-Infrared wavelengths range from 700 to 1,700 nanometers; are commonly used in modern fibre-optic communication systems - Fig.2.

      Fig.2 – Infrared wavelengths in EM spectrum

      Optical Infrared Radiation is divided into three bands:

      1. ‘Near Infrared’ light (NzIR), the range: 0.78 to 3 μm is the closest in wavelength to visible spectrum.

      2. ‘Mid Infrared’ light (MIR) – ranges 3 to 15 μm.

      3. The ‘Far Infrared’ light (FIR) band lies between 15 to 1000 μm, closer to the microwave region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.

      The nominal red edge of the Visible Spectrum corresponds to a frequency range of about 100 THz to 430 THz, and can be used for optical communications through fibre.

      According to the International Commission of Illumination (CIE) recommendations for the sub-division of infrared radiation: Near Infrared Region, IR-A (700 nm and 1,400 nm) band is commonly used in optic-fibre communications and IR-B (1,400 nm and 3,000 nm) band - the wavelength range 1,530 to 1,560 nm – dominates long-distance telecommunications

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