Essential NEUROLOGY for Medicine Finals
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About this ebook
Do you find neurology difficult and scary? Exams are approaching fast and you do not know where to start? All the books seem too long and too complicated?
Here is your solution! This book will transform the anxiety and fear of neurology stations into your strength and help you will ace the neurology stations in finals!
This is a short, concise summary of common neurology topics with a focus on the knowledge required for medicine finals. It contains chapters of history taking, examination, clinical anatomy and common pathologies. Through the combination of easy to follow relevant clinical neuroanatomy with frameworks for clinical examination and diagnosis of common pathologies, the book combines theory with practical skills thereby facilitating the understanding of difficult neurology topics.
The book also contains numerous tips for exams and real life examination of patients as well as memory aids to boost students’ performance. It is suitable for medical students at any stage preparing for exams in neurology, including final year exams.
The book contains:
- Guides on neurology history taking, including common presenting complaints
- Frameworks for clinical examination including motor and sensory exam, parkinsonism exam, cerebellar exam, cranial nerve assessment, peripheral nerve exam and others
- Easy to understand and remember clinical neuroanatomy with relevance to clinical examination
- Concise summary of common and important pathologies, including signs and symptoms, investigations and treatment
- Mnemonics that will help you remember difficult topics for longer
- Numerous pictures to help your learning
- Example marking schemes for self-assessment.
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Book preview
Essential NEUROLOGY for Medicine Finals - Magdalena Niestrata-Ortiz
Essential NEUROLOGY for Medicine Finals
Magdalena Niestrata-Ortiz
2014, First Edition
Essential NEUROLOGY for Medicine Finals
Essential NEUROLOGY for Medicine Finals
NEUROLOGICAL HISTORY TAKING
General overview
Tips for neurological history taking
Common presenting complaints
Headache
History components
Common diagnoses, relevant investigations and management
Migraine
Cluster headache
Tension headache
Sinusitis
Meningitis
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)
Raised intracranial pressure
Epidural haemorrhage
Subdural haemorrhage
Temporal arteritis
Medication overuse headache
Venous sinus thrombosis
Funny turn (seizure, fit, loss of consciousness)
History components
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Common causes of seizures
Causes of epilepsy
Seizure Classification
Epilepsy treatment
NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
General remarks
Neurological motor examination of the limbs
Motor system applied basic anatomy
General remarks about the neurological motor examination
Motor examination of the lower limbs
Motor examination of the upper limbs
Neurological sensory examination of the limbs
Sensory system basic applied anatomy
General remarks about the sensory neurological examination of the limbs
Neurological sensory examination of the lower limbs
Neurological sensory examination of the upper limbs
Summary of the Full Neurological Examination of Lower Limbs (Motor and Sensory)
Summary of the Full Neurological Examination of Upper Limbs (Motor and Sensory)
Cerebellar examination
Cerebellum
The introduction
Cerebellar examination
Investigations
Causes of cerebellar dysfunction
Parkinsonism examination
Introduction
Examination
Causes of parkinsonism
Treatment for Parkinson's disease
Cranial nerve examination
Examination
Common pathologies of cranial nerves
Eye pathology
Horner's syndrome
Causes of nystagmus
Pupil abnormalities
Visual field defects
Ocular palsies
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Facial nerve palsy
Cerebellopontine angle syndrome (nerve V, VII, VIII)
IX, X, XI and XII nerve palsies
Neurological examination of the hand
WEAKNESS
Where is the lesion? - Upper vs. lower motor neuron lesion
Causes of weakness
IMPORTANT NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Common upper motor neuron pathology
Stroke
Multiple sclerosis
Common lower motor neuron pathology
Polyneuropathy
Charcot-Marie-Tooth
Mononeuropathy
Median nerve lesion
Ulnar nerve palsy
Radial nerve palsy
Long thoracic nerve palsy
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2, L3)
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Common peroneal nerve (L4-S2)
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
Mononeuritis multiplex
Neuromuscular junction disease
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Muscle disease (myopathy)
Myotonia dystrophica (Myotonic dystrophy)
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron pathology
Motor neurone disease
MARKING SCHEMES
Neurological examination of lower limbs (motor and sensory)
Neurological examination of the upper limbs (motor and sensory)
Cerebellar examination
Cranial nerve exam
Parkinsonism examination
About the Author
Essential NEUROLOGY for Medicine Finals
Dr. Magdalena Niestrata-Ortiz BSc (Hons) MBChB (Hons)
Do you find neurology difficult and scary? Exams are approaching fast and you do not know where to start? All the books seem too long and too complicated? Here is your solution! This book will transform the anxiety and fear of neurology stations into your strength and help you will ace the neurology stations in finals!
This is a short, concise summary of common neurology topics with a focus on the knowledge required for medicine finals. It contains chapters of history taking, examination, clinical anatomy and common pathologies. Through the combination of easy to follow relevant clinical neuroanatomy with frameworks for clinical examination and diagnosis of common pathologies, the book combines theory with practical skills thereby facilitating the understanding of difficult neurology topics.
The book also contains numerous tips for exams and real life examination of patients as well as memory aids to boost students’ performance. It is suitable for medical students at any stage preparing for exams in neurology, including final year exams.
The book contains:
Guides on neurology history taking, including common presenting complaints
Frameworks for clinical examination including motor and sensory exam, parkinsonism exam, cerebellar exam, cranial nerve assessment, peripheral nerve exam and others
Easy to understand and remember clinical neuroanatomy with relevance to clinical examination
Concise summary of common and important pathologies, including signs and symptoms, investigations and treatment
Mnemonics that will help you remember difficult topics for longer
Numerous pictures to help your learning
Example marking schemes for self-assessment
Tags: Medicine, Neurology, Students, Finals, Medicine Finals, Neurology Finals, Exams, Medicine Exams, Neurology Exams, Neurology History Taking, Neurology Examination, Neurological Examination, Neuroanatomy, Common Pathologies, Neurology Diagnosis
License and Copyright Notes
This book may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. If you're reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your enjoyment only, then please go to your favorite retailer and purchase your own copy. This will help support the author and encourage the creation of more content.
No part of the content provided in this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. For any information, inquiries or requests refer to the author's website for contact information.
2014 - First Edition
Design, drawings, illustrations, editing and writing is work of the author.
Copyright Dr. Magdalena Niestrata-Ortiz
Website: http://www.magdalenaniestrata.com/
Notices
Knowledge and best practices in the field of neurology are constantly changing. Changes in research methods, professional practices or medical treatment may become necessary.
To the fullest extent of the law, the author assumes no liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.
NEUROLOGICAL HISTORY TAKING
General overview
As with any history, start with a polite and concise introduction involving:
Introducing yourself (first name, surname and who you are)
Confirming patient's identity
Explaining what you would like to do and asking for patient's permission.
In some medical exams you may be expected to inform the patient about the confidentiality and it may be a part of the marking scheme. In practice, doctor-patient confidentiality is implied and assumed and, therefore, not routinely mentioned before history taking. However, for exam purposes, find out if it is required in you medical school and include it accordingly.
In neurology, the clinical history has the same outline as in most systems, including the presenting complaint, history of presenting complaint, past medical and surgical history, drug history, family history and social history.
Tips for neurological history taking
1) Use as many open questions as possible
In neurology, the history is often key to the correct diagnosis. It is important to let the patient tell you their story in their own words. When they describe what happened/happens themselves, unaided, you are more likely to note important details, which are easily missed