A level Psychology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts
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About this ebook
Turn your hard work into the top A-Level results with the Cheeky Shortcut Guide to the most common topics for A level Psychology revision.
This workbook features key exam topics for Psychology to help you achieve top marks covering:
Attachments
Psychological Abnormality
Psychopathology
Biological Rhythms, Sleep and Dreaming
Research Methods
Social Influence
Pro- and Anti-Social Behaviour
Human Memory
Determinants of Animal Behaviour
Essay Writing
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A level Psychology Revision - Scool Revision
1
Attachments
Development and variety of attachments
Attachment is the close emotional relationship between two people, which involves a feeling of well-being and a desire to be close. Although attachments occur throughout your life, the attachment made between an infant and caregiver is particularly important.
Development of attachments
Infants have an innate ability to seek interactions with other individuals. This is known as sociability and is integral to the phases in the development of attachment (Scaffer, 1996).
The table below summarises the four stages of this process:
Cross-cultural variations in attachment
Different cultures have different social norms and accepted ways of doing things. Cross-culturing variations occur in many aspects of behaviour including child rearing. This difference may result in differences in attachments.
Infants raised in Japanese homes and in Israeli kibbutzim show high levels of insecure-resistant attachment. These being close environments with the primary caregiver always present and few strangers around could explain this.
German infants appear to be particularly insecure-avoidant in their attachments, although their parents were attentive to their children and sensitive to their needs. However, the parents considered some of the ‘secure’ behaviour to be too ‘clingy’ and discouraged it.
These findings suggest that the American criteria used in the ‘Strange Situation’ are not appropriate for other cultures: It would be wrong to suggest that the cultures with high levels of insecure attachments were raising children wrongly.
Effects of deprivation and privation
Attachments can be damaged if the relationship between the caregiver and infant is broken.
The effects of separation
Separation could be considered the same as short-term deprivation. Robertson and Bowlby (1952) investigated its effects on young children separated from their mothers. They found that the distress felt by the children fell into three categories called the protest-despair-detachment (PDD) model.
The effects of deprivation
Short-term effects of deprivation are highlighted above but what are the long-term consequences of a lost attachment?
Again, Bowlby has been very influential in this area. His maternal deprivation hypothesis states that long-term intellectual, social and emotional damage follows the deprivation of an attachment during a critical period in the child’s development.
The effects of privation
Research into privation tends to involve carefully studying individuals who have experienced a privated infancy. These include case studies of tragically neglected children and longitudinal studies of institutionalised children, such as orphans.
The table below summarises two of the more important case studies:
Aim…
To investigate the long-term effects of early institutional care.
Method…
Longitudinal study and natural experiment. Children aged younger than 4 months at start. Received good physical care but formation of attachments was discouraged.
Results…
Aged 16, relationships between adopted children and parents did not differ much from a control group of non-adopted families but were considerably better bonded than restored children and parents. Unlike non-adopted children, adopted and restored children had similar problems in forming