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    The Principles and Practice of Breeding Race Horses - Containing Information on Crossing, Stallions, Selection and Many Other Aspects of Horse Breedin
    The Principles and Practice of Breeding Race Horses - Containing Information on Crossing, Stallions, Selection and Many Other Aspects of Horse Breedin
    The Principles and Practice of Breeding Race Horses - Containing Information on Crossing, Stallions, Selection and Many Other Aspects of Horse Breedin
    Ebook98 pages1 hour

    The Principles and Practice of Breeding Race Horses - Containing Information on Crossing, Stallions, Selection and Many Other Aspects of Horse Breedin

    By Stonehenge

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    About this ebook

    This antiquarian volume comprises a comprehensive and interesting treatise on breeding race horses, with information on crossing, stallions, selection, and many other aspects of horse breeding. This text contains a wealth of useful, timeless information on horse breeding, and will be of considerable utility to the modern reader with an interest in the subject. A fascinating and informative read, this vintage book would make for a great addition to any personal library, and is certainly one not to be missed by the discerning collector. The chapters of this book include: 'Theory of Generation, and General Principles of Breeding'; 'Theory of Generation'; 'The Semen'; 'The Ovum'; 'The Embryo'; 'As the Male and Female'; 'The Best Mode of Breeding the Horse for all Racing Purposes', etcetera. This book is being republished now in an affordable, modern edition complete with a specially commissioned new biography of John Henry Walsh.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRead Books Ltd.
    Release dateApr 25, 2013
    ISBN9781447499060
    The Principles and Practice of Breeding Race Horses - Containing Information on Crossing, Stallions, Selection and Many Other Aspects of Horse Breedin

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      Book preview

      The Principles and Practice of Breeding Race Horses - Containing Information on Crossing, Stallions, Selection and Many Other Aspects of Horse Breedin - Stonehenge

      PART II.

      HORSE-RACING.

      BOOK VI.—THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BREEDING FOR RACING PURPOSES.

      CHAPTER. I.

      THEORY OF GENERATION, AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING.

      SECT. 1—THEORY OF GENERATION.

      BEFORE proceeding to enlarge upon the practical management of the breeding-stud, it will be well to ascertain what are the known laws of generation in the higher animals. I have already alluded to these, though very cursorily, in the chapter on the Breeding of the Greyhound; but as that of the horse is far more important in a national point of view, they are here given at greater length. They are as follows:—

      1.—The union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, necessary for reproduction; the male and female each taking their respective share.

      2.—The office of the male is to secrete the semen in the testes, and emit it into the uterus of the female, where it comes in contact with the ovum of the female—which remains sterile without it.

      3.—The female forms the ovum in the ovary, and at regular times, varying in different animals; this descends into the uterus, for the purpose of fructification, on receiving the stimulus and addition of the sperm-cell of the semen.

      4.—THE SEMEN consists of two portions—the spermatozoa, which have an automatic power of moving from place to place, by which quality it is believed that the semen is carried to the ovum; and the sperm-cells, which are intended to co-operate with the germ-cell of the ovum in forming the embryo.

      5.—THE OVUM consists of the germ-cell, intended to form part of the embryo—and of the yolk, which nourishes both, until the vessels of the mother take upon themselves the task, or, in oviparous animals, till hatching takes place, and external food is to be obtained. The ovum is carried down by the contractile power of the fallopian tubes from the ovary to the uterus, and hence it does not require automatic particles like the semen.

      6.—THE EMBRYO, or young animal, is the result of the contact of the semen with the ovum, immediately after which the sperm-cell of the former is absorbed into the germ-cell of the latter. Upon this a tendency to increase or grow is established, and supported at first by the nutriment contained in the yolk of the ovum, until the embryo has attached itself to the walls of the uterus, from which it afterwards absorbs its nourishment by the intervention of the placenta.

      7.—AS THE MALE AND FEMALE each furnish their quota to the formation of the embryo, it is reasonable to expect that each shall be represented in it—which is found to be the case in nature; but as the food of the embryo entirely depends upon the mother, it may be expected that the health of the off-spring and its constitutional powers will be more in accordance with her state than with that of the father; yet since the sire furnishes one-half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals and general character there is retained a fac-simile to a certain extent of him.

      8.—THE OVUM OF MAMMALIA differs from that of birds chiefly in the greater size of the yolk of the latter, because in them this body is intended to support the growth of the embryo from the time of the full formation of the egg until the period of hatching. On the other hand, in mammalia the placenta conveys nourishment from the internal surface of the uterus to the embryo during the whole time which elapses between the entrance of the ovum into the uterus and its birth. This period embraces nearly the whole of the interval between conception and birth, and is called uterogestation.

      9.—IN ALL THE MAMMALIA THERE IS A PERIODICAL HEAT, marked by certain discharges in the female, and sometimes by other remarkable symptoms in the male. In the former it is accompanied in all healthy subjects by the descent of an ovum or ova into the uterus; and in both there is a strong desire for sexual intercourse, which never takes place at other times in them.

      10.—THE SEMEN retains its fructifying power for some days, if it is contained within the walls of the uterus or vagina, but soon ceases to be fruitful if kept in any other vessel. Hence, although the latter part of the time of heat is the best for the union of the sexes, because then the ovum is ready for the contact with the semen, yet if the semen reaches the uterus first, it will still cause a fruitful impregnation, because it remains there uninjured until the descent of the ovum.

      11.—THE INFLUENCE OF THE MALE upon the embryo is partly dependent upon the fact, that he furnishes a portion of its substance in the shape of the sperm-cell, but also in great measure upon the effect exerted upon the nervous system of the mother by him. Hence, the preponderance of one or other of the parents will in great measure depend upon the greater or less strength of nervous system in each. No general law is known by which this can be measured, nor is anything known of the laws which regulate the temperament, bodily or mental power, colour, or conformation of the resulting offspring.

      12.—ACQUIRED QUALITIES are transmitted, whether they belong to the sire or dam, and also both bodily and mental. As bad qualities are quite as easily transmitted as good ones, if not more so, it is necessary to take care that in selecting a male to improve the stock he is free from bad points as well as furnished with good ones. It is known by experience that the good or bad points of the progenitors of the sire or dam are almost as likely to appear again in the offspring as those of the immediate parents in whom they are dormant. Hence, in breeding, the rule is, that like produces like, or the likeness of some ancestor.

      13.—THE PURER OR LESS MIXED the breed, the more likely is it to be transmitted unaltered to the offspring. Hence, whichever parent is of the purest blood will be generally more represented in the offspring; but as the male is usually more carefully selected, and of purer blood than the female, it generally follows that he exerts more influence than she does; the reverse being the case when she is of more unmixed blood than the sire.

      14.—BREEDING IN-AND-IN is injurious to mankind, and has always been forbidden by the Divine law, as well as by most human lawgivers. On the other hand, it prevails extensively in a state of nature with all gregarious animals, among whom the strongest male retains his daughters and granddaughters until deprived of his harem by younger and stronger rivals. Hence, in those of our domestic animals which are naturally gregarious, it is reasonable to conclude that breeding in-and-in is not prejudicial, because it is in conformity with their natural instincts, if not carried farther by art than nature teaches by her example. Now, in nature we find about two consecutive crosses of the same blood is the usual extent to which it is carried, as the life of the animal is the limit; and it is a remarkable fact that in practice a conclusion has been arrived at which exactly coincides with these natural laws. Once in and once out, is the rule for breeding given by Mr. Smith in his work on breeding for the turf; but twice in will be found to be more in accordance with the practice of our most successful breeders.

      15.—The influence of the first impregnation seems to extend to the subsequent ones: this has been proved by several experiments, and is especially marked in the equine genus. In the series of examples preserved in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, the markings of the male

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