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    Groundwater Processes and Modelling - Part 6
    Groundwater Processes and Modelling - Part 6
    Groundwater Processes and Modelling - Part 6
    Ebook75 pages37 minutes

    Groundwater Processes and Modelling - Part 6

    By D. Armstrong and K Narayan

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    About this ebook

    This booklet outlines the properties of geological materials which enable them to accept, store and transmit groundwater, together with a description of the principal types of aquifer which are commonly found to occur in the field. Sources of groundwater are described in order to provide an understanding of the hydrogeological modelling exercise. The governing equations for steady state and non-steady state (transient) groundwater flow, are presented together with a brief overview of a range of modelling techniques, including both analytical and numerical models, the use of diffuse recharge as a model calibration tool and recent developments in the field of inverse modelling are also discussed.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherCSIRO PUBLISHING
    Release dateJan 1, 1998
    ISBN9780643106079
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      very informative, well structured and easy to read for the early career practitioner

    Book preview

    Groundwater Processes and Modelling - Part 6 - D. Armstrong

    1 INTRODUCTION

    Recharge to and discharge from a groundwater system usually represent only a minute fraction of the total volume of water contained within the system which is able to both store and transmit water.

    The storage and movement of water within the earth is governed by the physical properties of the earth materials, spatial distribution of rock and soil units, topography and amounts of natural recharge and discharge. Under a stable climatic regime, these combine to produce a state of equilibrium in which recharge and discharge are balanced and the amount of water in storage in the system remains constant. Changes to rates of recharge will ultimately lead to corresponding changes in discharge rates in order to reestablish equilibrium.

    The response of a groundwater system is usually very slow and changes in input (recharge) or output (discharge) will lead to changes in storage volume which can result in significant rises or falls in groundwater levels. In a shallow groundwater system, increased recharge may result in rising groundwater levels until such time as evaporative (diffuse) discharge from the shallow water table and, perhaps, increased plant water use balance the increase in recharge.

    This process is the basic cause of much of the land salinisation and waterlogging of low lying areas, which has occurred throughout the settled areas of Australia in the last half century.

    Groundwater modelling attempts to simulate these natural processes mathematically albeit in a much simplified form.

    The focus of this series is Discharge and Recharge but these processes of output from and input to the groundwater system cannot be considered in isolation. They have to be linked to processes, such as groundwater flow, occurring within the main body of the groundwater system. The geometry and physical properties of the earth materials must therefore be known, or reliably estimated, before a groundwater modelling exercise can be undertaken.

    2 AQUIFER PROPERTIES

    An aquifer may be defined as ‘a mass of rock or soil capable of storing and transmitting water.’

    All earth materials fit this definition to some degree and the ability to transmit water, although generally thought of as being associated only with productive aquifers, is present in most earth materials.

    Rock or soil units that transmit very little water are known as aquitards.

    They play an important role in restricting the majority of groundwater flow to within the better-developed aquifers, acting as a partial seal beneath shallow water table aquifers and as confining beds in deeper aquifer systems. Aquitards reduce the opportunity for recharge where they occur at the ground surface.

    Hydraulic Conductivity

    The aquifer property that governs the ability to transmit water is known as the Hydraulic Conductivity (K). It is defined as:

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