A Pedestrian Approach to Quantum Field Theory

A PEDESTRIAN

APPROACH TO

QUANTUM

FIELD THEORY

EDWARD G. HARRIS

DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.

MINEOLA, NEW YORK

Copyright

Copyright © 1972, 1990 by Edward G. Harris

All rights reserved.

Bibliographical Note

This Dover edition, first published in 2014, is an unabridged republication of the work originally published in 1972 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

International Standard Book Number

eISBN-13: 978-0-486-79329-0

ISBN-10: 0-486-78022-8

Manufactured in the United States by Courier Corporation

78022801   2014

www.doverpublications.com

To Sara, Heather, and my mother

The trouble with this world is there are too many metaphysicians that don’t know how to tangibilitate.

Father Divine

Preface

For many years it has been customary for all graduate students in physics at the University of Tennessee to take a one-year course in quantum mechanics. As it is now taught, the third quarter of this course is devoted to relativistic wave equations and field theory. No textbook seemed suitable for a one-quarter course in field theory for students of diverse interest, few of whom planned to become theoretical physicists. I therefore prepared my own notes for the course. These changed from year to year, but ultimately settled down enough so that they could be typed and distributed to the students. It then occurred to me that others confronted with the problem of introducing students to field theory in a brief period of time could find these notes useful. With this in mind the notes were expanded and rewritten in book form.

In rewriting the notes I found it advisable to add an introductory chapter on the formalism of quantum mechanics. This contains material that I present in the first quarter of our quantum mechanics course. The well prepared student may find it sufficient to skim through this chapter to acquaint himself with the language and notation that is used. It should serve to introduce the less well prepared student to certain concepts used throughout the book. It is not intended to be an adequate introduction to quantum mechanics for the student with no previous acquaintance with the subject.

It seemed to me to be pedagogically sound to introduce difficult concepts gradually and to apply the theory to physically interesting problems at an early stage of the development of the theory. Therefore in Chapters 2 and 3 we quantize the transverse part of the electromagnetic field, define an interaction Hamiltonian with nonrelativistic charged particles, and apply the theory to some elementary processes in which photons interact with matter. In Chapter 2 I include a section on Glauber’s theory of coherent states of the field. Because it is relatively new it does not appear in the standard textbooks on quantum electrodynamics. I include it because of its simplicity and because it clarifies the relation between the classical and quantum-mechanical theories of the field. One of the applications treated in Chapter 2 is the quantum theory of Čerenkov radiation. This phenomenon is interesting and important, and it is also quite simple, since it is a first order process and involves only free particle states. Čerenkov radiation is treated again in Chapter 6. The notion that a particle moving faster than a some wave can emit the wave has important applications in such fields as superfluidity and plasma physics; it therefore seemed desirable to introduce it early in the book.

Having seen how photons emerge from the quantization of the electromagnetic field, the student is prepared to consider the idea that every particle is the quanta of some field. This idea is explored in Chapter 4 where the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation is quantized. There it is shown that the familiar elementary quantum mechanics is contained in this quantized field theory, but there is more to it than that; there is the possibility of the creation and destruction of particles by the interaction of fields. In Chapter 5 I discuss the interaction of quantized particle fields with the quantized electromagnetic field. Nonrelativistic bremsstrahlung is treated as an example. Finally, in Chapter 6 I discuss quantum electrodynamics in all of its glory. In accordance with the modest aims of this book this discussion is necessarily brief and incomplete. Some tedious calculations have been relegated to an appendix or omitted entirely. All the discussion of infinities and renormalization has been postponed until Chapter 10.

After quantum electrodynamics, the most successful application of quantum field theory has been the theory of beta decay. This theory is briefly discussed in Chapter 7 as an interesting and important application of the ideas of the preceding sections.

In recent years quantum field theory has found important applications in theories of the solid state, plasmas, and liquid helium. An introduction to these applications is given in Chapters 8 and 9.

For all of its many successes quantum field theory contains grave difficulties connected with the divergent integrals that appear in many calculations. I scrupulously avoid these until Chapter 10, where they are finally discussed. I try to give the reader some idea of how the infinite quantities are disposed of in quantum electrodynamics by absorbing them into the mass and charge of the particle—a process known as renormalization. In calculating the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron I follow the nonrelativistic theory of Bethe rather than the more exact relativistic theory. This avoids some computational difficulties but serves to introduce the ideas of renormalization.

To make the book self-contained, an appendix on relativistic wave equations is added. All references and some notes concerning these are collected at the end of the book.

The final form of the book contains considerably more material than the lecture notes with which I started. I tried to include a variety of topics in order to give the instructor and students some freedom of choice.

A number of problems are scattered throughout the text. These are intended to supplement the material in the text and to give the student an opportunity to test his understanding. The difficulty of these problems ranges from fairly trivial to fairly difficult. Answers and some solutions are given in an appendix.

I am grateful to Dr. Alvin H. Nielsen, Dean of Liberal Arts, and Dr. William M. Bugg, Head of the Department of Physics, for their very real encouragement in the form of a reduced teaching load which made the writing of this book possible. Many of my colleagues have encouraged me by their interest and suggestions. I am particularly grateful to my quantum mechanics students of this and previous years who have cheerfully endured my experiments in presenting this subject. I also thank Mrs. Patty Martin, Mrs. Wylene Quinn, Mrs. Janice Hemsley, and Miss Jane Pearson for typing the manuscript. Finally, I owe a real debt of gratitude to my wife and daughter for their patience and understanding during the writing of this book.

EDWARD G. HARRIS

Knoxville, Tennessee

October 1971

Contents

Chapter 1    The Formalism of Quantum Mechanics

Hilbert Space

Operators in Hilbert Space

Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues

Unitary Transformations

Direct Product Space

The Axioms of Quantum Mechanics

A Useful Theorem

Particle in a Magnetic Field

The Free Particle

The One-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator

Perturbation Theory

Chapter 2    Quantum Theory of the Free Electromagnetic Field

Coherent States of the Radiation Field

Chapter 3    Interaction of Radiation and Matter

Emission of Light by an Excited Atom

Absorption of Light

Black Body Spectrum

Scattering of Light by a Free Electron

Čerenkov Radiation

Natural Line Width

Chapter 4    Second Quantization

The Connection with Elementary Quantum Mechanics

Chapter 5    Interaction of Quantized Fields

Nonrelativistic Bremsstrahlung

Chapter 6    Quantum Electrodynamics

Dirac’s Hole Theory

Čerenkov Radiation by a Dirac Electron

Compton Scattering

Pair Production

Electron-Positron Annihilation

Chapter 7    The Theory of Beta Decay

Chapter 8    Particles that Interact Among Themselves

The Boltzmann Equation for Quantum Gases Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Distributions

The Degenerate Nearly Perfect Bose-Einstein Gas

Superfluidity

Chapter 9    Quasi Particles in Plasmas and Metals

Plasmons and Phonons

Landau Damping in Plasmas and Characteristic Energy Losses in Solids

Chapter 10  The Problem of Infinities in Quantum Electrodynamics

Attraction of Parallel Conductors Due to Quantum Fluctuations of the Field

Self Energy of the Vacuum

Renormalization of the Mass of the Electron

The Lamb Shift

Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron

Appendix A  Relativistic Wave Equations

Appendix B  Details of the Calculation of the Klein-Nishina Cross Section

Appendix C  Answers and Solutions to the Problems

Notes and References

Index

A PEDESTRIAN

APPROACH TO

QUANTUM

FIELD THEORY

1

The Formalism of Quantum Mechanics

It is not an easy task to state the rules of quantum mechanics. Many textbooks do not even try and yet succeed in conveying to the reader a working knowledge of the subject. In this book the rules of quantum mechanics and some elementary results are collected in one place for ease of reference. In the sections that follow we give a brief account of the foundations of quantum mechanics. A more detailed discussion of the subject can be found in von Neumann⁵ and in the more recent book by Jauch.⁶ We begin by discussing the mathematical structure known as a Hilbert space and then give the rules for describing the real world in terms of this mathematical structure.

HILBERT SPACE

, and so on, having the following set of properties:

is a linear vector space over the field of complex numbers such as λ, and μ. It has three properties. (a) For each pair of vectors there is determined a vector called the sum such that

(bis called the null vector.

(csuch that

For any complex numbers λ and μ

. This is a complex number such that

or in the other notation

It follows that

We define the norm of a vector by

The following inequality, known as Schwarz’s inequality, can be proved:

.

and any ε of the sequence such that

with the property

(called a Cauchy sequence)