Say It in Arabic
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Say It in Arabic - Dover
SIGNS
INTRODUCTION
Arabic is the language of over eighty million people who inhabit a vast area extending throughout North Africa and the Middle East. The language originated in the Arabian Peninsula and spread north and west with the rise of Islam.
Spoken Arabic has deviated from the original language in most parts of the Arab World. The situation is that of a classical language and various dialects. However, the grammatical rules of spoken Arabic are based largely on those of the classical language. Variations in dialects involve mainly modifications in the pronunciation of a few letters, as well as local preferences for certain terms and expressions, mostly Arabized terms derived from English and the Romance languages.
Spoken Arabic today can be classified into six major divisions:
1. THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGE: Since it originated in the Arabian Peninsula, and has undergone only negligible changes, this language is still the medium of daily expression of all the inhabitants of that region, both nomads and town dwellers. Classical Arabic is also the language of the nomadic communities throughout the Arab World. This means that corruption
of the language flourished in cities and towns, and therefore dialects are one trait of urbanism in the Arab World.
2. THE MEDITERRANEAN DIALECT: This dialect is spoken in the geographical region which lies to the north of the Arabian Peninsula and includes the modern states of Jordan, Israel, Lebanon and Syria. Apart from some local variations within this region, the basic pattern of the dialect remains the same. Among the varieties of spoken Arabic, it is about the closest to the classical language.
3. THE IRAQI DIALECT: This is a variant of the dialect just mentioned. Its distinguishing feature is the frequent incorporation of Kurdish, Persian and Turkish sounds and expressions.
4. THE NORTHERN NILE VALLEY DIALECT: The widely known Cairo dialect
is used today in most parts of Lower Egypt. It may be the dialect that has deviated most from the classical language. A unique characteristic of this dialect is the replacement of the th (theh), j (jeem), z (thal) and q (qahf) sounds by s, hard g, d and ’, respectively.¹
5. THE SOUTHERN NILE VALLEY DIALECT: The Arabic spoken in southern Egypt and in the Sudan is similar to the Cairo dialect
but closer to the classical language. It is unique in the use of a hard g for the q consonant. It is the dialect which is least contaminated
with foreign terms and expressions.
6. THE NORTH AFRICAN DIALECT: The North African Arabs, living in Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, also have a dialect of their own. Although still based on the classical language, it is distinguished by the incorporation of terms and expressions from the Romance languages, as well as some from the Berber tongues.
This booklet is intended to be of use to Americans visiting or temporarily residing in the Arab World. Therefore, it was important to employ an easy-to-learn but also widely understood dialect. The Cairo dialect
was chosen for these two reasons. It is the simplest of all the spoken dialects, especially as far as phonetics is concerned. While linguistically incorrect,
its simplicity springs from the tendency to use one sound for more than one letter of the classical alphabet. This fact makes the dialect the easiest for English-speaking people to learn, since the outcome of this tendency is the replacement of some difficult sounds. In addition to this, Cairenes have, more than other Arab speakers, incorporated into their dialect several terms that stem from English and the Romance languages rather than from the classical Arabic. Moreover, Cairo has been and remains one of the most vital cultural centers of the entire area. Its dialect is therefore the most widely understood in the rest of the Arab World.
NOTES ON THE USE OF THIS BOOK
1. The material in this book has been selected chiefly to teach you many essential phrases, sentences and questions for travel. It will serve as a direct and interesting introduction to the spoken language if you are beginning your study. The sentences will be useful to you whether or not you go on to further study. With the aid of a dictionary, many pattern sentences included here will answer innumerable needs, for example: Is there a [pharmacy] here?
The brackets indicate that substitutions can be made for these words with the use of a bilingual dictionary. In other sentences, for the words in square brackets you can substitute the words immediately following (in the same sentence or in the indented entries below it). For example, the entry
What is the charge [per hour] per day?
provides two sentences: What is the charge per hour?
and What is the charge per day?
Three sentences are provided by the entry
I shall take a room [for one night].
——for a week or so.
——for two persons.
As your Arabic vocabulary grows, you will find that you can express an increasingly wide range of thoughts by the proper substitution of words in these