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    Statistics I Essentials
    Statistics I Essentials
    Statistics I Essentials
    Ebook167 pages31 minutes

    Statistics I Essentials

    By Emil G. Milewski

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    About this ebook

    REA’s Essentials provide quick and easy access to critical information in a variety of different fields, ranging from the most basic to the most advanced. As its name implies, these concise, comprehensive study guides summarize the essentials of the field covered. Essentials are helpful when preparing for exams, doing homework and will remain a lasting reference source for students, teachers, and professionals. Statistics I covers include frequency distributions, numerical methods of describing data, measures of variability, parameters of distributions, probability theory, and distributions.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherResearch & Education Association
    Release dateJan 1, 2013
    ISBN9780738668673
    Statistics I Essentials

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      Book preview

      Statistics I Essentials - Emil G. Milewski

      more!

      CHAPTER 1

      INTRODUCTION

      1.1 WHAT IS STATISTICS?

      Statistics is the science of assembling, organizing, and analyzing data, as well as drawing conclusions about what the data means. Often these conclusions come in the form of predictions. Hence, the importance of statistics.

      The first task of a statistician is to define the population and to choose the sample.

      In most cases it is impractical or impossible to examine the entire group, which is called the population or universe. This being the case, one must instead examine a part of the population called a sample. The chosen sample has to reflect as closely as possible the characteristics of the population. For example, statistical methods were used in testing the Salk vaccine, which protects children against polio. The sample consisted of 400,000 children. Half of the children, chosen at random, received the Salk vaccine; the other half received an inactive solution. After the study was completed it turned out that 50 cases of polio appeared in the group which received the vaccine and 150 cases appeared in the group which did not receive the vaccine.

      Based on that study of a sample of 400,000 children it was decided that the Salk vaccine was effective for the entire population.

      A population can be finite or infinite.

      EXAMPLE:

      The population of all television sets in the USA is finite.

      The population consisting of all possible outcomes in successive tosses of a coin is infinite.

      Descriptive or deductive statistics collects data concerning a given group and analyzes it without drawing conclusions.

      From an analysis of a sample, inductive statistics or statistical inference draws conclusions about the population.

      1.2 VARIABLES

      Variables will be denoted by symbols, such as x, y, z, t, a, M, etc. A variable can assume any of its prescribed values. A set of all the possible values of a variable is called its domain.

      EXAMPLE:

      For a toss of a die the domain is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

      The variable can be discrete or continuous.

      EXAMPLE:

      The income of an individual is a discrete variable. It can be $1,000 or $1,000.01 but it cannot be between these two numbers.

      EXAMPLE:

      The height of a person can be 70 inches or 70.1 inches. It can also assume any value between these two numbers. Hence, height is a continuous variable.

      Similarly, we are dealing with discrete data or continuous data. Usually, countings and enumerations yield discrete data, while measurements yield continuous data.

      1.3 FUNCTIONS

      Y is a function of X if for each value of X there corresponds one and only one value of Y. We write

      Y = f(X)

      to indicate that Y is a function of X. The variable X is called the independent variable and the variable Y is called the dependent variable.

      EXAMPLE:

      The distance s traveled by a car moving with a constant speed is a function of time t.

      s = f(t)

      We will also be dealing with the functions of two or more independent variables.

      z = z(x, y)

      y = f(x1, x2, ... , xn)

      The functional dependence can be depicted in the form of a table or an equation.

      EXAMPLE:

      Mr. Brown can present income from his real estate in the form of a table.

      EXAMPLE:

      y=3x+2

      The value of a variable y is determined by the above equation.

      We will be using rectangular coordinates.

      The coordinates of point P are x = 3 and y = 2. We write (3, 2) to represent this.

      Graphs illustrate the dependence between variables. We shall discuss linear graphs, bar graphs, and pie graphs.

      1.4 DATA DESCRIPTION: GRAPHS

      Repeated measurements yield data, which must be organized according to some principle. The data should be arranged in such a way that each observation can fall into

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