Ocean Wave Energy Conversion
()
About this ebook
Author Michael E. McCormick is the Corbin A. McNeill Professor of Naval Engineering at the U.S. Naval Academy. In addition to his timely and significant coverage of possible environmental effects associated with wave energy conversion, he provides a separate treatment of several electro-mechanical energy conversion techniques. Many worked examples throughout the book will be particularly useful to readers with a limited mathematical background. Those interested in research and development will benefit from the extensive bibliography.
Related to Ocean Wave Energy Conversion
Related ebooks
Ocean Wave Energy Conversion: Resource, Technologies and Performance Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFundamentals of Ocean Renewable Energy: Generating Electricity from the Sea Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEngineering Energy Storage Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Numerical Modelling of Wave Energy Converters: State-of-the-Art Techniques for Single Devices and Arrays Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFuel Cells: Technologies for Fuel Processing Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGeothermal Energy: An Alternative Resource for the 21st Century Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Wave Mechanics and Wave Loads on Marine Structures Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsWind Turbines and Aerodynamics Energy Harvesters Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFloating PV Plants Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsIntroduction to Transfer Phenomena in PEM Fuel Cells Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsRenewable energy conversion systems Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsRenewable Energy System Design Rating: 2 out of 5 stars2/5Oceanographical Engineering Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsDesigning of a PV/Wind/Diesel Hybrid Energy System Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Production of Clean Hydrogen by Electrochemical Reforming of Oxygenated Organic Compounds Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFundamentals of Wind Farm Aerodynamic Layout Design Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Renewable Energy Focus e-Mega Handbook Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Basic Hydrodynamics Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Metal – Semiconductor Contacts and Devices Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEmerging Nanotechnologies in Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPEM Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation Using Matlab Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFuel Cells: Current Technology Challenges and Future Research Needs Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLightning Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Rotating Flow Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsOcean Tides: Mathematical Models and Numerical Experiments Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAmmonia Fuel Cells Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsDesign and Operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: The Systems Engineering Vision for Industrial Application Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThermoelectric Materials and Devices Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Science & Mathematics For You
Ultralearning: Master Hard Skills, Outsmart the Competition, and Accelerate Your Career Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Nikola Tesla: Imagination and the Man That Invented the 20th Century Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Becoming Cliterate: Why Orgasm Equality Matters--And How to Get It Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Big Book of Hacks: 264 Amazing DIY Tech Projects Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Memory Craft: Improve Your Memory with the Most Powerful Methods in History Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/52084: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5No-Drama Discipline: the bestselling parenting guide to nurturing your child's developing mind Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Activate Your Brain: How Understanding Your Brain Can Improve Your Work - and Your Life Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Systems Thinker: Essential Thinking Skills For Solving Problems, Managing Chaos, Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Psychology of Totalitarianism Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Fantastic Fungi: How Mushrooms Can Heal, Shift Consciousness, and Save the Planet Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Outsmart Your Brain: Why Learning is Hard and How You Can Make It Easy Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Gulag Archipelago [Volume 1]: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Invisible Rainbow: A History of Electricity and Life Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Free Will Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential--and Endangered Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Gulag Archipelago: The Authorized Abridgement Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Science of Monsters: The Origins of the Creatures We Love to Fear Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5A Crack In Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Dorito Effect: The Surprising New Truth About Food and Flavor Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Bad Science: Quacks, Hacks, and Big Pharma Flacks Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Reviews for Ocean Wave Energy Conversion
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
Ocean Wave Energy Conversion - Michael E. McCormick
OCEAN WAVE
ENERGY CONVERSION
Michael E. McCormick
Corbin A. McNeill Professor of Naval Engineering U.S. Naval Academy Annapolis, Maryland
DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.
Mineola, New York
Copyright
Copyright © 1981, 2007 by Michael E. McCormick
All rights reserved.
Bibliographical Note
This Dover edition, first published in 2007, is an unabridged slightly corrected republication of the work originally published in 1981 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. The author has provided a new Preface to the Dover Edition.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McCormick, Michael E., 1936–
Ocean wave energy conversion / Michael E. McCormick. — Dover ed.
p. cm.
Originally published: New York : Wiley, c1981.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-486-46245-5
ISBN-10: 0-486-46245-5
1.Ocean wave power. 2. Ocean energy resources. I. Title.
TK1081.M39 2007
621.31’2134—dc22
2007012798
Manufactured in the United States by Courier Corporation
46245503
www.doverpublications.com
To my parents for their love and guidance during my formative years and to Dr. Robert Cohen for giving me the opportunity to pursue my interests in ocean energy conversion.
Foreword
The topic of wave energy conversion came to public attention in a paper by Steven Salter published in Nature in 1974. At about the same time Sir Christopher Cockerell’s experiments on a wave contouring raft were reported in a paper in New Scientist. That this renaissance of interest in wave energy should take place in the United Kingdom is particularly appropriate because these islands are bordered on their western coasts by some of the world’s roughest seas. For the same reason, in 1975 the United Kingdom’s Department of Energy started an extensive program of research into various methods of extracting energy from sea waves. This program is still continuing, and a total of some 15 million pounds sterling (30 million U.S. dollars) has already been committed to the work.
As the development of ocean wave energy has continued, other countries have started their own programs. In Japan, also an island surrounded by rough seas, there has long been interest in the topic. As long ago as the 1940s, Commander Masuda invented and built a wave powered air turbine that actually generated a small amount of electricity from the waves in the Sea of Japan. The Norwegians Budal and Falnes also developed a wave energy conversion buoy and expect to have a prototype in operation by 1982/1983. Work on a number of different systems has also been done in Sweden, France, and the United States.
The first result of all this work was an indication that wave-generated electricity is likely to be expensive. The UK program faced a real crisis of confidence in 1978 when the first reference designs of the four original systems indicated power costs of 20-50 p/kWh (40-100 cents/kWh). It has been the experience of most researchers in the field that their first designs give power costs in this same range.
The wave energy community does not give up easily, however. Within a year costs were down to range 5-15 p/kWh (10-30 cents/kWh), and a wide variety of different solutions had produced this encouraging result. Recent work is showing that there is now a real possibility that, with engineering well within the scope of present-day technology, costs will even get close to the low end of this range.
I personally believe that the cost of electricity from ocean waves will approach the cost of fossil fuel energy. This will be achieved, I think, largely as a result of the creative and dedicated work of the closely integrated group of people who form the world’s wave energy community.
The prize will not be easily won, however. The enormous power of the sea as it is seen in a storm must not cause us to forget that as an energy source it is really very diffuse. To capture such diffuse energy from such a hostile environment demands the highest level of design thinking and a full understanding of the hydrodynamic and engineering problems.
The contribution that Professor McCormick has made during the past few years to our understanding of these topics has indeed been enormous. It is, therefore, with the greatest pleasure that I commend to those who seek to understand this fascinating subject, this compilation of all the wisdom Mike has made available to us over the years.
CLIVE O. J. GROVE-PALMER
Program Manager
UK Wave Energy Technology Support Unit
Preface to the Dover Edition
Since the publication of the first edition of this book, published by Wiley-Interscience, in 1981, there have been many advances in the area of ocean wave energy conversion. Many of these have been the result of the European Union’s sponsorship of research, development and demonstration projects in the member countries. The reader can learn of the European Union sponsored efforts, along with those in Japan, India and other countries by simply typing in ocean wave energy conversion
in one of the search engines on the WEB.
The basics of ocean wave energy conversion do not change. This book is designed to present those basics. The discussions are presented in six chapters and four appendices. The discussions range from the basics of wave mechanics to the possible environmental consequences of wave energy conversion. The appendices include examples of wave-energy conversion patents. Throughout the book, the mathematical level is such that a reader with a good comprehension of high school mathematics and physics can easily understand the material.
The author wishes to express his appreciation to Professor Rameswar Bhattacharyya and to the late Professor Patricio A. A. Laura for recommending Dover Publications, and to Mr. John Grafton of Dover for his help and advice on this project.
The author also wishes to thank Professor Mark Harper for providing an opportunity to, again, teach the subject at the U. S. Naval Academy. Finally, a special thanks to Mr. Robert C. Murtha and Dr. Brian T. Cunningham of Ocean Energy Systems for their support of the author’s research and development efforts in wave energy conversion.
Michael E. McCormick
Annapolis, Maryland
March, 2007
Preface
The purpose of this book is to present the basic concepts of ocean wave energy conversion and supporting materials in a way that can be useful to scientists, engineers, and inventors. Although new patents are granted each month on wave energy conversion ideas throughout the world, there are only nine or so basic wave energy conversion techniques. These techniques are fully described, and their uses and performances are illustrated. For those inventors with only a modicum of education in mathematics, the worked examples (with few exceptions) are presented in a manner requiring only a knowledge of algebra. For the scientist and engineer, more detailed discussions leading to the examples are presented. A categorized bibliography is presented for those interested in performing background research.
The book evolved from my various research, program management, and teaching experiences. My early research in wave energy conversion, supported by the U.S. Coast Guard, was in the area of wave-powered navigation aids. At the Energy Research and Development Administration (now the U.S. Department of Energy) Dr. Robert Cohen gave me the opportunity to formulate and direct the programs in the energy conversion of waves, currents, and salinity gradients. The information gained in these experiences was then used in the design of a senior-level course at the U.S. Naval Academy called Ocean Energy Conversion.
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Ms. Sharon Vaughn for her help in the preparation of the manuscript and to Mr. Eric Midboe of Gibbs and Cox, Inc. for his constructive criticism.
MICHAEL E. MCCORMICK
Annapolis, Maryland
January 1981
Contents
NOTATION
1 INTRODUCTION
2 WAVE PROPERTIES
2.1 The Linear Wave
2.2 The Nonlinear Wave
A Stokes’ Wave
B The Solitary Wave
2.3 Random Seas
2.4 Summary
3 WAVE MODIFICATION
3.1 Refraction
3.2 Reflection
3.3 Diffraction
4 WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION
4.1 Basic Wave Energy Conversion Techniques
A Heaving and Pitching Bodies
B Cavity Resonators
C Pressure Devices
D Surging-Wave Energy Convertors
E Particle Motion Converters
4.2 Advanced Techniques
A Salter’s Nodding Duck
B Cockerell’s Rafts
C Russell’s Rectifier
D Wave Focusing Techniques
4.3 Summary
5 ENERGY CONVERSION, TRANSMISSION, AND STORAGE
5.1 Basic Electromechanical Energy Conversion Techniques
A Mechanically Excited Generators
B Pneumatically and Hydraulically Excited Generators
5.2 Advanced Electromechanical Energy Conversion Techniques
A Linear Inductance
B Piezoelectricity
C Protonic Conduction
5.3 Power Scaling
5.4 Energy Transmission and Storage
A Electrical Cables
B Energy-Intensive Products
5.5 Summary
6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOORING CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Environmental Considerations
A Open Ocean Operation
B Coastal Zone Operation
6.2 Mooring and Anchoring
A Deep Ocean Operation
B Coastal Zone Operation
APPENDIXES
A Bibliography
B Some Wave Energy Conversion Patents
C Glossary
D Conversion Factors
INDEX
Notation
Common to All Chapters
Subscripts
Superscripts
Chapter 2 Notation
Chapter 3 Notation
Chapter 4 Notation
Section 4.1, A
Subscripts
Sections 4.1, B and 4.1, C
Sections 4.1, D and 4.1, E
Section 4.2, A
Section 4.2, B
Subscripts
Section 4.2, C
Section 4.2, D
Chapter 5 Notation
Section 5.1, A