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    Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations
    Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations
    Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations
    Ebook229 pages1 hour

    Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations

    By Witold Hurewicz

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    About this ebook

    Hailed by The American Mathematical Monthly as "a rigorous and lively introduction," this text explores a topic of perennial interest in mathematics. The author, a distinguished mathematician and formulator of the Hurewicz theorem, presents a clear and lucid treatment that emphasizes geometric methods. Topics include first-order scalar and vector equations, basic properties of linear vector equations, and two-dimensional nonlinear autonomous systems.
    Suitable for senior mathematics students, the text begins with an examination of differential equations of the first order in one unknown function. Subsequent chapters address systems of differential equations, linear systems of differential equations, singularities of an autonomous system, and solutions of an autonomous system in the large.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherDover Publications
    Release dateJul 21, 2014
    ISBN9780486797212
    Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations

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      Book preview

      Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations - Witold Hurewicz

      Index

      1

      Differential Equations of the First Order in One Unknown Function

      PART A.

      THE CAUCHY-EULER APPROXIMATION METHOD

      1.Definitions. Direction Fields

      By a domain D in the plane we understand a connected open set of points; by a closed domain or region , such a set plus its boundary points. The most general differential equation of the first order in one unknown function is

      where F is a single-valued function in some domain of its arguments. A differentiable function y(x) is a solution if for some interval of x, (x, y(x), y′(x)) is in the domain of definition of F and if further F(x, y(x), y′(x)) = 0. We shall in general assume that (1) may be written in the normal form:

      where f(x, y) is a continuous function of both its arguments simultaneously in some domain D of the x-y plane. It is known that this reduction may be carried out under certain general conditions. However, if the reduction is impossible, e.g., if for some (x0, y0, y0′) for which F(x0, y0, y0′) = 0 it is also the case that [∂F(x0, y0, y0′)]/∂y′ = 0, we must for the present omit (1) from consideration.

      A solution or integral of (2) over the interval x0 ≤ x ≤ x1 is a single-valued function y(x) with a continuous first derivative y′(x) defined on [x0, x1] such that for x0 ≤ x ≤ x1:

      Geometrically, we may take (2) as defining a continuous direction field over D; i.e., at each point P: (x, y) of D there is defined a line whose slope is f(x, y); and an integral of (2) is a curve in D, one-valued in x and with a continuously turning tangent, whose tangent at P coincides with the direction at P. Equation (2) does not, however, define the most general direction field possible; for, if R is a bounded region in D, f(x, y) is continuous in R and hence bounded

      where M is a positive constant. If α is the angle between the direction defined by (2) and the x-axis, (4) means that a is restricted to such values that

      The direction may approach the vertical as P: (x, y) approaches the boundary C of D, but it cannot be vertical for any point P of

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