Electronics I Essentials
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Electronics I Essentials - The Editors of REA
Preparation
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1.1 CHARGED PARTICLES AND THE ENERGY GAP CONCEPT
The electron:
Negative charge = 1.60 × 10-19 coulomb
Mass = 9.11 × 10-31kg
Hole - In a semiconductor, two electrons are shared by each pair of ionic neighbors through a covalent bond. When an electron is missing from this bond, it leaves a hole
in the bond, creating a positive charge of 1.6 × 10-19C.
The energy gap concept and classification of materials
(a) Energy levels
(b) Energy gap
(c) Semiconductor
(d) Conductors
Drift and the Dfffusion Current:
The diffusion current - The movement of charged particles due to a non-uniform concentration gradient.
The drift current - The movement of charges under the influence of an electric field.
1.2 FIELD INTENSITY, POTENTIAL AND ENERGY
Potential - The work done against an electric field in taking a unit of positive charge from point A to B.
Electric field intensity E:
Potential energy U (in joules) equals the potential multiplied by the charge q.
Potential-energy barrier concept:
The kinetic energy is at its maximum when the electron leaves electrode A.
At P, no kinetic energy exists; the electron can therefore travel up to a distance x0 from plate A.
The ev unit of energy: 1 ev = 1.60 × 10-19 J
1.3 MOBILITY AND CONDUCTIVITY
Mobility - When a metal is subjected to a constant E, a steady state is reached where the average value of the drift speed ν is attained. ν is proportional to E and is found by ν = μ E, where μ is the mobility of the electrons and where the electric field has small values.
ρ ≡ n · q is the charge density; ν is the drift speed of the electrons.