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    Laser Light Scattering
    Laser Light Scattering
    Laser Light Scattering
    Ebook236 pages2 hours

    Laser Light Scattering

    By Charles S. Johnson and Don A. Gabriel

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    Light scattering has provided an important method for characterizing macro-molecules for at least three decades. Now, through the use of intense, coherent laser light and efficient spectrum analyzers and autocorrelators, experiments in the frequency and time domains can be used to study molecular motion, e.g. diffusion and flow and other dynamic processes, as well as the equilibrium properties of solutions. As a result, laser light scattering has become a powerful form of spectroscopy with applications in physics, biochemistry, and other fields.
    This volume, which employs a relatively simple approach in order to reach the widest audience, focuses on two main topics: classical light scattering (scattering intensity, concentration dependence, size dependence, and polydispersity) and dynamic light scattering (time and frequency dependence, translational diffusion, directed flow, rotational motion, and more). A series of useful appendixes and a list of references complete this concise, accessible work, a valuable resource for physicists, chemists, and anyone interested in the increasingly important field of laser light scattering.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherDover Publications
    Release dateMar 2, 2015
    ISBN9780486152202
    Laser Light Scattering

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      Laser Light Scattering - Charles S. Johnson

      DOVER BOOKS ON PHYSICS

      EXACTLY SOLVED MODELS IN STATISTICAL MECHANICS, R. J. Baxter. (0-486-46271-4)

      QUANTUM MECHANICS OF ONE- AND TWO-ELECTRON ATOMS, Hans A. Bethe and Edwin E. Salpeter. (0-486-46667-1)

      PHYSICAL ADSORPTION: FORCES AND PHENOMENA, L. W. Bruch, Milton W. Cole and Eugene Zaremba. (0-486-45767-2)

      LASER LIGHT SCATTERING: BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. SECOND EDITION, Benjamin Chu. (0-486-45798-2)

      ALGEBRAIC METHODS IN STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND QUANTUM FIELD THEORY, Dr. Gérard G. Emch. (0-486-47209-4)

      INTRODUCTION TO MODERN OPTICS, Grant R. Fowles. (0-486-65957-7)

      WEAK INTERACTIONS AND MODERN PARTICLE THEORY, Howard Georgi. (0-486-46904-2)

      COLLISION THEORY, Marvin L. Goldberger and Kenneth M. Watson. (0-486-43507-5)

      GROUP THEORY IN QUANTUM MECHANICS: AN INTRODUCTION TO ITS PRESENT USAGE, Volker Heine. (0-486-45878-4)

      CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, Akira Isihara. (0-486-45877-6)

      QUANTUM FIELD THEORY, Claude Itzykson and Jean-Bernard Zuber. (0-486-44568-2)

      THEORETICAL PHYSICS, Georg Joos and Ira M. Freeman. (0-486-65227-0)

      QUANTUM MECHANICS IN SIMPLE MATRIX FORM, Thomas F. Jordan. (0-486-44530-5)

      OPERATORS AND REPRESENTATION THEORY: CANONICAL MODELS FOR ALGEBRAS OF OPERATORS ARISING IN QUANTUM MECHANICS, Palle E. T. Jorgensen. (0-486-46665-5)

      FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, Edgar A. Kraut. (0-486-45809-1)

      QUANTUM MECHANICS: NEW APPROACHES TO SELECTED Topics, Harry J. Lipkin. (0-486-45893-8)

      A TREATISE ON THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF ELASTICITY (EOU), . (0-486-46425-3)

      STOCHASTIC TOOLS IN TURBULENCE, John L. Lumley. (0-486-46270-6)

      A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, VOL. 1, James Clerk Maxwell. (0-486-60636-8)

      A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, VOL. 2, James Clerk Maxwell. (0-486-60637-6)

      QUANTUM MECHANICS, Albert Messiah. (0-486-40924-4)

      STATISTICAL FLUID MECHANICS, VOLUME II: MECHANICS OF TURBULENCE, A. S. Monin and A. M. Yaglom. (0-486-45891-1)

      STATISTICAL FLUID MECHANICS, VOLUME I: MECHANICS OF TURBULENCE, A. S. Monin and A. M. Yaglom. (0-486-45883-0)

      SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS: BOUNDARY PROBLEMS OF FUNCTION THEORY AND THEIR APPLICATION TO MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, N. I. Muskhelishvili. Translated by J. R. M. Radok. (0-486-46242-0)

      INTRODUCTION TO THE QUANTUM THEORY: THIRD EDITION, David Park. (0-486-44137-7)

      APPLICATIONS OF GROUP THEORY IN QUANTUM MECHANICS, M. I. Petrashen, E. D. Trifonov. (0-486-47223-X)

      ALMOST ALL ABOUT WAVES, John R. Pierce. (0-486-45302-2)

      CLASSICAL FIELD THEORY, Davison E. Soper. (0-486-46260-9)

      CONCEPTS OF CLASSICAL OPTICS, John Strong. (0-486-43262-9)

      THE LIGHTNING DISCHARGE, Martin A. Uman. (0-486-41463-9)

      SOURCES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS, B. L. van der Waerden. (0-486-45892-X)

      SPACE, TIME, MATTER, Hermann Weyl. (0-486-60267-2)

      RANDOM VIBRATIONS: THEORY AND PRACTICE, Paul H. Wirsching, Thomas L. Paez and Keith Ortiz. (0-486-45015-5)

      VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES IN DYNAMICS AND QUANTUM THEORY, Wolfgang Yourgrau and Stanley Mandelstam. (0-486-45888-1)

      PHYSICS OF SHOCK WAVES AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDRODYNAMIC PHENOMENA, Ya B. Zel’dovich and Yu P. Raizer. (0-486-42002-7)

      See every Dover book in print at www.doverpublications.com

      Copyright

      Copyright © 1981 by CRC Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

      Bibliographical Note

      Laser Light Scattering was originally published in Spectroscopy in Biochemistry, Volume II, edited by J. Ellis Bell, copyright 1981. Reprinted with the permission of CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. This Dover edition, first published in 1994, is corrected and includes a new Preface.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Johnson, Charles S. (Charles Sidney), 1936-

      Laser light scattering / Charles S. Johnson, Jr. and Don A. Gabriel.

      p. cm.

      An unabridged, corrected republication of the work first published as chapter 5 of the book Spectroscopy in biochemistry (volume II), edited by J. Ellis Bell, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1981, with a new preface.

      Includes bibliographical references (p. ).

      9780486157733

      1. Laser spectroscopy. 2. Laser beams—Scattering. 3. Lasers in biochemistry. I. Gabriel, Don A. II. Title.

      QP519.9.L37J64 1994

      674.19’285—dc20

      94-24205

      CIP

      Manufactured in the United States by Courier Corporation

      68328105

      www.doverpublications.com

      PREFACE

      The availability of lasers and the development of dynamic light scattering methods have led to a rebirth of interest in light scattering applications in polymer science and biophysical Chemistry. The spectral information in scattered light is now routinely used to measure diffusion coefficients, flow rates, and relaxation time distributions for complex systems.

      Our original motivation for writing this brief text was to provide an introduction to modern light scattering methods that would encompass both classical methods and various forms of dynamic light scattering including photon correlation spectroscopy and electrophoretic light scattering with emphasis on biochemical applications. In the ensuing years instrumentation and data analysis methods have improved, but the basic concepts have not changed. Therefore, we are delighted that this book can now be made available to students and beginning research workers in a convenient format and at a modest price.

      We hope that this text stimulates interest in scattering methods, and we have provided numerous references for additional reading. In particular we note the fine text by B. J. Bern and R. Pecora (Dynamic Light Scattering, Wiley, 1976). Also, we recommend the new introductory texts by Kenneth S. Schmitz (An Introduction to Scattering by Macromolecules, Academic Press, 1990) and Ben Chu (Laser Light Scattering: Basic Principles and Practice, Academic Press, 1991). For those requiring a comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of modern research applications we recommend Laser Light Scattering edited by Wyn Brown (Clarendon Press, 1993).

      We thank CRC Press for permitting this text to be reprinted with minor corrections. Also, we thank David M. Johnson for preparing the original figures.

      CHARLES S. JOHNSON, JR.

      DON A. GABRIEL

      Chapel Hill, North Carolina

      May 1994

      Table of Contents

      DOVER BOOKS ON PHYSICS

      Title Page

      Copyright Page

      PREFACE

      I. INTRODUCTION

      II. CLASSICAL LIGHT SCATTERING

      III. DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING

      APPENDIXES

      REFERENCES

      I. INTRODUCTION

      Light scattering has provided an important method for characterizing macromolecules for at least three decades. However, the replacement of conventional light sources by lasers in recent years has qualitatively changed the field and has sparked renewed interest. Through the use of intense, coherent laser light and efficient spectrum analyzers and autocorrelators, experiments in the frequency and time domains can now be used to study molecular motion, e.g., diffusion and flow, and other dynamic processes, as well as the equilibrium properties of solutions. The technology for clarifying samples has also significantly improved. Recirculation through submicron filters in closed loop systems reduces the effects of dust and other contaminants, and the new time domain techniques provide built-in tests for the presence of such particles. These advances make laser light scattering a powerful form of spectroscopy for use in biochemistry.

      Classical light scattering studies are concerned with the measurement of the intensity of scattered light as a function of the scattering angle. In addition to this kind of study, laser light sources now permit spectral information to be obtained from the scattered light. The latter type of experiment is often called quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS), and the various forms of the experiment are known as light beating spectroscopy (LBS), intensity fluctuation spectroscopy (IFS), and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Related experiments in laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) now permit very low rates of uniform motion to be measured. A special case of LDV is electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) where mobilities are determined. The aim of this book is to provide an introduction to both the classical and quasi-elastic forms of laser light scattering, which can serve as an introductory text for students and a reference for research workers. The same purpose has been served for prelaser classical light scattering since 1960 by Chapter 5 of Tanford’s excellent book, Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules.¹ As in that chapter, we emphasize concepts and the kinds of information that can be obtained from the various experiments rather than either presenting a comprehensive survey of the literature or discussing experimental techniques in great detail. For the most part we stick to well-developed techniques such as the measurement of translational and rotational diffusion coefficients. A few specialized applications (such as the study of motility) are also discussed; however, we have not included scattering from internal modes in polymers or gels. Interesting work is going on in the latter areas, but the theory is still in flux.

      We attempt to keep the objectives in sight at all times and to avoid distracting complications as much as possible. Accordingly, certain definitions and derivations have been relegated to a set of appendixes. In general, we have opted for simplicity rather than elegance, or even rigor in certain cases, in the hope that a wider audience can be reached. For those who desire more extensive treatments there is an abundance of sources. For classical scattering, one of the latest reviews is that by Timasheff and Townsend, which is concerned with proteins.² Also Huglin³ has edited an extensive volume that emphasizes experimental methods and data handling in the study of polymer solutions. The book by Fabelinskii⁴ is a comprehensive, but difficult treatment mainly of prelaser light scattering without special attention to macromolecules. The classical physics of light scattering has been treated in detail by Kerker.⁵ The book by Long,⁶ while emphasizing Raman scattering, provides a good introduction to Rayleigh scattering, especially polarization and electronic resonance effects. Quasi-elastic scattering, also called dynamic light scattering, has received considerable attention in the literature, and the recent review papers are too numerous to list in full. An encyclopedic review of dynamic light scattering from biopolymers and biocolloids has been provided by Schurr.⁷ Pusey and Vaughan have given a much briefer review of the principles of intensity fluctuation spectroscopy,⁸ and Carlson⁹ has covered applications in molecular biology. Laser velocimetry has been reviewed by Ware.¹⁰.¹¹ An introduction to the theoretical foundations of dynamic light scattering is presented in the book by Berne and Pecora,¹² which is an excellent text for students of physical chemistry. The book by Chu¹³ is a good reference for many experimental and theoretical details. For those attempting to understand photon statistics and photon correlation spectroscopy, the monograph edited by Cummins and Pike is invaluable.¹⁴

      II. CLASSICAL LIGHT SCATTERING

      A. Scattering Intensity

      1. Scattering by an Isolated Dipole

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