HLSL Development Cookbook

Table of Contents

HLSL Development Cookbook

Credits

About the Author

About the Reviewers

www.PacktPub.com

Support files, eBooks, discount offers and more

Why Subscribe?

Free Access for Packt account holders

Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Downloading the color images of this book

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. Forward Lighting

Introduction

Hemispheric ambient light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

Directional light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

There's more…

Point light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Spot light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Capsule light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Projected texture – point light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Projected texture – spot light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Multiple light types in a single pass

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

There's more…

2. Deferred Shading

Introduction

GBuffer generation

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

GBuffer unpacking

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Directional light

Getting ready…

How to do it...

How it works…

Point light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Capsule light

Getting ready…

How to do it...

How it works…

Spot light

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

3. Shadow Mapping

Introduction

Spot light PCF shadows

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Point light PCF shadows

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more…

Cascaded shadow maps

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

PCF with varying penumbra size

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

There's more…

Visualizing shadow maps

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

4. Postprocessing

Introduction

HDR rendering

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more…

Adaptation

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

There's more…

Bloom

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Distance depth of field

Getting ready…

How to do it...

How it works…

Bokeh

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

5. Screen Space Effects

Introduction

Screen space ambient occlusion

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Lens flare

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

There is more…

Screen space reflections

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Screen space Sun rays

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

6. Environment Effects

Introduction

Dynamic decals

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

There's more…

Distance/Height-based fog

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Rain

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works…

Index

HLSL Development Cookbook

HLSL Development Cookbook

Copyright © 2013 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: June 2013

Production Reference: 1060613

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

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ISBN 978-1-84969-420-9

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Cover Image by Artie Ng (<artherng@yahoo.com.au>)

Credits

Author

Doron Feinstein

Reviewers

Brecht Kets

Pope Kim

Acquisition Editor

Erol Staveley

Lead Technical Editors

Arun Nadar

Hardik Saiyya

Technical Editor

Kaustubh S. Mayekar

Project Coordinator

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Proofreader

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Indexer

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Graphics

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Valentina D'silva

Production Coordinator

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Cover Work

Shantanu Zagade

About the Author

Doron Feinstein has been working as a graphics programmer over the past decade in various industries. Since he graduated his first degree in software engineering, he began his career working on various 3D simulation applications for military and medical use. Looking to fulfill his childhood dream, he moved to Scotland for his first job in the game industry at Realtime Worlds. Currently working at Rockstar Games as a Senior Graphics Programmer, he gets to work on the company’s latest titles for Xbox 360, PS3, and PC.

I would like to thank my wife, who convinced me to write this book, for all her support.

About the Reviewers

Brecht Kets is a Senior Lecturer at Howest University in Belgium, where he teaches game development in one of the leading international game development study programs, Digital Arts, and Entertainment (www.digitalartsandentertainment.com). He’s been actively involved in game development for several years, and has been writing about XNA since the launch in December 2006. He hosts the www.3dgameprogramming.net website and has received the Microsoft Most Valuable Professional award in the category DirectX/XNA six times in a row for his contributions in the community.

He has also co-authored the book Building your First Mobile Game using XNA 4.0, Packt Publishing and the video series XNA 3D Game Development By Example, Packt Publishing.

Pope Kim is a seasoned rendering programmer with over 10 years of experience in the gaming industry. While working with top game studios in the world, he has shipped over a dozen games on many platforms, including Xbox 360, PS3, PC, Wii, PS2, and PSP.

He has degrees in Law and Computer Science, and is an occasional presenter at computer graphics or game-related conferences, such as Siggraph and Korea Game Conference.

He is also a part-time educator. He served his 3 years at the Art Institute of Vancouver as an HLSL programming instructor and currently holds a professor position at Sogang University Game Education Center.

In 2012, he authored an introductory HLSL programming book, which instantly became a best-seller in Korea. It is currently being translated back to English and is partly available on his blog.

You can follow Pope at http://www.popekim.com or on Twitter at @BlindRenderer.

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Preface

DirectX 11 has been around for a couple of years now but never received much attention from 3D developers up until now. With PC regaining its popularity in the gaming community and the third generation of Xbox gaming console just around the corner, the transition to DirectX 11 is just a matter of time.

In this book, we will cover common and new 3D techniques implemented using the features offered by DirectX 11. From basic lighting to advanced screen space effects, each recipe will introduce you to one or more new DirectX 11 features such as Compute Shaders, Unordered Access Views, and Tessellation.

The HLSL Development Cookbook will provide you with a series of essential recipes to help you make the most out of the different rendering techniques used within games and simulations using the DirectX 11 API.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Forward Lighting, will guide you through the light equation for the most commonly used light sources implemented in the forward lighting technique.

Chapter 2, Deferred Shading, will teach you to optimize the lighting calculations introduced in the previous chapter by separating the light calculations from the scene complexity.

Chapter 3, Shadow Mapping, will help you to improve the realism of the lighting calculations covered in the previous chapters by adding shadow support.

Chapter 4, Postprocessing, will guide you to enhance the quality of the lighting results with different 2D filtering techniques.

Chapter 5, Screen Space Effects, will help you to extend the lighting calculations from Chapter 2, Deferred Lighting, by implementing additional lighting effects as screen space calculations.

Chapter 6, Environment Effects, will help you to add some final touches to your rendered scene by changing the weather and adding some interactivity.

What you need for this book

Running the samples provided with this book requires a computer with a DirectX 11-enabled graphics card running Windows Vista or newer operating system. Compiling the code will require Microsoft’s Visual Studio 2010 or newer with DirectX SDK (June 2010).

Who this book is for

If you have some basic Direct3D knowledge and want to give your work some additional visual impact by utilizing the advanced rendering techniques, then this book is for you. It is also ideal for those seeking to make the transition from DirectX 9 to DirectX 11 and those who want to implement powerful shaders with the HLSL.

Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text are shown as follows: Once the constant buffer is updated, bind it to the pixel shader using the context function PSSetConstantBuffers.

A block of code is set as follows:

cbuffer HemiConstants : register( b0 )

{

  float3 AmbientDown    : packoffset( c0 );

  float3 AmbientRange  : packoffset( c1 );

}

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, in menus or dialog boxes for example, appear in the text like this: Where α is the angle between N and L.

Note

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tip

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Reader feedback

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Downloading the example code

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Downloading the color images of this book

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Errata

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Questions

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Chapter 1. Forward Lighting

In this chapter we will cover:

Hemispheric ambient light

Directional light

Point light

Spot light

Capsule light

Projected texture – point light

Projected texture – spot light

Multiple lights in a single pass

Introduction

Forward lighting is a very common method to calculate the interaction between the various light sources and the other elements in the scene, such as meshes and particle systems. Forward lighting method has been around from the fixed pipeline days (when programmable shaders were just an insightful dream) till today, where it gets implemented using programmable shaders.

From a high-level view, this method works by drawing every mesh once for each light source in the scene. Each one of these draw calls adds the color contribution of the light to the final lit image shown on the screen. Performance wise, this is very expensive—for a scene with N lights and M meshes, we would need N times M draw calls. The performance can be improved in various ways. The following list contains the top four commonly used optimizations:

Warming the depth buffer with all the fully opaque meshes (that way, we don't waste resources on rendering pixels that get overwritten by other pixels closer to the camera).

Skip light sources and scene elements that are not visible to the camera used for rendering the scene.

Do bounding tests to figure which light affects which mesh. Based on the results, skip light/mesh draw calls if they don't intersect.

Combine multiple light sources that affect the same mesh together in a single draw call. This approach reduces the amount of draw calls as well as the overhead of preparing the mesh information for lighting.

Rendering the scene depths, as mentioned in the first method, is very easy to implement and only requires shaders that output depth values. The second and third methods are implemented on the CPU, so they won't be covered in this book. The fourth method is going to be explained at the end of this chapter. Since each one of these methods is independent from the others, it is recommended to use all of them together and gain the combined performance benefit.

Although this method lost its popularity in recent years to deferred lighting/shading solutions (which will be covered in the next chapter) and tiled lighting due to their performance improvement, it's still important to know how forward lighting works for the following reasons:

Forward lighting is perfect for lighting scene elements that are not fully opaque. In fact, both deferred methods only handle opaque elements. This means that forward lighting is still needed for scenes containing translucent elements.

Forward lighting can perform well when used for low-quality rendering tasks, such as low-resolution reflection maps.

Forward lighting is the easiest way to light a scene, which makes it very useful for prototyping and in cases where real-time performance is not important.

All the following recipes are going to cover the HLSL side of the rendering. This means that you, the reader, will need to know how to do the following things:

Compile and load the shaders

Prepare a system that will load and manage the scene

Prepare a framework that supports Direct3D draw calls with shaders that will render the scene

All vertex buffers used with this technique must contain both positions and normals. In order to achieve smooth results, use smooth vertex normals (face normals should be avoided).

In addition, the pixel shader has to come up with a per-pixel color value for the rendered meshes. The color value may be a constant per mesh color or can be sampled from a texture.

Hemispheric ambient light

Ambient light is the easiest light model to implement and yet it is very important to the overall look of your scene. For the most part, ambient light refers to any light in the scene that cannot be directly tied to a specific light source. This definition is flexible and its implementation will be shown soon.

In the past, a single constant color value was used for every mesh in the scene that provides a very flat result. As programmable shaders became more available, programmers switched from constant color to other solutions that take the mesh normal into account and avoid the flat look. Hemispheric lighting is a very common method to implement ambient lighting that takes normal values into account and does not require a lot of computations. The following screenshot shows the same mesh rendered with a constant ambient color