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    Alaska Native Tribes,ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations: Origins, Purposes, and Relationships
    Alaska Native Tribes,ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations: Origins, Purposes, and Relationships
    Alaska Native Tribes,ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations: Origins, Purposes, and Relationships
    Ebook165 pages2 hours

    Alaska Native Tribes,ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations: Origins, Purposes, and Relationships

    By Lydia Hays

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    About this ebook

    Learn about Alaska's unique indigenous people who have lived thousands of years in a subsistence economy and unconquered. See how today's Alaska Native people exhibit remarkable resilience and adaptability despite the arrival of foreigners to Alaska in the mid-1700s, who sought natural resources and brought death and disease that claimed many indigenous lives. Clear descriptions, facts, charts, lists, and maps tell about the 230 Alaska Native tribes and more than 350 Alaska Native–owned for profit and nonprofit organizations that have emerged over the past 65 years. A stunning 25,000 year timeline depicts archeological sites which helped provide the basis for aboriginal land rights in the historic Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement in 1971. Today, Alaska Native people comprise about 20 percent of Alaska's population and their institutions are a major player in Alaska's diverse economy. Easy to read, you will gain an essential understanding about these modern institutions that have been successfully integrated with traditional subsistence values and are improving the lives of Alaska Native people and all of Alaska.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPublication Consultants
    Release dateJul 13, 2015
    ISBN9781594335426
    Alaska Native Tribes,ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations: Origins, Purposes, and Relationships
    Author

    Lydia Hays

    Lydia L. Hays, Ed. D., taught secondary classes at Nome-Beltz High School, Alaska and was a substitute teacher at Kamehameha Schools in Honolulu, Hawaii. She authored the student workbook and teacher's guide and provided technical support for the Alaska Native Land Claims, edited by Robert D. Arnold, Alaska Native Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska. She has taught more than 30 university credit classes on the Alaska Native land claims settlement and other workshops and seminars on Alaska Native tribes, ANCSA corporations, and other organizations. Ms. Hays is a former vice president of Cook Inlet Region, Inc., executive director of The CIRI Foundation, vice president at Cook Inlet Tribal Council, Inc, and CITC project director and village liaison. Ms. Hays also assisted CIRI in the formation of Cook Inlet Tribal Council, Inc., The CIRI Foundation, Alaska Native Heritage Center / Anchorage, and Koahnic Broadcast Corporation. Ms. Hays has lived in Alaska for more than 50 years. She, her husband, and three sons and their families live in Anchorage, Alaska.

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      Alaska Native Tribes,ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations - Lydia Hays

      Alaska

      Native Tribes, ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations

      Origins, Purposes, and Relationships

      Lydia L. Hays

      PO Box 221974 Anchorage, Alaska 99522-1974

      books@publicationconsultants.com—www.publicationconsultants.com

      ISBN 978-1-59433-541-9

      eBook ISBN 978-1-59433-542-6

      Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2015942158

      Copyright 2015 Lydia L. Hays

      —First Edition—

      All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in any form, or by any mechanical or electronic means including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, in whole or in part in any form, and in any case not without the written permission of the author and publisher.

      Manufactured in the United States of America.

      Symbols of the Front Cover Graphic

      The grass, common to all of the Alaska Native geographic areas, have been used for many purposes such as baskets, medicines, wicks, and clothing. The green is for growth, health, vigor and a natural part of the Alaska environment. Tribes, ANCSA corporations and other organizations are also reflective of growth, good health, and vigor in their service to Alaska Native people and all Alaska communities.

      Table of Contents

      Part I: Background

      1.Earliest Times

      2.Early Contact

      3.The Village – A Family-Based Society

      Part II: Legal Foundations

      1.Sovereignty

      2.Doctrine of Vitoria

      3.U.S. Constitution (adopted 1787)

      4.Arrival of 18th and 19th Century Newcomers to Alaska

      5.Formal Recognition of Alaska Native Tribes (Villages)

      6.State Laws

      7.Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB)

      Part III: Tribes in Alaska: Definitions

      Part IV: Special Relationship between the U.S. Federal Government and the Alaska Native People

      1.Promote Self-Government

      2.Protect Aboriginal Lands

      3.Protect Aboriginal Subsistence

      4.Provide Social Services

      5.Promote Tribal Judicial Systems

      6.Protect Indian Children

      Part V: Tribes and Descriptions

      1.Demographics - Alaska Native and American Indian Tribes

      2.Description of Traditional and IRA Tribes

      2.a.Authority

      2.b.Members (Citizens)

      2.c.Organization Structure

      2.d.Funding

      2.e.Tax Status

      2.f.Land Base, Before 1971

      2.g.Land Base, After 1971

      2.h.Service Area or Jurisdiction

      2.i.Programs and Services

      Part VI: Unique Tribal Status: Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska (CCTHITA)

      1.Authority

      2.Members (Citizens)

      3.Organization Structure

      4.Funding

      5.Tax Status

      6.Land Base

      7.Programs and Services

      Part VII: ANCSA Corporations

      1.What the Settlement Act Did and Did Not Do

      1.a.What It Did

      1.b.What It Did Not Do

      2.Features of the Settlement Act

      2.a.Authority

      2.b.Purpose

      2.c.Incorporation

      2.d.Enrollment

      2.e.ANCSA Regions

      3.ANCSA Corporations, General

      3.a.ANCSA Regional Corporations

      3.b.ANCSA Village Corporations

      3.c.ANCSA Opt-Out Reserves

      3.d.Land Ownership

      3.e.Land Bank

      3.f.Alaska’s Lands Summary

      4.Settlement Compensation

      5.Governance

      5.a.Board of Directors

      5.b.Elections

      5.c.Shareholders

      5.d.Shareholder Benefits

      6.Business Operations

      6.a.Types of Businesses

      6.b.Revenue-Sharing

      6.c.Headquarters

      6.d.Social Conscience

      Part VIII: Nonprofit Tribal Social Service Organizations

      1.Background

      2.Governance and Operations

      2.a.Standard

      2.b.Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska

      2.c.Cook Inlet Tribal Council, Inc

      Part IX: Nonprofit Tribal Health Organizations

      1.Indian Health Service (IHS): Alaska Area

      2.Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium

      3.Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska

      4.Alaska Native Regional Health Organizations

      5.Metlakatla Indian Community, Annette Island Reserve

      6.Village Community Health Services

      Part X: Nonprofit Tribal Housing Authorities

      Part XI: ANCSA Corporation-Established Foundations

      Part XII: Culture and Museum Centers

      Part XIII: Other Alaska Native Nonprofit Organizations

      1.Advocacy

      2.Communication

      3.Cooperatives

      4.Education

      Part XIV: Summary

      Appendices

      A.States that Recognize Tribes in the United States

      B.ANCSA Village Corporations by Region

      C.Merged and Consolidated ANCSA Corporations and Dates

      D.Alaska Native Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) Tribes

      Resource References

      Books

      Websites

      Maps

      1.Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Alaska

      2.Regions Established by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971

      Timeline

      Alaska’s Earliest People

      Charts

      1.Alaska Native and American Indian Population and Tribes, 2015

      2.Tribal Reservation and ANCSA Corporation Lands, 2015

      Lists

      1.ANCSA Regional Corporations

      2.ANCSA Opt-Out Reserves

      3.Pre-ANCSA Regional Nonprofit Organizations

      4.Regional Nonprofit Organizations

      5.Alaska Native Regional Health Organizations

      6.Alaska Native Housing Authorities

      7.ANCSA Corporation-Established Foundations

      8.Alaska Native-Operated Public Radio Stations

      Part I

      Background

      Do Alaska Native tribes still exist? What do Alaska Native tribes do? I don’t understand Alaska Native corporations and other organizations. Wasn’t Alaska Native sovereignty extinguished by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)?

      This guidebook is an introduction to Alaska Native organizations – tribes, ANCSA corporations, and other Alaska Native organizations in response to those questions. Since the 1950s there has been a dramatic growth in Alaska Native organizations. This growth has been the result of new laws, federal self-determination policies, the needs of Alaska Native people in the areas of health, education, employment, and a compelling will to sustain their cultural traditions and lands.

      For some perspective, there are a few basic facts that are necessary to understand Alaska Native cultures that have evolved from the traditional subsistence family unit in Alaska over the past many centuries. For more in depth information, it is important to consult the internet, other publications, and resource people.

      1.Earliest Times

      Archaeological evidence indicates that aboriginal ¹ people migrated and settled in Alaska probably as far back as 30,000 years ago. These earliest settlers arrived at different times, mainly from the west, traveling by sea and over the most recent land bridge, perhaps the tenth one, between Siberia and Alaska 9,000–20,000 years ago.²

      These earliest subsistence travelers came by foot or canoe. Many archaeological sites throughout Alaska confirm their presence. Some of these sites are identified on the timeline, entitled Alaska’s Earliest People, compiled over the past 30 years by this writer. (See page 11.)

      2.Early Contact

      Alaska’s indigenous people first encountered the Russian sea otter fur hunters who arrived in the Aleutian Islands chain and moved eastward to Alaska’s southwestern region in the 1700s. There were about 74,000 indigenous people in Alaska during that time. Part of the legacy of the Russian period between 1746 and 1867 was the decline in the Alaska Native population. By the 1890 U.S. Census, the Alaska Native population had dropped to 23,531,

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