Synthetic Analgesics: Diphenylpropylamines
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Synthetic Analgesics - Paul A. J. Janssen
laboratory.
CHAPTER I
Analgesic
Activity in Man and in Animals
Publisher Summary
Analgesics are the compounds that are capable of relieving pain. In man, pain can be evoked by various noxious stimuli, such as heat, pressure, chemicals, and electric current. In view of the fact that pain is, by definition, a subjective sensation of mankind, it can only be studied in humans. Numerous ingenious means of inflicting pain that is quantifiable in mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical units of measurement have been devised. However, the main difficulty in interpreting the various results obtained by different authors originates from the fact that the reproducibility and standardization of the methods is a neglected problem. The first requirement for an ideal pharmacological method is that it should be reproducible by every investigator who follows exactly the directions given in a description of the method. To find out whether such descriptions exist at all, the whole problem of the standardization of pharmacological methods should be investigated by collaborative experimentation in many laboratories.
A compound is said to possess analgesic
activity when it is capable of relieving pain. Pain, of course, is a universal subjective experience of mankind, and everybody knows what is meant by it (39). Hence there is no point in trying to define this basic concept.
In man, pain can be evoked by various noxious
stimuli, such as heat, pressure, chemicals, electric current, etc. When such stimuli are applied to animals, their behaviour changes in a typical way. Generally speaking the animal either tries to avoid the stimulus by various flight reactions or, when flight is made impossible, it shows a series of reflexes, which are often interpreted as signs of discomfort. In man, the evidence on whether or not pain is relieved, is entirely based on the statement of the subject as expressed in the interview made by the observer. The nature of such statements, however, depends on several factors in constant operation, such as the willingness of the subject to talk about his feelings, the attitude of the observer towards the subject, the influence of the environment on the subject, his immediate problems, his hope or desperation and many other factors.
Obviously, therefore, the study of the influence of one single factor, such as the administration of a drug, on the statements of a given subject necessitates special techniques. The elimination of bias on the part of the subject or the observer emerges clearly as a basic and essential requirement for such studies (39). Recently, the various problems concerning the measurement of pain and relief of pain were adequately reviewed by Beecher (39).
In view of the fact that pain is, by definition, a subjective sensation of mankind, it can, strictly speaking, only be studied in humans. What we are able to study in animals is not pain itself, but the behaviour of the animal following a stimulus which provokes pain in man and also, of course, the influence of a given factor, such as the administration of a certain drug on the reactions of the animal. Rather full fists of references to the methods of producing pain
for experimental purposes are given by Beecher (39) and O. Schaumann(402). Numerous ingenious means of inflicting pain which is quantifiable in mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical units of measurement have been