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    Fundamentals of Magnetism
    Fundamentals of Magnetism
    Fundamentals of Magnetism
    Ebook502 pages2 hours

    Fundamentals of Magnetism

    By Mario Reis

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    About this ebook

    The Fundamentals of Magnetism is a truly unique reference text, that explores the study of magnetism and magnetic behavior with a depth that no other book can provide. It covers the most detailed descriptions of the fundamentals of magnetism providing an emphasis on statistical mechanics which is absolutely critical for understanding magnetic behavior. The books covers the classical areas of basic magnetism, including Landau Theory and magnetic interactions, but features a more concise and easy-to-read style.

    Perfect for upper-level graduate students and industry researchers, The Fundamentals of Magnetism provides a solid background of fundamentals with clear and in-depth explanations, in comparison to a brief overview before moving into more advanced topics. Many applications directly for the purpose of a deep understanding of magnetism and other non-cooperative phenomena help readers make the transition from theory to application and experimentation effortless. This book is the true ‘study’ of the fundamentals of magnetism, enabling readers to move into far more advance aspects of magnetism more easily.

    • Offers accessible, self-contained content without needing to seek other sources on topics like Fermion fas; angular moment algebra, etc
    • Includes over 60 pages devoted to an in-depth discussion of diamagnetism and paramagnetism, topics usually described in only few pages in other books
    • Incorporates numerous applications including Molecular Magnets and other non-cooperative phenomena
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateMay 27, 2013
    ISBN9780124058590
    Fundamentals of Magnetism

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      Book preview

      Fundamentals of Magnetism - Mario Reis

      Fundamentals of Magnetism

      First Edition

      Mario Reis

      Instituto de Física Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói, Rio de Janeiro Brazil

      Table of Contents

      Cover image

      Title page

      Copyright

      Dedication

      Preface

      List of Figures

      List of Tables

      Part One Background

      Chapter 1. Introduction

      1.1 Quantities and units

      1.2 Types of magnetic arrangement

      Chapter 2. Hamiltonian of an Electron Under an Electromagnetic Field

      2.1 Classical approach

      2.2 Quantum-relativistic approach: Dirac equation

      Complements

      Chapter 3. Angular Momenta

      3.1 Angular momentum algebra

      3.2 Addition of angular momenta

      3.3 Magnetic moment

      3.4 Angular momenta of atoms

      Complements

      References

      Chapter 4. Thermodynamics

      4.1 Thermodynamic laws

      4.2 Entropy

      4.3 Thermodynamic potentials

      4.4 Maxwell relationships

      4.5 Thermodynamic square

      4.6 Magnetic specific heat

      Chapter 5. Statistical Mechanics

      5.1 Micro canonical ensemble

      5.2 Canonical ensemble

      5.3 Indistinguishable and distinguishable particles

      5.4 Thermodynamic quantities of N distinguishable particles

      5.5 Grand canonical ensemble

      5.6 Grand partition function: further developments

      Chapter 6. Fermions Gas

      6.1 Wave function, eigenvalues, and density of states

      6.2 Grand canonical potential and thermodynamic quantities

      6.3 Fermi level and chemical potential

      6.4 High temperature limit

      Part Two Noncooperative Magnetism

      Chapter 7. Diamagnetism

      7.1 Localized diamagnetism

      7.2 Itinerant diamagnetism

      Complements

      Chapter 8. Paramagnetism

      8.1 Localized paramagnetism

      8.2 Itinerant paramagnetism

      8.3 van Vleck paramagnetism

      Complements

      References

      Part Three Cooperative Magnetism

      chapter 9. Magnetic Interactions

      9.1 Direct exchange

      9.2 Indirect exchange

      9.3 Asymmetric: Spin–orbit coupling

      9.4 Zeeman interaction

      tensor

      References

      Chapter 10. Long-Range Ordering

      10.1 Ferromagnetism

      10.2 Antiferromagnetism

      10.3 Ferrimagnetism

      Complements

      References

      Chapter 11. Landau Theory

      11.1 Fundamentals

      11.2 Second-order phase transition

      11.3 First-order phase transition

      Chapter 12. Molecular Magnetism

      12.1 Zero-dimensional magnets

      12.2 One-dimensional magnets

      12.3 Single-molecule magnets

      Complements

      References

      Part Four Appendices

      Appendix A. Useful Mathematical Functions

      Appendix B. Exercises

      Chapter 1

      Chapter 2

      Chapter 3

      Chapter 4

      Chapter 5

      Chapter 6

      Chapter 7

      Chapter 8

      Chapter 9

      Chapter 11

      Chapter 12

      Appendix C. Solution of Exercises

      Chapter 1

      Chapter 2

      Chapter 3

      Chapter 4

      Chapter 5

      Chapter 6

      Chapter 7

      Chapter 8

      Chapter 9

      Chapter 11

      Chapter 12

      Bibliography

      Index

      Copyright

      Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

      The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK

      Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands

      225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA

      525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA

      First edition 2013

      Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

      No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material.

      Notice

      No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any meth- ods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Reis, Mario, 1976–

       Fundamentals of magnetism/by Mario Reis. — First edition.

        pages cm

       Includes bibliographical references and index.

       ISBN 978-0-12-405545-2 (alk. paper)

      1. Magnetism—Textbooks. I. Title.

      QC753.2.R45 2013

      538—dc23

           2012044516

      British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

      ISBN: 978-0-12-405545-2

      For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at store.elsevier.com

      Printed and bound in USA

      13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      Dedication

      To my guides

      Preface

      This book is a consequence of (almost) twenty years working with magnetism and magnetic properties of materials. Of course, there are a plenty of books on magnet- ism; but a new book always help students, since further examples, text and figures can emphasize and guide the learning process.

      The target audience is undergraduate and graduate students, mainly those who want to follow the carrier on magnetism research. This book can also be useful for researchers of other areas, like chemistry and engineering, that need a consult and fast look on the subject.

      After study on this book, the student/researcher may be able to describe the basic difference between the magnetic orderings, namely dia-, para-, ferro-, antiferro-, and ferri-magnetic materials. In addition, the reader will also be able to identify and obtain important parameters from the experimental data (magnetization, susceptibility, and specific heat) of materials with those magnetic orderings.

      This book was designed to be self-contained. In principle, students that already attended lectures on Quantum Mechanics (QM) and Statistical Mechanics (SM) will be able to understand the presented content; however, facing any difficulty, a brief survey on the fundamentals of QM and SM is given, focused on the themes needed to understand the magnetic properties described. This survey is also useful for students that never studied QM and SM, since it goes deeper enough to give the necessary background.

      Thus, this book has three parts: the first one is a Background and discusses notation and important Hamiltonians contributions to the magnetism, as well as a review/ introduce QM and SM fundamentals. The second part deals with Non-cooperative magnetism, namely diamagnetism and paramagnetism, the most fundamental theo- ries on magnetism. Finally, the third and last part deals with Cooperative magnetism, detailing the magnetic interactions, long-range interactions, and Landau theory (this last is provided to the reader to understand first- and second-order phase transitions). This third part ends with a modern subject: molecular magnetism and its applications. The book also contains exercises to promote practice to the reader.

      Some important acknowledges: Alberto Passos Guimarães and Ivan Oliveira— authors of some books on Physics and examples to me; Vitor Bastos, Stephane Soriano, Sergio Resende, Vitor Amaral, and Alexandre Carvalho for the careful reading of the text; FAPERJ, CAPES, CNPq, and PROPPi-UFF for the financial sup- port; and for the Elsevier editorial team for the efficient support. Finally, a special acknowledgment to my family, always present in my life.

      Finally, few words on me: I was born in 1976, at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and concluded my bachelor’s degree in Physics in 1997 at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). My master’s (2000) and Ph.D (2003) degrees in Physics, more precisely on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (experimental works), were obtained at the Brazilian Center for Research on Physics (CBPF), with a traineeship at the University of Aveiro (Portugal). I then concluded two post-doctoral programs in 2006, also at University of Aveiro, and then got a position as researcher in the same university, until 2010, when I moved back to Brazil. Since then, I am professor of physics at Federal Fluminense University (UFF), at Rio de Janeiro. At the present date, I have written more than 70 scientific papers on Magnetism and an other book, entitled Magnetismo Molecular (in Portuguese). I hope my experience on this subject, as well as my close contact with students, will help to provide to the community a useful text on this interesting subject.

      Questions, comments, or criticisms are welcome. Do not hesitate to contact me:

      marior@if.uff.br

      Mario Reis

      Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

      January 2013

      List of Figures

      List of Tables

      Part One Background

      Chapter 1 Introduction

      Chapter 2 Hamiltonian of an Electron Under an Electromagnetic Field

      Chapter 3 Angular Momenta

      Chapter 4 Thermodynamics

      Chapter 5 Statistical Mechanics

      Chapter 6 Fermions Gas

      Chapter 1

      Introduction

      1.1 Quantities and units

      There are only a few quantities to be defined on magnetism; and some equations depend on the unit system chosen (thus, attention on this issue is needed). The most common systems are: SI (International System) and CGS (Centimeter-Gram-Second).

      acts on a test particle with electrical charge q . This force, known as Lorentz force, is:

      (1.1)

      (1.2)

      the electrical field (for the sake of simplicity, this last will not be considered). In the vacuum, these two quantities are related:

      (1.3)

      .

      Considering the International System (SI), the magnetic induction B , in a direction perpendicular to B . The magnetic field H (dimensionless), the magnetic induction B is measured in Gauss (G) and the magnetic field H measured in Oersted (Oe). Thus, the above equation can be rewritten as

      (1.4)

      due to a conducting ring of radius a and with an electrical current I, as depicted in Figure 1.1. To this purpose, we must use the Biot-Savart law:

      (1.5)

      with current I. Thus, for the geometry proposed in Figure 1.1, the magnetic induction at a point z above the ring main axis is:

      (1.6)

      Figure 1.1 due to a ring with electrical current.

      Still considering the example of Figure 1.1, it is possible to define the magnetic moment of the system:

      (1.7)

      (electromagnetic units, quite common in the literature, mainly to express experimental results).

      (previous discussion). Figure 1.2 compares these two situations. The magnetic field due to the magnet is then given by the dipolar expression:

      (1.8)

      Figure 1.2 Magnetic field due to a (left) ring and (right) permanent magnet.

      We

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