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    Concepts and Techniques in Genomics and Proteomics
    Concepts and Techniques in Genomics and Proteomics
    Concepts and Techniques in Genomics and Proteomics
    Ebook441 pages3 hours

    Concepts and Techniques in Genomics and Proteomics

    By N Saraswathy and P Ramalingam

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    About this ebook

    Concepts and techniques in genomics and proteomics covers the important concepts of high-throughput modern techniques used in the genomics and proteomics field. Each technique is explained with its underlying concepts, and simple line diagrams and flow charts are included to aid understanding and memory. A summary of key points precedes each chapter within the book, followed by detailed description in the subsections. Each subsection concludes with suggested relevant original references.
    • Provides definitions for key concepts
    • Case studies are included to illustrate ideas
    • Important points to remember are noted
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateJul 1, 2011
    ISBN9781908818058
    Concepts and Techniques in Genomics and Proteomics
    Author

    N Saraswathy

    Dr Nachimuthu Saraswathy is currently Associate Professor at the Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology. She teaches courses on Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering, and Plant Biotechnology, as well as Genomics and Proteomics. Dr Saraswathy gained her Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the National Centre for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi. She has published several articles in journals of biotechnology and biochemistry.

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      Book preview

      Concepts and Techniques in Genomics and Proteomics - N Saraswathy

      journals.

      1

      Introduction to genes and genomes

      Abstract:

      The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Information governing cellular activity is stored in the nucleus of the cells. In all organisms, except in few viruses, the hereditary material is the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In this chapter, a brief introduction to the building blocks of DNA and its structures is given. Many experiments that prove that DNA is the genetic material are discussed. Structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes and genomes are also dealt with.

      Key words

      chromosome

      DNA

      gene

      gene expression

      genome

      nucleosome

      operon

      ORF

      replication

      transcription

      translation

      All living forms are the lineal descendants of those which lived long before.

      Charles Darwin

      Key concepts

      •. All living organisms possess genetic material which is inherited from their parents.

      •. DNA is the genetic material in most organisms except in a few viruses.

      •. The entire genetic content present in a cell of an organism is known as the genome.

      •. The genome consists of coding and non-coding sequences of DNA.

      •. Prokaryotes have comparatively smaller genomes and are haploid. Genes of prokaryotes are organized into operons.

      •. Eukaryotes have large and complex genomes which are mostly diploid and sometimes polyploids. Genes of eukaryotes comprise exons and introns.

      •. Genetic information, which is stored in the nucleus, is used for synthesizing RNA, which, in turn, codes for a protein which executes cellular functions. This series of events is known as gene expression.

      1.1 Introduction

      Life on Earth originated about 3.5 billion years ago. Although many theories had been put forward to explain the origin of life on Earth, scientifically conclusive evidence came from the experiment by Miller and Urey. They found they could obtain several organic compounds resembling biological molecules from inorganic compounds by simulating the atmospheric conditions that prevailed on the primordial Earth. Primitive anaerobic self-living organisms were derived from early biomolecules, which are called coacervates. Today, there are about 1.75 million well-documented organisms in the world and it is estimated that about 30 million species are yet to be explored.

      Stanley Lloyd Miller (1930–2007)

      Miller, an American chemist, earned his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Chicago. He was a student of Harold Urey. He proposed a biogenesis theory and proved that biological molecules can be created from inorganic precursors through his famous Miller-Urey experiment. In fact, in 2008, it was proved that 22 amino acids could be produced using his experiment.

      Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981)

      Urey, an American physical chemist, received the Nobel Prize in 1934, for his work on isotopes in deuterium (heavy water); he also played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb. Along with his student, Stanley Miller, he proposed the formation of organic molecules from inorganic compounds.

      1.2 The cell

      The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. In the seventeenth century, Robert Hooke discovered cells when he was observing cork, which he described as having a honeycomb-like structure. The information for life and heredity is stored in the cells of living organisms. Based on the structure of the nucleus, living organisms are grouped into two broad categories, the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, the genetic material is not contained in a true nucleus, as opposed to eukaryotes, in which the genetic material is stored in a separate well-organized membrane bound organelle, called the nucleus (Figure 1.1).

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