Modeling and Analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Energy Systems
By Lingling Fan and Zhixin Miao
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About this ebook
Wind Energy Systems: Modeling, Analysis and Control with DFIG provides key information on machine/converter modelling strategies based on space vectors, complex vector, and further frequency-domain variables. It includes applications that focus on wind energy grid integration, with analysis and control explanations with examples.
For those working in the field of wind energy integration examining the potential risk of stability is key, this edition looks at how wind energy is modelled, what kind of control systems are adopted, how it interacts with the grid, as well as suitable study approaches.
Not only giving principles behind the dynamics of wind energy grid integration system, but also examining different strategies for analysis, such as frequency-domain-based and state-space-based approaches.
- Focuses on real and reactive power control
- Supported by PSCAD and Matlab/Simulink examples
- Considers the difference in control objectives between ac drive systems and grid integration systems
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Modeling and Analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Energy Systems - Lingling Fan
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Abstract
In this chapter, wind energy integration issues are separated into two categories based on time scales: operation issues that are in the time scale of hours, and dynamic issues that are in the time scale of seconds. The focus of the book is to introduce modeling and analysis of wind farms to investigate the dynamic issues. The structure of the book and the contents of each chapter are presented.
Keyword
Wind energy grid integration
1.1 WIND ENERGY INTEGRATION ISSUES 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK 3
1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK 4
REFERENCES 6
1.1 Wind Energy Integration Issues
Integration issues related to wind energy can be roughly categorized into two types based on time scales: operation issues and dynamic issues. Operation issues relate to a long-term time scale, e.g., hours, days, or weeks. Operating the system and dispatching synchronous generators while accommodating intermittent wind energy at hourly base or daily base is an example. For this type of research, wind farms’ generation profiles of hours and days are of study interest. This type of problems belongs to the category of operations research. Optimization problems are usually formulated and solved. Example research can be found in [1–3]. In [1], a 24-hour unit commitment problem based on hourly generation, load, and wind profiles is formulated to evaluate the impact of wind penetration on market price. An economic dispatch problem with wind energy is presented in [2], where the stochastic nature of wind power is modeled based on wind speed Weibull probability distribution function. In [3], a short-term forward electricity market clearing problem is formulated with uncertain wind.
Compared to operation issues, dynamic issues are of very short time scales. For example, the time-scale of inter-area oscillations and electromechanical resonances is tens of seconds. The time scale of electric resonances is be even shorter.
Based on the above classification, many issues related to wind energy grid integration are dynamic issues, e.g., low voltage ride through, subsynchronous resonances (SSR), frequency support from wind, and control coordination of wind and high voltage direct current (HVDC) delivery systems. Dynamic modeling of wind energy system is important to approach this type of research. For example, in [4, 5], dynamic models of an induction machine are used to investigate the effect of stator voltage drop on transients in rotor voltages and currents. In our research on SSR in Type-3 wind farms with series-compensated networks [6], dynamic models of a Type-3 wind energy system and the grid were built. Analysis and simulation were conducted based on this model. In [7], frequency support schemes from wind energy system are validated through dynamic model-based simulation in the time scale of tens of seconds. Dynamic model-based simulation is also employed when designing DFIG (doubly fed induction generator) and HVDC control coordination [8].
To be able to investigate the aforementioned issues, we need a good understanding of the dynamic models of wind energy systems as well as the grid. Compared to conventional power systems where synchronous generators are the main source, wind energy systems include both rotating machines and power converter interfaces. Thus, modeling has to capture power converter control dynamics as well as the electromagnetic and electromechanical dynamics of AC machines. In conventional power systems, electromechanical dynamics (e.g., low-frequency oscillations) and torsional interactions between the turbine mechanical systems and the electric systems are expected. In wind energy systems, inclusion of converters could introduce resonances due to converter-grid interactions and machine-converter interactions. Investigation of emerging dynamic phenomena requires adequate dynamic models of wind energy systems.
Wind turbines are classified into four types based on AC generator type and converter type [9]. Type-1 systems deploy induction machines and work at a fixed wind speed. Type-2 wind turbines use wound rotor induction generators with rotor resistance control. Type-3 and Type-4 wind turbines are called variable speed fixed frequency wind generators. These generators can work at variable wind speed and produce fixed frequency electricity. Type-3 wind generator uses doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with a partial converter interface, which connects the rotor side to the grid through a back-to-back converter (a rotor-side converter (RSC) and a grid-side converter (GSC) connected via a DC-link capacitor), as shown in Fig. 1.1. Type-4 wind generator uses permanent magnet synchronous generator with a full-converter