The pineal gland
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The pineal gland - D'avino Fulvio
39
The pineal gland: Anatomy - Ontogeny - Phylogeny
The pineal gland or epiphysis (from greek epi-fysin which means ‘above the nature’) is a endocrine gland placed in the epithalamus, between the diencephalon and the third ventricle towards whom it is connected to the cerebral spinal fluid.
It is located between the two hemispheres, in the centre of the brain. Surrounded by the limbic system, its base is connected to the thalamus.
FIGURE 1
Pineal Gland anatomy
It looks like an hazel nut, has a 10 mm diameter and 150 - 200 mg weight. Its color is dark red and its form similar to a pinecone, hence its name.
It receives the most important blood inflow of any other human body gland due to its high and very significant vascularization.
From an histological point of view, its body is made by pinealocytes cells,
neuroglia derivates whose form is round shape, star like or polygonal, assembled in cords called nests, and also by intertitials cells.
In its interior, there are photoreceptors (‘sticks’) similar to those present in the retina.
FIGURE 2
Epiphysis seen at the microscope
During the first months of life, the epiphysiolysis hormone production is at its maximum level. It gradually decreases in the following 12 years, till it arrives to be halved at the age of 45.
It is at 7 years old that it starts a calcification process due to a deposit of minerals in the gland that allows the pine cone to be visible to X rays. They are composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate which form hidroxyapatite crystals or microcalcite, so called pineal gland sand. The hidroxyapatite crystals has piezoelectric properties able to transform vibrations into electrical impulses.
The pineal gland is visible in the fetus at the 49th day (seventh week) of pregnancy, when sexual differentiated characters are formed. According to Tibetan tradition, this period coincides with the migration of the soul in the body.
In terms of evolution, related to the ancient animal species, the epiphysis was raised and reached the superior part