Operational Art In The Korean War: A Comparison Between General MacArthur And General Walker
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The monograph provides insight in the relationship between the commander’s personality, his previous operational experiences, and his preference for a particular type of operational approach.
Major Remco van Ingen
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Operational Art In The Korean War - Major Remco van Ingen
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Text originally published in 2013 under the same title.
© Pickle Partners Publishing 2015, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.
Publisher’s Note
Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.
We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.
OPERATIONAL ART IN THE KOREAN WAR: A COMPARISON BETWEEN GENERAL MACARTHUR AND GENERAL WALKER
by
Major Remco van Ingen
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
ABSTRACT 5
ACRONYMS 6
ILLUSTRATIONS 7
INTRODUCTION 8
Synopsis of Operations Prior to Crossing 38th Parallel 9
Focus of this Monograph 11
Review of existing research 11
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OPERATIONAL APPROACHES 13
General MacArthur 13
General Walker 19
OPERATIONAL ART 26
Problem Statement and Center of Gravity 26
General MacArthur’s Operational Approach 26
General Walker’s Operational Approach 31
CONCLUSION 36
REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 38
BIBLIOGRAPHY 39
ABSTRACT
This monograph addresses operational art during a specific period of the Korean War. Both General Walton Walker and General Douglas MacArthur developed operational approaches to unify Korea when the decision was made to cross the 38th parallel into North Korea. General MacArthur’s approach used two major ground commands, was more daring, but more complicated. General Walker, on the other hand suggested an approach under one unified ground commander, seemed more methodical, and less daring. Ultimately, General MacArthur’s approach was the one executed. The X Corps amphibious assault did not bring the anticipated result. The out loading of X Corps, in preparation for the assault took longer than anticipated and the enemy had mined the sea approaches to Wonsan. These two factors combined with an unsynchronized ground attack by I ROK Corps eliminated the chance of a successful envelopment.
The monograph provides insight in the relationship between the commander’s personality, his previous operational experiences, and his preference for a particular type of operational approach.
ACRONYMS
CINCUNC—Commander in Chief United Nations Command
FEC—Far Eastern Command
LOCs—Lines of Communications
NKPA—North Korean—People’s Army
ROK—Republic of Korea
SWPA—South West Pacific Area
UNC—United Nations Command
UNSC—United Nations Security Council
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1: Sketch of principle of Operational Approaches.
INTRODUCTION
In operational terms, Korea was a very important war, a bridge between the immense conventional battles of World War II, with their clear-cut sense of winning and losing, and the long twilight struggle that the United States had recently decided to undertake as a result of the Truman Doctrine. It was the first battle in the American war on communism; it would not be the last.
—Robert M. Citino, Blitzkrieg to Desert Storm: The Evolution of Operational Warfare
The U.S. military, in particular, went from disaster to decisive victory to disaster—all in the short space of five months.
—Robert M. Citino, Blitzkrieg to Desert Storm: The Evolution of Operational Warfare"
On June 25, 1950, the North Korean People’s Army (NKPA) attacked the Republic of Korea (ROK) by crossing the 38th parallel with 135,000 men.{1} The Soviet trained NKPA forces quickly overran ROK positions.{2} Unable to stem the tide, the South Korean President, Syngman Rhee requested support from the United States.{3} During a speech at the National Press Club on January 12, 1950, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, had not mentioned the ROK to be within the Defensive Perimeter in the Far East.{4} Even so, President Harry S. Truman and key members of his cabinet started discussing options to counter the communist aggression quickly after learning about the North Korean aggression. At a crisis meeting in the Blair House on June 26, 1950, President Truman made his initial decisions to support South Korea, in anticipation of a United Nations Security Council Resolution.{5} President Truman and the members of his National Security Council (NSC) assumed that Soviet communist expansionism incited the North Korean aggression. This view was in line with the conclusion of report NSC-68. The attack on South Korea formed the confirmation