Common Spiders of North America
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About this ebook
Arachnids are among the most diverse groups of terrestrial invertebrates, yet they are among the least studied and understood. This is the most comprehensive field guide to all 68 spider families in North America, with beautiful illustrations of 469 of the most commonly encountered species. Group keys enable accurate identification by web pattern, morphology, and other observable details, and species descriptions include tips to help everyday naturalists identify spiders, as well as their common names, typical habitat, geographic distribution, and behavioral notes. A concise illustrated introduction to spider biology and anatomy explains spider relationships. Featuring 82 gorgeous color plates, this book is an accessible and detailed resource for curious naturalists who want to understand this ubiquitous and ecologically critical component of our biosphere.
Richard A. Bradley
Richard Bradley is Associate Professor Emeritus in the Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at The Ohio State University. He earned his Ph.D. in Biology at the University of New Mexico, studying the population biology of scorpions, and has been an active researcher and teacher since 1972, publishing on the behavior and ecology of birds, scorpions, and spiders.
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Common Spiders of North America - Richard A. Bradley
COMMON SPIDERS OF NORTH AMERICA
The purpose of the American Arachnological Society is to further the study of Arachnids worldwide, foster closer cooperation and understanding between amateur and professional arachnologists, and to publish the Journal of Arachnology. http://www.americanarachnology.org/
COMMON SPIDERS
of NORTH AMERICA
Richard A. Bradley
Illustrations by Steve Buchanan
Sponsored by the American Arachnological Society
University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
©2013 by The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bradley, Richard Alan.
Common spiders of North America / Richard A. Bradley ; illustrations by Steve Buchanan ; sponsored by the American Arachnological Society.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-520-27488-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
eISBN 978-0-520-95450-2
1. Spiders—North America—Identification. I. Buchanan, Steve. II. American Arachnological Society. III. Title.
QL458.41.A1B73 2013
595.4'8097—dc23 2012018390
Manufactured in China
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 2002) (Permanence of Paper).
Cover illustration: Steve Buchanan.
TO MY PARENTS, MARJORIE AND WESLEY BRADLEY,
FOR FOSTERING A DEEP RESPECT AND CURIOSITY ABOUT
THE NATURAL WORLD,
AND MY BROTHER, DAVE,
FOR SHARING MANY JOYFUL HOURS
EXPLORING AND CELEBRATING WILD PLACES.
CONTENTS
List of Plates
Color Plates
Preface and Acknowledgments
Finding, Studying, and Identifying Spiders
SPIDERS: AN INTRODUCTION
FINDING AND STUDYING SPIDERS
IDENTIFYING SPIDERS
KEYS TO FAMILIES WITHIN GROUPS
Under Debris Group
Space-filling Web Group
Sheet Weavers Group
Orb-shaped Web Group
Funnel-shaped Web Group
Six-eyed Spiders Group
Jumping Spiders Group
Crablike Spiders Group
Surface Hunters Group
Ground Hunters Group
Foliage Hunters Group
Mygalomorph Group
Tiny Spiders Group
Spider Accounts
FAMILY AGELENIDAE • funnel weavers
FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE • hackledmesh weavers
FAMILY AMPHINECTIDAE • amphinectids
FAMILY ANAPIDAE • ground orbweavers
FAMILY ANTRODIAETIDAE • foldingdoor trapdoor spiders
FAMILY ANYPHAENIDAE • ghost spiders
FAMILY ARANEIDAE • orbweavers
FAMILY ATYPIDAE • purseweb spiders
FAMILY CAPONIIDAE • bright lungless spiders
FAMILY CLUBIONIDAE • sac spiders
FAMILY CORINNIDAE • antmimic spiders
FAMILY CTENIDAE • wandering spiders
FAMILY CTENIZIDAE • trapdoor spiders
FAMILY CYBAEIDAE • soft spiders
FAMILY CYRTAUCHENIIDAE (NOW EUCTENIZIDAE) • waferlid trapdoor spiders
FAMILY DEINOPIDAE • ogrefaced spiders
FAMILY DESIDAE • desids
FAMILY DICTYNIDAE • meshweavers
FAMILY DIGUETIDAE • desertshrub spiders
FAMILY DIPLURIDAE • funnelweb spiders
FAMILY DYSDERIDAE • woodlouse spiders
FAMILY FILISTATIDAE • crevice weavers
FAMILY GNAPHOSIDAE • stealthy ground spiders
FAMILY HAHNIIDAE • combtailed spiders
FAMILY HERSILIIDAE • longspinneret spiders
FAMILY HOMALONYCHIDAE • dusty desert spiders
FAMILY HYPOCHILIDAE • lampshade weavers
FAMILY LEPTONETIDAE • midget cave spiders
FAMILY LINYPHIIDAE • sheetweb weavers
FAMILY LIOCRANIDAE • spinylegged sac spiders
FAMILY LYCOSIDAE • wolf spiders
FAMILY MECICOBOTHRIIDAE • midget funnelweb tarantulas
FAMILY MIMETIDAE • pirate spiders
FAMILY MITURGIDAE • prowling spiders
FAMILY MYSMENIDAE • dwarf cobweb weavers
FAMILY NEMESIIDAE • wishbone spiders
FAMILY NESTICIDAE • cave cobweb spiders
FAMILY OCHYROCERATIDAE • midget ground weavers
FAMILY OECOBIIDAE • flatmesh weavers
FAMILY OONOPIDAE • goblin spiders
FAMILY OXYOPIDAE • lynx spiders
FAMILY PHILODROMIDAE • running crab spiders
FAMILY PHOLCIDAE • cellar spiders
FAMILY PIMOIDAE • large hammockweb spiders
FAMILY PISAURIDAE • nursery web spiders
FAMILY PLECTREURIDAE • spurlipped spiders
FAMILY PRODIDOMIDAE • prodidomids
FAMILY SALTICIDAE • jumping spiders
FAMILY SCYTODIDAE • spitting spiders
FAMILY SEGESTRIIDAE • tubeweb spiders
FAMILY SELENOPIDAE • flatties
FAMILY SICARIIDAE • sixeyed brown spiders
FAMILY SPARASSIDAE • huntsman spiders
FAMILY SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE • dwarf orbweavers
FAMILY TELEMIDAE • longlegged cave spiders
FAMILY TENGELLIDAE • tengellids
FAMILY TETRAGNATHIDAE • longjawed orbweavers
FAMILY THERAPHOSIDAE • tarantulas
FAMILY THERIDIIDAE • cobweb weavers
FAMILY THERIDIOSOMATIDAE • ray orbweavers
FAMILY THOMISIDAE • crab spiders
FAMILY TITANOECIDAE • rock weavers
FAMILY TRECHALEIDAE • longlegged water spiders
FAMILY ULOBORIDAE • hackled orbweavers
FAMILY ZODARIIDAE • zodariids
FAMILY ZORIDAE • zorids
FAMILY ZOROCRATIDAE • zorocratids
FAMILY ZOROPSIDAE • zoropsids
Glossary
References
Index
For a printable scale showing relative sizes of spiders, download a PDF from www.ucpress.edu/go/commonspiders.
List of Plates
PLATES AND GROUPS
Plates 1–4, Mygalomorph Spiders
Plates 5–20, Orb-shaped Web Builders
Plates 21–29, Space-filling Web Builders
Plates 30–33, Funnel-shaped Web Builders
Plates 34–35, Spiders Found under Debris
Plates 36–38, Foliage Hunters
Plates 39–55, Ground Hunters
Plates 56–57, Surface Hunters
Plates 58–69, Jumping Spiders
Plates 70–75, Crablike Spiders
Plate 76, Six-eyed Spiders
Plates 77–79, Sheet Weavers
Plates 80–82, Tiny Spiders
PLATE 1
MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS: PURSEWEB SPIDERS AND FOLDINGDOOR SPIDERS
Antrodiaetus riversi, turret spider, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 17–18 mm, Male TBL 13–15 mm
Antrodiaetus unicolor, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 20 mm, Male TBL 17 mm
Sphodros abboti, adult female, adult male, tube web against tree trunk
Female TBL 13.0 mm, Male TBL 9.8 mm
Sphodros rufipes, redlegged purseweb spider, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 24.0–25.0 mm, Male TBL 14.5 mm
PLATE 2
MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS: FOLDINGDOOR SPIDERS AND TRAPDOOR SPIDERS
Aliatypus californicus, adult female
Female TBL 12.5–23.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–12.0 mm
Bothriocyrtum californicum, California trapdoor spider, adult female and trapdoor
Female TBL 25–33 mm, Male TBL 15–24 mm
Cyclocosmia truncata, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 33 mm, Male TBL 19 mm
Ummidia audouini, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 28 mm, Male TBL 15 mm
PLATE 3
MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS: FUNNELWEB SPIDERS, MIDGET FUNNELWEB SPIDERS, AND WAFERLID TRAPDOOR SPIDERS
Aptostichus simus, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 12–18 mm, Male TBL 9–12 mm
Euagrus comstocki, adult female
Female TBL 11–15 mm, Male TBL 8–13 mm
Hexura picea, adult female
Female TBL 8.5–12.0 mm, Male TBL 8.0–8.5 mm
Megahexura fulva, adult female
Female TBL 13–18 mm, Male TBL 8–13 mm
Microhexura idahoana, adult female
Female TBL 2.9–5.6 mm, Male TBL 3.1–4.5 mm
Myrmekiaphila comstocki, adult female
Female TBL 23.5–25.0 mm, Male TBL 16.5 mm
PLATE 4
MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS: TARANTULAS, WISHBONE SPIDERS, AND CREVICE WEAVERS
Aphonopelma chalcodes, desert blonde tarantula, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 62 mm, Male TBL 55 mm
Aphonopelma moderatum, Rio Grande gold tarantula, adult female
Female TBL 28–29 mm, Male TBL 29 mm
Aphonopelma hentzi, Texas brown tarantula, adult female
Female TBL 44–58 mm, Male TBL 38–52 mm
Brachythele longitarsis, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 18–46 mm, Male TBL 15–18 mm
Kukulcania hibernalis, southern house spider, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 13–19 mm, Male TBL 9–10 mm
PLATE 5
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH SPINY ABDOMENS
Gasteracantha cancriformis, spinybacked spider, adult female black-and-white form, adult female red-spined form, adult female yellow-bodied form, adult male
Female TBL 5.8–8.6 mm, Male TBL 1.9–2.7 mm
Kaira alba, frilled orbweaver, adult female, adult male below
Female TBL 6.5–7.3 mm, Male TBL 2.6–3.0 mm
Micrathena gracilis, spined micrathena, adult male, adult female black-and-white form, adult female yellow form
Female TBL 7.0–11.0 mm, Male TBL 4.2–5.1 mm
Micrathena mitrata, white micrathena, adult female
Female TBL 4.7–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.7 mm
Micrathena sagittata, arrowshaped micrathena, adult female
Female TBL 5.4–8.6 mm, Male TBL 4.2–5.9 mm
PLATE 6
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH LUMPY ABDOMENS
Acanthepeira stellata, starbellied orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 7.0–15.1 mm, Male TBL 5.1–8.1 mm
Colphepeira catawba, adult female
Female TBL 2.2–3.8 mm, Male TBL 1.6–2.2 mm
Ocrepeira ectypa, asterisk spider, adult female
Female TBL 5.2–9.4 mm, Male TBL 5.4–7.2 mm
Scoloderus nigriceps, ladderweb spider, adult female
Female TBL 3.2–4.3 mm, Male TBL 2.3–2.8 mm
Verrucosa arenata, triangulate orbweaver, adult female black-and-white form, adult male orange form, adult female black-and-yellow form, adult female red-and-yellow form
Female TBL 5.0–9.5 mm, Male TBL 4.0–6.1 mm
Wagneriana tauricornis, adult female
Female TBL 4.3–6.1 mm, Male TBL 3.3–5.8 mm
PLATE 7
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: TRASHLINE ORBWEAVERS AND BOLAS SPIDERS
Allocyclosa bifurca, adult female
Female TBL 5.1–9.0 mm, Male TBL 1.8 mm
Cyclosa conica, trashline orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 3.6–7.9 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.9 mm
Cyclosa turbinata, humped trashline orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 3.3–5.2 mm, Male TBL 2.1–3.2 mm
Mastophora cornigera, southern bolas spider, adult female, egg case, adult male
Female TBL 8.8–14.0 mm, Male TBL 1.6–1.7 mm
Mastophora hutchinsoni, cornfield bolas spider, adult female hunting, egg case, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 6.2–10.4 mm, Male TBL 1.7 mm
Mastophora phrynosoma, toadlike bolas spider, adult female, egg case
Female TBL 8.3–12.3 mm, Male TBL 1.5–1.7 mm
PLATE 8
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH ANGULATE ABDOMENS
Araneus andrewsi, adult female
Female TBL 11–22 mm, Male TBL 8–11 mm
Araneus bicentenarius, lichenmarked orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 21–28 mm, Male TBL 7 mm
Araneus cavaticus, barn orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 13–22 mm, Male TBL 10–19 mm
Araneus diadematus, cross orbweaver, adult female orange form, adult male orange form
Female TBL 6.5–20.0 mm, Male TBL 5.7–13.0 mm
Araneus gemmoides, plains orbweaver, adult female plain form, adult female marked form
Female TBL 13.0–25.0 mm, Male TBL 5.4–7.9 mm
Araneus nordmanni, adult female brown form, adult black-and-white form
Female TBL 7–19 mm, Male TBL 6–10 mm
Araneus saevus, adult female
Female TBL 11–17 mm, Male TBL 9–11 mm
PLATE 9
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: LARGE ORBWEAVERS WITH OVOID ABDOMENS
Araneus iviei, orange orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 8.5–12.0 mm, Male TBL 5.0–7.0 mm
Araneus marmoreus, marbled orbweaver, adult female yellow form, adult female orange form, adult female mottled form, adult female foliate form, adult female yellow form ventral view
Female TBL 9.0–18.0 mm, Male TBL 5.9 mm
Araneus trifolium, shamrock orbweaver, adult female red form, adult female pale form, adult female yellow form, adult female green form, adult male
Female TBL 9–20 mm, Male TBL 5–8 mm
Larinioides cornutus, furrow orbweaver, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 6.5–14.0 mm, Male TBL 4.7–8.5 mm
Larinioides patagiatus, adult female
Female TBL 5.5–11.0 mm, Male TBL 5.8–6.5 mm
Larinioides sclopetarius, bridge orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 8–14 mm, Male TBL 6–7 mm
PLATE 10
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: SMALL GREEN ORBWEAVERS
Araneus cingulatus, adult female green form, adult female redmask form
Female TBL 4.6–6.0 mm, Male TBL 2.7–3.5 mm
Araneus detrimentosis, adult female
Female TBL 4.0–6.0 mm, Male TBL 2.5–4.2 mm
Araneus guttulatus, adult female
Female TBL 3.8–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.9–4.8 mm
Araneus juniperi, adult female
Female TBL 2.5–5.2 mm, Male TBL 3.2–4.6 mm
Araneus niveus, adult female
Female TBL 3.2–5.0 mm, Male TBL 2.9–4.3 mm
PLATE 11
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: SMALL ORBWEAVERS WITH DISTINCTIVELY MARKED ABDOMENS
Araneus bispinosus, adult female
Female TBL 4.1–6.8 mm, Male TBL 3.2–5.0 mm
Araneus miniatus, adult female
Female TBL 3.0–4.7 mm, Male TBL 2.5–3.7 mm
Araneus montereyensis, adult female reddish form, adult female brown form, adult female bicolored form
Female TBL 3.2–5.5 mm, Male TBL 3.5–3.6 mm
Araneus partitus, adult female
Female TBL 3.3–4.3 mm, Male TBL 2.7–3.3 mm
Araneus pegnia, adult female
Female TBL 3.5–8.2 mm, Male TBL 2.5–4.9 mm
Araneus thaddeus, lattice orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 5.9–8.0 mm, Male TBL 3.7–5.7 mm
PLATE 12
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: SMALL ORBWEAVERS WITH SPOTTED ABDOMENS
Araniella displicata, sixspotted orbweaver, adult female pale form, adult female red form
Female TBL 4.8–7.2 mm, Male TBL 4.0–5.0 mm
Glenognatha foxi, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 1.6–2.6 mm, Male TBL 1.4–2.2 mm
Genus Mangora: The spiders of the genus Mangora are small spiny orbweavers with tufts of long, thin sensory hairs (trichobothria) on the front edge of the tibiae of leg III.
Mangora gibberosa, lined orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 3.4–4.8 mm, Male TBL 2.6–3.2 mm
Mangora maculata, greenlegged orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 3.6–5.5 mm, Male TBL 2.7–4.0 mm
Mangora placida, tuftlegged orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 2.3–4.5 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.8 mm
Mangora spiculata, adult female
Female TBL 2.4–4.3 mm, Male TBL 1.9–2.2 mm
PLATE 13
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH A DISTINCT FOLIUM ON THE ABDOMEN
Acacesia hamata, difoliate orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 4.7–9.1 mm, Male TBL 3.6–4.8 mm
Azilia affinis, adult female Florida form
Female TBL 6.9–9.9 mm, Male TBL 5.2–6.9 mm
Eustala anastera, humpbacked orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 5.4–10.0 mm, Male TBL 3.9–9.5 mm
Metazygia calix, adult female
Female TBL 3.9–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.8–4.0 mm
Metepeira labyrinthea, labyrinth spider, adult female
Female TBL 4.0–8.6 mm, Male TBL 3.0–6.8 mm
Zygiella x-notata, opensector orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 7.4–8.7 mm, Male TBL 6.0–6.5 mm
PLATE 14
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: SMALL ORBWEAVERS WITH OVAL ABDOMENS AND THICKJAWED ORBWEAVER
Araneus pratensis, openfield orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 3.8–5.0 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.5 mm
Hypsosinga pygmaea, adult female
Female TBL 2.9–3.9 mm, Male TBL 2.2–2.6 mm
Hypsosinga rubens, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 7.4–8.7 mm, Male TBL 6.0–6.5 mm
Pachygnatha furcillata, thickjawed orbweaver, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5.2–6.2 mm, Male TBL 4.6–5.9 mm
Singa eugeni, adult female
Female TBL 4.3–6.5 mm, Male TBL 3.6–5.4 mm
Singa keyserlingi, adult female
Female TBL 5.1–6.0 mm, Male TBL 2.3–4.0 mm
PLATE 15
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS; NEOSCONA AND ERIOPHORA
Eriophora ravilla, tropical orbweaver, adult male, adult female spotted form, adult female plain form
Female TBL 12–24 mm, Male TBL 9–13 mm
Neoscona arabesca, arabesque orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 5.2–7.7 mm, Male TBL 4.2–5.9 mm
Neoscona crucifera, arboreal orbweaver, adult female bold form, adult female plain form, adult male
Female TBL 8.5–19.7 mm, Male TBL 4.5–15.0 mm
Neoscona domiciliorum, adult female
Female TBL 7.2–16.2 mm, Male TBL 8.0–9.0 mm
Neoscona oaxacensis, western spotted orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 8.9–18.0 mm, Male TBL 6.3–12.7 mm
Neoscona pratensis, marsh orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 6.5–10.2 mm, Male TBL 6.7–7.9 mm
PLATE 16
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH LONG ABDOMENS; NEPHILA AND LEUCAUGE
Aculepeira packardi, adult female
Female TBL 5.6–16.5 mm, Male TBL 5.0–8.9 mm
Larinia directa, adult female
Female TBL 4.8–11.7 mm, Male TBL 4.5–6.5 mm
Leucauge argyra, adult female
Female TBL 4.5–10 mm, Male TBL 4.1–6.3 mm
Leucauge venusta, orchard spider, adult female
Female TBL 3.7–8.0 mm, Male TBL 3.2–5.1 mm
Mecynogea lemniscata, basilica orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 6.0–9.0 mm, Male TBL 5.0–6.9 mm
Nephila clavipes, golden silk orbweaver, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 19–34 mm, Male TBL 5–8 mm
PLATE 17
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: GARDEN SPIDERS; GEA AND DOLICHOGNATHA
Argiope argentata, silver garden spider, adult female
Female TBL 12.0–16.0 mm, Male TBL 3.7–4.7 mm
Argiope aurantia, black-and-yellow garden spider, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 19–28 mm, Male TBL 5–8 mm
Argiope florida, Florida garden spider, adult female
Female TBL 12.5–18.0 mm, Male TBL 5.1–6.7 mm
Argiope trifasciata, banded garden spider, adult female
Female TBL 15.0–25.0 mm, Male TBL 4.0–5.5 mm
Dolichognatha pentagona, adult female
Female TBL 2.6–4.0 mm, Male TBL 2.6–3.2 mm
Gea heptagon, adult female
Female TBL 4.5–5.8 mm, Male TBL 2.6–4.3 mm
PLATE 18
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: LONGJAWED ORBWEAVERS
Metellina mimetoides, adult female
Female TBL 3.3–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.1–4.9 mm
Metleucauge eldorado, adult female
Female TBL 8.8–11.3 mm, Male TBL 7.8–11.7 mm
Tetragnatha elongata, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 8.2–13.2 mm, Male TBL 4.8–10.5 mm
Tetragnatha guatemalensis, adult female
Female TBL 5.4–11.5 mm, Male TBL 5.2–10.2 mm
Tetragnatha laboriosa, silver longjawed orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 5.2–9.0 mm, Male TBL 3.8–7.4 mm
Tetragnatha versicolor, adult female
Female TBL 5.4–13.3 mm, Male TBL 4.3–9.2 mm
Tetragnatha viridis, green longjawed orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 5.7–7.4 mm, Male TBL 4.4–6.7 mm
PLATE 19
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: HACKLED ORBWEAVERS
Hyptiotes cavatus, triangle weaver, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 2.3–3.8 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.6 mm
Miagrammopes mexicanus, Mexican stickspider, adult female
Female TBL 9 mm, Male TBL 7 mm
Octonoba sinensis, adult female
Female TBL 3.0–5.8 mm, Male TBL 2.8–3.3 mm
Philoponella oweni, adult female
Female TBL 10.3 mm, Male TBL 7.7 mm
Siratoba referens, adult female
Female TBL 2.8 mm, Male TBL 2.5 mm
Uloborus glomosus, featherlegged orbweaver, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 2.8–4.3 mm, Male TBL 2.3–3.2 mm
Zosis geniculata, adult female
Female TBL 5.2–8.3 mm, Male TBL 4.2–5.5 mm
PLATE 20
ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: TINY ORBWEAVERS; META
Anapistula secreta, adult female
Female TBL 0.2–0.5 mm, Male TBL 0.2–0.4 mm
Gertschanapis shantzi, adult female
Female TBL 1.0–1.5 mm, Male TBL 1.0–1.5 mm
Meta ovalis, cave orbweaver, adult female
Female TBL 8.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 8.0–9.5 mm
Microdipoena guttata, adult female
Female TBL 0.9–1.1 mm, Male TBL 0.7–0.9 mm
Theridiosoma gemmosum, ray orbweaver, egg case, adult female
Female TBL 2.7 mm, Male TBL 1.6 mm
PLATE 21
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: MESHWEAVERS; DICTYNA AND EMBLYNA
Dictyna bostoniensis, adult female
Female TBL 3.1–3.8 mm, Male TBL 2.2–2.7 mm
Dictyna coloradensis, adult female
Female TBL 3.8 mm, Male TBL 3.2 mm
Dictyna foliacea, adult female, adult male with chelicerae partly spread
Female TBL 2.0–2.7 mm, Male TBL 1.7–2.1 mm
Dictyna volucripes, adult female
Female TBL 3.4–4.2 mm, Male TBL 2.8–3.3 mm
Emblyna annulipes, adult female
Female TBL 2.9–4.4 mm, Male TBL 2.4–3.8 mm
Emblyna sublata, adult female
Female TBL 2.3–3.7 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.5 mm
PLATE 22
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: MESHWEAVERS; DIGUETIA
Diguetia canities, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 5.0–6.8 mm
Mallos pallidus, adult female
Female TBL 2.3–5.0 mm, Male TBL 3.0 mm
Mexitlia trivittata, adult female
Female TBL 4.8–8.0 mm, Male TBL 4.0–5.7 mm
Nigma linsdalei, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 3.0 mm, Male TBL 2.8 mm
Phantyna bicornis, adult female
Female TBL 2.6–3.0 mm, Male TBL 2.3–2.5 mm
Saltonia incerta, adult female
Female TBL 2.5–4.5 mm, Male TBL 3.3 mm
PLATE 23
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: CELLAR SPIDERS
Some of these are illustrated with abbreviated legs to permit room for larger view of the body. All of the spiders in this family have long thin legs, similar to those shown for Pholcus.
Artema atlanta, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 9.5 mm
Crossopriza lyoni, adult female
Female TBL 5–9 mm, Male TBL 4–8 mm
Holocnemus pluchei, marbled cellar spider, adult female
Female TBL 5–9 mm, Male TBL 5–7 mm
Pholcophora americana, adult female
Female TBL 2.1–2.6 mm, Male TBL 2.2 mm
Pholcus phalangioides, longbodied cellar spider, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 7.0–9.0 mm, Male TBL 6.0–7.5 mm
Physocyclus californicus, adult female
Female TBL 5.3–7.0 mm, Male TBL 4.8–6.0 mm
Psilochorus hesperus, adult female
Female TBL 2.9–3.7 mm, Male TBL 1.8–3.1 mm
Spermophora senoculata, shortbodied cellar spider, adult female
Female TBL 2.0 mm, Male TBL 1.6 mm
PLATE 24
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS WITH TAN OR BROWN TEARDROP-SHAPED ABDOMENS
Cryptachaea porteri, adult female
Female TBL 2.2 – 4.9 mm, Male TBL 1.6 – 2.8 mm
Eidmannella pallida, adult female
Female TBL 3.0 – 4.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5 mm
Hentziectypus globosus, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 1.6 – 2.0 mm, Male TBL 1.2 – 1.8 mm
Nesticus silvestrii, adult female
Female TBL 3.7 – 5.0 mm, Male TBL 4.0 mm
Parasteatoda tabulata, adult female
Female TBL 5.9 mm, Male TBL 4.1 mm
Parasteatoda tepidariorum, common house spider, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5.0 – 7.0 mm, Male TBL 3.8 – 4.7 mm
PLATE 25
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS WITH UNUSUALLY SHAPED ABDOMENS
Argyrodes elevatus, dewdrop spider, adult female
Female TBL 3.4–5.2 mm, Male TBL 3.3–4.0 mm
Episinus amoenus, adult female
Female TBL 3.0–4.5 mm, Male TBL 3.0 mm
Euryopis funebris, adult female
Female TBL 3–4 mm, Male TBL 3 mm
Neospintharus trigonum, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 3.7–4.2 mm, Male TBL 2.5–3.3 mm
Rhomphaea fictilium, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–10.5 mm, Male TBL 4.0–7.0 mm
Spintharus flavidus, adult female
Female TBL 4.0–4.5 mm, Male TBL 2.8 mm
PLATE 26
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS WITH OVAL ABDOMENS AND WIDOWS
Enoplognatha marmorata, marbled cobweb spider, adult female
Female TBL 6–7 mm, Male TBL 5–6 mm
Enoplognatha ovata, adult females, plain, banded, and pink – backed forms
Female TBL 4.3–7.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–5.2 mm
Latrodectus bishopi, red widow, adult female
Female TBL 7.8–9.0 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.8 mm
Latrodectus geometricus, brown widow, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5–10 mm, Male TBL 3–5 mm
Latrodectus mactans, southern black widow, adult male, adult female typical form and spotted form (abdomen from above)
Female TBL 8.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 3.2–4.0 mm
PLATE 27
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS; STEATODA AND ASAGENA
Asagena americana, twospotted cobweb weaver, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 3.5–4.7 mm, Male TBL 3.2–4.4 mm
Asagena fulva, adult female
Female TBL 3.0–5.9 mm, Male TBL 2.4–5.0 mm
Steatoda albomaculata, adult female
Female TBL 4.0–8.0 mm, Male TBL 4.3–6.8 mm
Steatoda borealis, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 6.0–7.0 mm, Male TBL 4.7–6.0 mm
Steatoda grossa, false black widow, adult female
Female TBL 5.9–10.5 mm, Male TBL 4.1–7.2 mm
Steatoda triangulosa, checkered cobweb weaver, adult female
Female TBL 3.6–5.9 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.7 mm
PLATE 28
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS WITH ABDOMENS MARKED WITH A FOLIUM OR LINES
Anelosimus studiosus, adult female
Female TBL 3.2–4.7 mm, Male TBL 2.1–2.3 mm
Canalidion montanum, adult female
Female TBL 2.7–4.4 mm, Male TBL 2.2–3.8 mm
Platnickina alabamensis, adult female
Female TBL 1.9–3.7 mm, Male TBL 1.8–2.7 mm
Theridion differens, adult female
Female TBL 1.8–3.5 mm, Male TBL 1.6–2.5 mm
Theridion murarium, adult female
Female TBL 2.8–4.0 mm, Male TBL 2.7–3.0 mm
Tidarren sisyphoides, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 5.8–8.6 mm, Male TBL 1.2–1.4 mm
Yunohamella lyrica, adult female
Female TBL 3.0–3.5 mm, Male TBL 2.1–2.8 mm
PLATE 29
SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: SMALL BRIGHTLY COLORED COBWEB WEAVERS
Phoroncidia americana, adult female
Female TBL 1.5–1.8 mm, Male TBL 1.5–1.6 mm
Theridion frondeum, adult male, adult females, three color forms
Female TBL 3.0–4.2 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.5 mm
Theridula emertoni, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 2.3–2.8 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.3 mm
Theridula gonygaster, adult female
Female TBL 1.7–2.5 mm, Male TBL 1.3–1.7 mm
Theridula opulenta, adult female
Female TBL 2.3–2.8 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.3 mm
PLATE 30
FUNNEL-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: FUNNEL WEAVERS
Agelenopsis aperta, adult female
Female TBL 11–19 mm, Male TBL 10–19 mm
Agelenopsis pennsylvanica, grass spider, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 10–17 mm, Male TBL 9–12 mm
Calilena arizonica, adult female
Female TBL 7.3–11.3 mm, Male TBL 7.0–9.7 mm
Hololena curta, adult female
Female TBL 10–12 mm, Male TBL 9–10 mm
Melpomene rita, adult female
Female TBL 7.0–8.5 mm, Male TBL 7.0–8.5 mm
Novalena intermedia, adult female
Female TBL 9.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 7.5–9.0 mm
Rualena cockerelli, adult female
Female TBL 6.5–9.3 mm, Male TBL 6.0 mm
PLATE 31
FUNNEL-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: FUNNEL WEAVERS AND HACKLEDMESH WEAVERS
Coras juvenilis, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 6.7–11.0 mm, Male TBL 6.1–9.2 mm
Coras montanus, adult female
Female TBL 9.7–13.1 mm, Male TBL 8.2–9.7 mm
Cybaeopsis tibialis, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–9.0 mm, Male TBL 5.5–6.5 mm
Pimus fractus, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–6.5 mm, Male TBL 5.0–5.5 mm
Tegenaria agrestis, hobo spider, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 10–15 mm, Male TBL 7–10 mm
Tegenaria domestica, barn funnel weaver, adult female
Female TBL 7.5–11.5 mm, Male TBL 6.0–9.0 mm
PLATE 32
FUNNEL-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: HACKLEDMESH WEAVERS, SOSIPPUS, AND WADOTES
Amaurobius borealis, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 4.5–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–5.0 mm
Amaurobius ferox, adult male
Female TBL 8.5–14.0 mm, Male TBL 8.0–12.5 mm
Arctobius agelenoides, adult female
Female TBL 7–10 mm, Male TBL 6–8 mm
Callobius bennetti, adult female
Female TBL 5–12 mm, Male TBL 5–9 mm
Sosippus is a wolf spider that spins a funnel-shaped web.
Sosippus mimus, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 12.9–18.2 mm, Male TBL 13.1–14.2 mm
Wadotes calcaratus, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 6.0–11.0 mm, Male TBL 6.0–8.7 mm
PLATE 33
FUNNEL-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: CALYMMARIA, BADUMNA, TUBEWEB WEAVERS, AND SOFT SPIDERS
These spiders build atypical funnel-shaped webs.
Ariadna bicolor, tubeweb spider, adult female
Female TBL 6.1–15.0 mm, Male TBL 5.4–7.2 mm
Badumna longinqua, adult female
Female TBL 10–18 mm, Male TBL 8–10 mm
Calymmaria persica, adult female
Female TBL 4.0–9.7 mm, Male TBL 6.1–7.3 mm
Cybaeus giganteus, adult female
Female TBL 9–12 mm, Male TBL 8–10 mm
Cybaeus reticulatus, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 9–10 mm, Male TBL 7–8 mm
Segestria pacifica, western tubeweb spider, adult female
Female TBL 8–16 mm, Male TBL 7–10 mm
PLATE 34
SPIDERS FOUND UNDER DEBRIS: AMPHINECTIDS, ROCK WEAVERS, AND SPURLIPPED SPIDERS
Kibramoa madrona, adult female
Female TBL 10 mm, Male TBL 8 mm
Metaltella simoni, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 7–10 mm, Male TBL 6–9 mm
Plectreurys tristis, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 12.5–17.0 mm, Male TBL 11.5–17.0 mm
Titanoeca nigrella, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–8.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–7.0 mm
PLATE 35
SPIDERS FOUND UNDER DEBRIS: PALE OR VERY SMALL SPIDERS FOUND UNDER DEBRIS; ZOROCRATES
Blabomma californicum, adult female
Female TBL 7.0 mm, Male TBL 5.5 mm
Cicurina arcuata, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 4.7–7.0 mm, Male TBL 4.3–5.7 mm
Neoantistea agilis, adult female
Female TBL 2.6–3.2 mm, Male TBL 2.5–3.0 mm
Yorima angelica, adult female
Female TBL 3.3–5.5 mm, Male TBL 2.8–4.1 mm
Zorocrates unicolor, adult female
Female TBL 15 mm, Male TBL 12 mm
PLATE 36
FOLIAGE HUNTERS: GHOST SPIDERS
Anyphaena maculata, adult female
Female TBL 4.5–5.5 mm, Male TBL 3.8–4.7 mm
Anyphaena pectorosa, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5.0–5.5 mm, Male TBL 4.7–5.0 mm
Arachosia cubana, adult female
Female TBL 5.9 mm, Male TBL 5.2 mm
Hibana gracilis, garden ghost spider, adult female
Female TBL 6.4–7.0 mm, Male TBL 5.7–6.5 mm
Hibana velox, adult female
Female TBL 8.4 mm, Male TBL 7.3 mm
Lupettiana mordax, adult female
Female TBL 3.0–5.5 mm, Male TBL 3.7–5.0 mm
Pippuhana calcar, adult male
Female TBL 5.0 mm, Male TBL 3.2 mm
Wulfila saltabundus, adult female
Female TBL 3.7–4.2 mm, Male TBL 2.9–3.5 mm
PLATE 37
FOLIAGE HUNTERS: SAC SPIDERS; CHEIRACANTHIUM AND ZORA
Cheiracanthium inclusum, agrarian sac spider, adult female
Female TBL 4.9–9.7 mm, Male TBL 4–7.7 mm
Clubiona abboti, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 4.0–5.4 mm, Male TBL 3.7–4.4 mm
Clubiona canadensis, adult female
Female TBL 6.0–11.5 mm, Male TBL 4.8–8.0 mm
Clubiona kastoni, adult female
Female TBL 4.3–5.4 mm, Male TBL 3.3–4.4 mm
Clubiona riparia, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5.4–8.7 mm, Male TBL 4.4–7.4 mm
Elaver excepta, adult female
Female TBL 6.7–7.4 mm, Male TBL 4.5–6.5 mm
Zora pumila, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.0 mm
PLATE 38
FOLIAGE HUNTERS: LYNX SPIDERS AND PIRATE SPIDERS
Ero canionis, adult female
Female TBL 2.7–3.4 mm, Male TBL 2.2–2.5 mm
Hamataliwa grisea, bark lynx spider, adult female
Female TBL 8.7–10.9 mm, Male TBL 8.4–11.1 mm
Mimetus puritanus, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–5.6 mm, Male TBL 4.0–4.5 mm
Oxyopes salticus, striped lynx spider, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5.7–6.7 mm, Male TBL 4.0–4.5 mm
Oxyopes scalaris, western lynx spider, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 7–8 mm, Male TBL 5 mm
Peucetia viridans, green lynx spider, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 14–16 mm, Male TBL 12–13 mm
Reo eutypus, adult female
Female TBL 4–5 mm, Male TBL 3–4 mm
PLATE 39
GROUND HUNTERS: WANDERING SPIDERS; MERIOLA, AND TRACHELAS
Anahita punctulata, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 7–9 mm, Male TBL 6–8 mm
Ctenus hibernalis, adult female
Female TBL 16–18 mm, Male TBL 13 mm
Meriola decepta, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 3.4–4.2 mm, Male TBL 3.1–4.1 mm
Trachelas tranquillus, bullheaded sac spider, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 6.0–7.7 mm, Male TBL 5.3–6.5 mm
PLATE 40
GROUND HUNTERS: ANTMIMIC SPIDERS
Castianeira amoena, orange antmimic, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 7.0–8.8 mm, Male TBL 5.7–6.8 mm
Castianeira cingulata, twobanded antmimic, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 6.7–8.0 mm, Male TBL 6.4–7.0 mm
Castianeira descripta, redspotted antmimic, adult female
Female TBL 8.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 6.2–7.6 mm
Castianeira longipalpata, manybanded antmimic, adult female
Female TBL 7.0–9.0 mm, Male TBL 5.5–6.0 mm
Castianeira occidens, adult female
Female TBL 7.1–10.4 mm, Male TBL 6.7–7.8 mm
Castianeira variata, adult female
Female TBL 9.3 mm, Male TBL 5.7–5.8 mm
Drassinella gertschi, adult female
Female TBL 3.2 mm, Male TBL 3.4 mm
PLATE 41
GROUND HUNTERS: DARK GROUND SPIDERS WITH A TAN OR RED CEPHALOTHORAX
Callilepis imbecilla, adult female
Female TBL 3.7–5.6 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.6 mm
Drassyllus depressus, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 4.7–6.0 mm, Male TBL 5.0 mm
Drassyllus insularis, adult male
Female TBL 5.0–6.5 mm, Male TBL 4.8–5.0 mm
Gnaphosa fontinalis, adult female orange form, adult female dark form
Female TBL 6–10 mm, Male TBL 6–7 mm
Haplodrassus signifer, adult female
Female TBL 7.5–11.0 mm, Male TBL 7.0–9.0 mm
Scotophaeus blackwalli, mouse spider, adult female
Female TBL 8.9–12.0 mm, Male TBL 8.0–9.0 mm
PLATE 42
GROUND HUNTERS: BOLD-PATTERNED GROUND SPIDERS
Cesonia bilineata, adult female
Female TBL 4.3–7.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.4 mm
Cesonia josephus, adult female
Female TBL 5.2–7.5 mm, Male TBL 4.0–4.8 mm
Micaria longipes, adult female
Female TBL 5–6 mm, Male TBL 5 mm
Micaria pulicaria, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 3.4–4.0 mm, Male TBL 2.4–4.0 mm
Sergiolus capulatus, adult female
Female TBL 6.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 5.5–7.0 mm
Sergiolus montanus, adult female
Female TBL 7.3–8.6 mm, Male TBL 5.8 mm
Sosticus insularis, adult female
Female TBL 5.7–7.7 mm, Male TBL 4.8–6.0 mm
PLATE 43
GROUND HUNTERS: PALE GROUND SPIDERS
Drassodes auriculoides, adult female
Female TBL 8.2–11.0 mm, Male TBL 7.3–11.0 mm
Gnaphosa muscorum, adult female
Female TBL 7.9–15.0 mm, Male TBL 6.8–12.0 mm
Litopyllus temporarius, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–7.1 mm, Male TBL 4.0–5.5 mm
Orodrassus coloradensis, adult female
Female TBL 8.1–9.8 mm, Male TBL 7.5–8.6 mm
Scopoides catharius, adult female
Female TBL 5.7–7.7 mm, Male TBL 4.7–6.5 mm
Talanites echinus, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 4.8–5.9 mm, Male TBL 4.5–5.2 mm
PLATE 44
GROUND HUNTERS: RED AND GRAY OR BLACK GROUND SPIDERS
Herpyllus ecclesiasticus, parson spider, adult female
Female TBL 6.4–9.0 mm, Male TBL 4.8–6.1 mm
Herpyllus hesperolus, adult female
Female TBL 7.4–10.2 mm, Male TBL 5.9–7.2 mm
Nodocion voluntarius, adult female
Female TBL 6.0–7.8 mm, Male TBL 5.1–6.5 mm
Trachyzelotes lyonneti, adult female
Female TBL 6.3–7.9 mm, Male TBL 4.3–5.0 mm
Urozelotes rusticus, adult female
Female TBL 5.9–7.4 mm, Male TBL 5.8–7.3 mm
Zelotes fratris, adult female
Female TBL 6.3–7.7 mm, Male TBL 5.5–6.6 mm
PLATE 45
GROUND HUNTERS: PROWLING SPIDERS, SPINYLEGGED SAC SPIDERS, AND PRODIDOMIDS
Agroeca pratensis, adult female
Female TBL 7 mm, Male TBL 5.5 mm
Neoanagraphis chamberlini, adult female
Female TBL 5.5–9.7 mm, Male TBL 3.8–9.1 mm
Neozimiris pubescens, adult female
Female TBL 1.7–4.0 mm, Male TBL 1.7–4.0 mm
Prodidomus rufus, adult female
Female TBL 3.0–5.5 mm, Male TBL 3.0–5.5 mm
Strotarchus piscatorius, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 7.6–9.2 mm, Male TBL 7.2–8.7 mm
Syspira longipes, adult female
Female TBL 8.5–16.5 mm, Male TBL 7.4–12.5 mm
Teminius affinis, adult female
Female TBL 10 mm, Male TBL 9 mm
PLATE 46
GROUND HUNTERS: TENGELIDS, DUSTY DESERT SPIDER, AND ZOROPSIS
Anachemmis sober, adult female
Female TBL 10.3 mm, Male TBL 8.0 mm
Homalonychus selenopoides, adult female
Female TBL 8–9 mm, Male TBL 7 mm
Lauricius hooki, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 10.7–18.0 mm, Male TBL 10.1–10.8 mm
Liocranoides tennesseensis, adult female
Female TBL 9.1 mm, Male TBL 8.0 mm
Socalchemmis dolichopus, adult female
Female TBL 7.5 mm, Male TBL 8.1 mm
Titiotus californicus, adult female
Female TBL 12 mm, Male TBL 10 mm
Zoropsis spinimana, adult female
Female TBL 15–17 mm, Male TBL 10 mm
PLATE 47
GROUND HUNTERS: ZODARIIDS, PARATHEUMA, NEOTAMA, AND NETCASTING SPIDER
Deinopis spinosa, netcasting spider, adult female
Female TBL 12–17 mm, Male TBL 10–14 mm
Lutica maculata, adult female
Female TBL 10–14 mm, Male TBL 7–10 mm
Neotama mexicana, adult female
Female TBL 6.5–11.8 mm, Male TBL 6.1–8.2 mm; lengths excluding spinnerets
Paratheuma insulana, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 3.3–5.9 mm, Male TBL 3.5–5.0 mm
Zodarion rubidum, adult female
Female TBL 2.3–2.9 mm, Male TBL 2.1–2.6 mm
PLATE 48
GROUND HUNTERS: BURROWING WOLF SPIDERS
Geolycosa missouriensis, adult female
Female TBL 15.8–21.0 mm, Male TBL 15.0–16.3 mm
Geolycosa pikei, adult female
Female TBL 18–22 mm, Male TBL 14 mm
Geolycosa rafaelana, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 17 mm, Male TBL 15 mm
Geolycosa turricola, adult female
Female TBL 22 mm, Male TBL 21 mm
Geolycosa wrighti, adult female
Female TBL 15.0–17.4 mm, Male TBL 14–16 mm
Geolycosa xera, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 17–20 mm, Male TBL 15 mm
PLATE 49
GROUND HUNTERS: SMALL AND TINY WOLF SPIDERS
Allocosa funerea, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 5.0–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.5 mm
Hesperocosa unica, adult female
Female TBL 5.9 mm, Male TBL 4.0 mm
Pirata insularis, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 4.0–5.3 mm, Male TBL 4.5–5.0 mm
Pirata minutus, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 3.3–3.7 mm, Male TBL 2.7–3.0 mm
Pirata piraticus, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5.8–7.5 mm, Male TBL 5.5–6.2 mm
Trabeops aurantiacus, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 3.0–3.5 mm, Male TBL 2.5–3.0 mm
PLATE 50
GROUND HUNTERS: WOLF SPIDERS; PARDOSA, RABIDOSA, AND VARACOSA
Pardosa distincta, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5–7 mm, Male TBL 4–6 mm
Pardosa sternalis, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 6.0–7.0 mm, Male TBL 4.6–5.5 mm
Rabidosa punctulata, dotted wolf spider, adult male, female underside of abdomen, adult female
Female TBL 11–17 mm, Male TBL 13–15 mm
Rabidosa rabida, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 16–21 mm, Male TBL 11–12 mm
Varacosa avara, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 8.9–10.3 mm, Male TBL 7.7–8.2 mm
PLATE 51
GROUND HUNTERS: WOLF SPIDERS; PARDOSA
Pardosa lapidicina, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 7.7–9.3 mm, Male TBL 6.0–7.0 mm
Pardosa milvina, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 5.2–6.5 mm, Male TBL 4.0–4.7 mm
Pardosa moesta, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 5.1–6.1 mm, Male TBL 4.4–5.3 mm
Pardosa saxatilis, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 4.7–5.7 mm, Male TBL 3.8–4.5 mm
Pardosa xerampelina, adult female brown form, adult male gray form
Female TBL 7.4–9.5 mm, Male TBL 5.0–6.0 mm
PLATE 52
GROUND HUNTERS: WOLF SPIDERS; ALOPECOSA, GLADICOSA, AND TROCHOSA
Alopecosa aculeata, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 8.1–11.3 mm, Male TBL 7.2–9.5 mm
Alopecosa kochi, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 9.0–16.0 mm, Male TBL 6.6–11.0 mm
Gladicosa gulosa, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 11–14 mm, Male TBL 10–11 mm
Gladicosa pulchra, adult female, brown and gray forms
Female TBL 15.3–16.5 mm, Male TBL 12–12.7 mm
Trochosa terricola, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 9–14 mm, Male TBL 9–12 mm
PLATE 53
GROUND HUNTERS: WOLF SPIDERS; SCHIZOCOSA
Schizocosa avida, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 6.6–14.7 mm, Male TBL 6.3–9.8 mm
Schizocosa bilineata, adult male, adult female
Female TBL 5.7–8.7 mm, Male TBL 5.0–6.3 mm
Schizocosa mccooki, adult female, adult male
Female TBL 9.6–22.7 mm, Male TBL 9.1–15.5 mm
Schizocosa ocreata,