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Common Spiders of North America
Common Spiders of North America
Common Spiders of North America
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Common Spiders of North America

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This stunning field guide provides a comprehensive resource for identifying and appreciating nearly 500 species of spiders.

Arachnids are among the most diverse groups of terrestrial invertebrates, yet they are among the least studied and understood. This is the most comprehensive field guide to all 68 spider families in North America, with beautiful illustrations of 469 of the most commonly encountered species. Group keys enable accurate identification by web pattern, morphology, and other observable details, and species descriptions include tips to help everyday naturalists identify spiders, as well as their common names, typical habitat, geographic distribution, and behavioral notes. A concise illustrated introduction to spider biology and anatomy explains spider relationships. Featuring 82 gorgeous color plates, this book is an accessible and detailed resource for curious naturalists who want to understand this ubiquitous and ecologically critical component of our biosphere.
LanguageEnglish
Release dateDec 18, 2012
ISBN9780520954502
Common Spiders of North America
Author

Richard A. Bradley

Richard Bradley is Associate Professor Emeritus in the Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at The Ohio State University. He earned his Ph.D. in Biology at the University of New Mexico, studying the population biology of scorpions, and has been an active researcher and teacher since 1972, publishing on the behavior and ecology of birds, scorpions, and spiders.

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Common Spiders of North America - Richard A. Bradley

COMMON SPIDERS OF NORTH AMERICA

The purpose of the American Arachnological Society is to further the study of Arachnids worldwide, foster closer cooperation and understanding between amateur and professional arachnologists, and to publish the Journal of Arachnology. http://www.americanarachnology.org/

COMMON SPIDERS

of NORTH AMERICA

Richard A. Bradley

Illustrations by Steve Buchanan

Sponsored by the American Arachnological Society

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

University of California Press

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.

London, England

©2013 by The Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bradley, Richard Alan.

  Common spiders of North America / Richard A. Bradley ; illustrations by Steve Buchanan ; sponsored by the American Arachnological Society.

    p.cm.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  ISBN 978-0-520-27488-4 (cloth : alk. paper)

  eISBN 978-0-520-95450-2

  1. Spiders—North America—Identification. I. Buchanan, Steve. II. American Arachnological Society. III. Title.

QL458.41.A1B73   2013

595.4'8097—dc23               2012018390

Manufactured in China

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12

10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 2002) (Permanence of Paper).

Cover illustration: Steve Buchanan.

TO MY PARENTS, MARJORIE AND WESLEY BRADLEY,

FOR FOSTERING A DEEP RESPECT AND CURIOSITY ABOUT

THE NATURAL WORLD,

AND MY BROTHER, DAVE,

FOR SHARING MANY JOYFUL HOURS

EXPLORING AND CELEBRATING WILD PLACES.

CONTENTS

List of Plates

Color Plates

Preface and Acknowledgments

Finding, Studying, and Identifying Spiders

SPIDERS: AN INTRODUCTION

FINDING AND STUDYING SPIDERS

IDENTIFYING SPIDERS

KEYS TO FAMILIES WITHIN GROUPS

Under Debris Group

Space-filling Web Group

Sheet Weavers Group

Orb-shaped Web Group

Funnel-shaped Web Group

Six-eyed Spiders Group

Jumping Spiders Group

Crablike Spiders Group

Surface Hunters Group

Ground Hunters Group

Foliage Hunters Group

Mygalomorph Group

Tiny Spiders Group

Spider Accounts

FAMILY AGELENIDAE • funnel weavers

FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE • hackledmesh weavers

FAMILY AMPHINECTIDAE • amphinectids

FAMILY ANAPIDAE • ground orbweavers

FAMILY ANTRODIAETIDAE • foldingdoor trapdoor spiders

FAMILY ANYPHAENIDAE • ghost spiders

FAMILY ARANEIDAE • orbweavers

FAMILY ATYPIDAE • purseweb spiders

FAMILY CAPONIIDAE • bright lungless spiders

FAMILY CLUBIONIDAE • sac spiders

FAMILY CORINNIDAE • antmimic spiders

FAMILY CTENIDAE • wandering spiders

FAMILY CTENIZIDAE • trapdoor spiders

FAMILY CYBAEIDAE • soft spiders

FAMILY CYRTAUCHENIIDAE (NOW EUCTENIZIDAE) • waferlid trapdoor spiders

FAMILY DEINOPIDAE • ogrefaced spiders

FAMILY DESIDAE • desids

FAMILY DICTYNIDAE • meshweavers

FAMILY DIGUETIDAE • desertshrub spiders

FAMILY DIPLURIDAE • funnelweb spiders

FAMILY DYSDERIDAE • woodlouse spiders

FAMILY FILISTATIDAE • crevice weavers

FAMILY GNAPHOSIDAE • stealthy ground spiders

FAMILY HAHNIIDAE • combtailed spiders

FAMILY HERSILIIDAE • longspinneret spiders

FAMILY HOMALONYCHIDAE • dusty desert spiders

FAMILY HYPOCHILIDAE • lampshade weavers

FAMILY LEPTONETIDAE • midget cave spiders

FAMILY LINYPHIIDAE • sheetweb weavers

FAMILY LIOCRANIDAE • spinylegged sac spiders

FAMILY LYCOSIDAE • wolf spiders

FAMILY MECICOBOTHRIIDAE • midget funnelweb tarantulas

FAMILY MIMETIDAE • pirate spiders

FAMILY MITURGIDAE • prowling spiders

FAMILY MYSMENIDAE • dwarf cobweb weavers

FAMILY NEMESIIDAE • wishbone spiders

FAMILY NESTICIDAE • cave cobweb spiders

FAMILY OCHYROCERATIDAE • midget ground weavers

FAMILY OECOBIIDAE • flatmesh weavers

FAMILY OONOPIDAE • goblin spiders

FAMILY OXYOPIDAE • lynx spiders

FAMILY PHILODROMIDAE • running crab spiders

FAMILY PHOLCIDAE • cellar spiders

FAMILY PIMOIDAE • large hammockweb spiders

FAMILY PISAURIDAE • nursery web spiders

FAMILY PLECTREURIDAE • spurlipped spiders

FAMILY PRODIDOMIDAE • prodidomids

FAMILY SALTICIDAE • jumping spiders

FAMILY SCYTODIDAE • spitting spiders

FAMILY SEGESTRIIDAE • tubeweb spiders

FAMILY SELENOPIDAE • flatties

FAMILY SICARIIDAE • sixeyed brown spiders

FAMILY SPARASSIDAE • huntsman spiders

FAMILY SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE • dwarf orbweavers

FAMILY TELEMIDAE • longlegged cave spiders

FAMILY TENGELLIDAE • tengellids

FAMILY TETRAGNATHIDAE • longjawed orbweavers

FAMILY THERAPHOSIDAE • tarantulas

FAMILY THERIDIIDAE • cobweb weavers

FAMILY THERIDIOSOMATIDAE • ray orbweavers

FAMILY THOMISIDAE • crab spiders

FAMILY TITANOECIDAE • rock weavers

FAMILY TRECHALEIDAE • longlegged water spiders

FAMILY ULOBORIDAE • hackled orbweavers

FAMILY ZODARIIDAE • zodariids

FAMILY ZORIDAE • zorids

FAMILY ZOROCRATIDAE • zorocratids

FAMILY ZOROPSIDAE • zoropsids

Glossary

References

Index

For a printable scale showing relative sizes of spiders, download a PDF from www.ucpress.edu/go/commonspiders.

List of Plates

PLATES AND GROUPS

Plates 1–4, Mygalomorph Spiders

Plates 5–20, Orb-shaped Web Builders

Plates 21–29, Space-filling Web Builders

Plates 30–33, Funnel-shaped Web Builders

Plates 34–35, Spiders Found under Debris

Plates 36–38, Foliage Hunters

Plates 39–55, Ground Hunters

Plates 56–57, Surface Hunters

Plates 58–69, Jumping Spiders

Plates 70–75, Crablike Spiders

Plate 76, Six-eyed Spiders

Plates 77–79, Sheet Weavers

Plates 80–82, Tiny Spiders

PLATE 1

MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS: PURSEWEB SPIDERS AND FOLDINGDOOR SPIDERS

Antrodiaetus riversi, turret spider, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 17–18 mm, Male TBL 13–15 mm

Antrodiaetus unicolor, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 20 mm, Male TBL 17 mm

Sphodros abboti, adult female, adult male, tube web against tree trunk

Female TBL 13.0 mm, Male TBL 9.8 mm

Sphodros rufipes, redlegged purseweb spider, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 24.0–25.0 mm, Male TBL 14.5 mm


PLATE 2

MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS: FOLDINGDOOR SPIDERS AND TRAPDOOR SPIDERS

Aliatypus californicus, adult female

Female TBL 12.5–23.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–12.0 mm

Bothriocyrtum californicum, California trapdoor spider, adult female and trapdoor

Female TBL 25–33 mm, Male TBL 15–24 mm

Cyclocosmia truncata, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 33 mm, Male TBL 19 mm

Ummidia audouini, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 28 mm, Male TBL 15 mm


PLATE 3

MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS: FUNNELWEB SPIDERS, MIDGET FUNNELWEB SPIDERS, AND WAFERLID TRAPDOOR SPIDERS

Aptostichus simus, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 12–18 mm, Male TBL 9–12 mm

Euagrus comstocki, adult female

Female TBL 11–15 mm, Male TBL 8–13 mm

Hexura picea, adult female

Female TBL 8.5–12.0 mm, Male TBL 8.0–8.5 mm

Megahexura fulva, adult female

Female TBL 13–18 mm, Male TBL 8–13 mm

Microhexura idahoana, adult female

Female TBL 2.9–5.6 mm, Male TBL 3.1–4.5 mm

Myrmekiaphila comstocki, adult female

Female TBL 23.5–25.0 mm, Male TBL 16.5 mm


PLATE 4

MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS: TARANTULAS, WISHBONE SPIDERS, AND CREVICE WEAVERS

Aphonopelma chalcodes, desert blonde tarantula, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 62 mm, Male TBL 55 mm

Aphonopelma moderatum, Rio Grande gold tarantula, adult female

Female TBL 28–29 mm, Male TBL 29 mm

Aphonopelma hentzi, Texas brown tarantula, adult female

Female TBL 44–58 mm, Male TBL 38–52 mm

Brachythele longitarsis, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 18–46 mm, Male TBL 15–18 mm

Kukulcania hibernalis, southern house spider, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 13–19 mm, Male TBL 9–10 mm


PLATE 5

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH SPINY ABDOMENS

Gasteracantha cancriformis, spinybacked spider, adult female black-and-white form, adult female red-spined form, adult female yellow-bodied form, adult male

Female TBL 5.8–8.6 mm, Male TBL 1.9–2.7 mm

Kaira alba, frilled orbweaver, adult female, adult male below

Female TBL 6.5–7.3 mm, Male TBL 2.6–3.0 mm

Micrathena gracilis, spined micrathena, adult male, adult female black-and-white form, adult female yellow form

Female TBL 7.0–11.0 mm, Male TBL 4.2–5.1 mm

Micrathena mitrata, white micrathena, adult female

Female TBL 4.7–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.7 mm

Micrathena sagittata, arrowshaped micrathena, adult female

Female TBL 5.4–8.6 mm, Male TBL 4.2–5.9 mm


PLATE 6

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH LUMPY ABDOMENS

Acanthepeira stellata, starbellied orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 7.0–15.1 mm, Male TBL 5.1–8.1 mm

Colphepeira catawba, adult female

Female TBL 2.2–3.8 mm, Male TBL 1.6–2.2 mm

Ocrepeira ectypa, asterisk spider, adult female

Female TBL 5.2–9.4 mm, Male TBL 5.4–7.2 mm

Scoloderus nigriceps, ladderweb spider, adult female

Female TBL 3.2–4.3 mm, Male TBL 2.3–2.8 mm

Verrucosa arenata, triangulate orbweaver, adult female black-and-white form, adult male orange form, adult female black-and-yellow form, adult female red-and-yellow form

Female TBL 5.0–9.5 mm, Male TBL 4.0–6.1 mm

Wagneriana tauricornis, adult female

Female TBL 4.3–6.1 mm, Male TBL 3.3–5.8 mm


PLATE 7

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: TRASHLINE ORBWEAVERS AND BOLAS SPIDERS

Allocyclosa bifurca, adult female

Female TBL 5.1–9.0 mm, Male TBL 1.8 mm

Cyclosa conica, trashline orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 3.6–7.9 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.9 mm

Cyclosa turbinata, humped trashline orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 3.3–5.2 mm, Male TBL 2.1–3.2 mm

Mastophora cornigera, southern bolas spider, adult female, egg case, adult male

Female TBL 8.8–14.0 mm, Male TBL 1.6–1.7 mm

Mastophora hutchinsoni, cornfield bolas spider, adult female hunting, egg case, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 6.2–10.4 mm, Male TBL 1.7 mm

Mastophora phrynosoma, toadlike bolas spider, adult female, egg case

Female TBL 8.3–12.3 mm, Male TBL 1.5–1.7 mm


PLATE 8

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH ANGULATE ABDOMENS

Araneus andrewsi, adult female

Female TBL 11–22 mm, Male TBL 8–11 mm

Araneus bicentenarius, lichenmarked orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 21–28 mm, Male TBL 7 mm

Araneus cavaticus, barn orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 13–22 mm, Male TBL 10–19 mm

Araneus diadematus, cross orbweaver, adult female orange form, adult male orange form

Female TBL 6.5–20.0 mm, Male TBL 5.7–13.0 mm

Araneus gemmoides, plains orbweaver, adult female plain form, adult female marked form

Female TBL 13.0–25.0 mm, Male TBL 5.4–7.9 mm

Araneus nordmanni, adult female brown form, adult black-and-white form

Female TBL 7–19 mm, Male TBL 6–10 mm

Araneus saevus, adult female

Female TBL 11–17 mm, Male TBL 9–11 mm


PLATE 9

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: LARGE ORBWEAVERS WITH OVOID ABDOMENS

Araneus iviei, orange orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 8.5–12.0 mm, Male TBL 5.0–7.0 mm

Araneus marmoreus, marbled orbweaver, adult female yellow form, adult female orange form, adult female mottled form, adult female foliate form, adult female yellow form ventral view

Female TBL 9.0–18.0 mm, Male TBL 5.9 mm

Araneus trifolium, shamrock orbweaver, adult female red form, adult female pale form, adult female yellow form, adult female green form, adult male

Female TBL 9–20 mm, Male TBL 5–8 mm

Larinioides cornutus, furrow orbweaver, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 6.5–14.0 mm, Male TBL 4.7–8.5 mm

Larinioides patagiatus, adult female

Female TBL 5.5–11.0 mm, Male TBL 5.8–6.5 mm

Larinioides sclopetarius, bridge orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 8–14 mm, Male TBL 6–7 mm


PLATE 10

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: SMALL GREEN ORBWEAVERS

Araneus cingulatus, adult female green form, adult female redmask form

Female TBL 4.6–6.0 mm, Male TBL 2.7–3.5 mm

Araneus detrimentosis, adult female

Female TBL 4.0–6.0 mm, Male TBL 2.5–4.2 mm

Araneus guttulatus, adult female

Female TBL 3.8–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.9–4.8 mm

Araneus juniperi, adult female

Female TBL 2.5–5.2 mm, Male TBL 3.2–4.6 mm

Araneus niveus, adult female

Female TBL 3.2–5.0 mm, Male TBL 2.9–4.3 mm


PLATE 11

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: SMALL ORBWEAVERS WITH DISTINCTIVELY MARKED ABDOMENS

Araneus bispinosus, adult female

Female TBL 4.1–6.8 mm, Male TBL 3.2–5.0 mm

Araneus miniatus, adult female

Female TBL 3.0–4.7 mm, Male TBL 2.5–3.7 mm

Araneus montereyensis, adult female reddish form, adult female brown form, adult female bicolored form

Female TBL 3.2–5.5 mm, Male TBL 3.5–3.6 mm

Araneus partitus, adult female

Female TBL 3.3–4.3 mm, Male TBL 2.7–3.3 mm

Araneus pegnia, adult female

Female TBL 3.5–8.2 mm, Male TBL 2.5–4.9 mm

Araneus thaddeus, lattice orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 5.9–8.0 mm, Male TBL 3.7–5.7 mm


PLATE 12

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: SMALL ORBWEAVERS WITH SPOTTED ABDOMENS

Araniella displicata, sixspotted orbweaver, adult female pale form, adult female red form

Female TBL 4.8–7.2 mm, Male TBL 4.0–5.0 mm

Glenognatha foxi, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 1.6–2.6 mm, Male TBL 1.4–2.2 mm

Genus Mangora: The spiders of the genus Mangora are small spiny orbweavers with tufts of long, thin sensory hairs (trichobothria) on the front edge of the tibiae of leg III.

Mangora gibberosa, lined orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 3.4–4.8 mm, Male TBL 2.6–3.2 mm

Mangora maculata, greenlegged orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 3.6–5.5 mm, Male TBL 2.7–4.0 mm

Mangora placida, tuftlegged orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 2.3–4.5 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.8 mm

Mangora spiculata, adult female

Female TBL 2.4–4.3 mm, Male TBL 1.9–2.2 mm


PLATE 13

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH A DISTINCT FOLIUM ON THE ABDOMEN

Acacesia hamata, difoliate orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 4.7–9.1 mm, Male TBL 3.6–4.8 mm

Azilia affinis, adult female Florida form

Female TBL 6.9–9.9 mm, Male TBL 5.2–6.9 mm

Eustala anastera, humpbacked orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 5.4–10.0 mm, Male TBL 3.9–9.5 mm

Metazygia calix, adult female

Female TBL 3.9–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.8–4.0 mm

Metepeira labyrinthea, labyrinth spider, adult female

Female TBL 4.0–8.6 mm, Male TBL 3.0–6.8 mm

Zygiella x-notata, opensector orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 7.4–8.7 mm, Male TBL 6.0–6.5 mm


PLATE 14

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: SMALL ORBWEAVERS WITH OVAL ABDOMENS AND THICKJAWED ORBWEAVER

Araneus pratensis, openfield orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 3.8–5.0 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.5 mm

Hypsosinga pygmaea, adult female

Female TBL 2.9–3.9 mm, Male TBL 2.2–2.6 mm

Hypsosinga rubens, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 7.4–8.7 mm, Male TBL 6.0–6.5 mm

Pachygnatha furcillata, thickjawed orbweaver, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5.2–6.2 mm, Male TBL 4.6–5.9 mm

Singa eugeni, adult female

Female TBL 4.3–6.5 mm, Male TBL 3.6–5.4 mm

Singa keyserlingi, adult female

Female TBL 5.1–6.0 mm, Male TBL 2.3–4.0 mm


PLATE 15

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS; NEOSCONA AND ERIOPHORA

Eriophora ravilla, tropical orbweaver, adult male, adult female spotted form, adult female plain form

Female TBL 12–24 mm, Male TBL 9–13 mm

Neoscona arabesca, arabesque orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 5.2–7.7 mm, Male TBL 4.2–5.9 mm

Neoscona crucifera, arboreal orbweaver, adult female bold form, adult female plain form, adult male

Female TBL 8.5–19.7 mm, Male TBL 4.5–15.0 mm

Neoscona domiciliorum, adult female

Female TBL 7.2–16.2 mm, Male TBL 8.0–9.0 mm

Neoscona oaxacensis, western spotted orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 8.9–18.0 mm, Male TBL 6.3–12.7 mm

Neoscona pratensis, marsh orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 6.5–10.2 mm, Male TBL 6.7–7.9 mm


PLATE 16

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: ORBWEAVERS WITH LONG ABDOMENS; NEPHILA AND LEUCAUGE

Aculepeira packardi, adult female

Female TBL 5.6–16.5 mm, Male TBL 5.0–8.9 mm

Larinia directa, adult female

Female TBL 4.8–11.7 mm, Male TBL 4.5–6.5 mm

Leucauge argyra, adult female

Female TBL 4.5–10 mm, Male TBL 4.1–6.3 mm

Leucauge venusta, orchard spider, adult female

Female TBL 3.7–8.0 mm, Male TBL 3.2–5.1 mm

Mecynogea lemniscata, basilica orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 6.0–9.0 mm, Male TBL 5.0–6.9 mm

Nephila clavipes, golden silk orbweaver, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 19–34 mm, Male TBL 5–8 mm


PLATE 17

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: GARDEN SPIDERS; GEA AND DOLICHOGNATHA

Argiope argentata, silver garden spider, adult female

Female TBL 12.0–16.0 mm, Male TBL 3.7–4.7 mm

Argiope aurantia, black-and-yellow garden spider, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 19–28 mm, Male TBL 5–8 mm

Argiope florida, Florida garden spider, adult female

Female TBL 12.5–18.0 mm, Male TBL 5.1–6.7 mm

Argiope trifasciata, banded garden spider, adult female

Female TBL 15.0–25.0 mm, Male TBL 4.0–5.5 mm

Dolichognatha pentagona, adult female

Female TBL 2.6–4.0 mm, Male TBL 2.6–3.2 mm

Gea heptagon, adult female

Female TBL 4.5–5.8 mm, Male TBL 2.6–4.3 mm


PLATE 18

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: LONGJAWED ORBWEAVERS

Metellina mimetoides, adult female

Female TBL 3.3–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.1–4.9 mm

Metleucauge eldorado, adult female

Female TBL 8.8–11.3 mm, Male TBL 7.8–11.7 mm

Tetragnatha elongata, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 8.2–13.2 mm, Male TBL 4.8–10.5 mm

Tetragnatha guatemalensis, adult female

Female TBL 5.4–11.5 mm, Male TBL 5.2–10.2 mm

Tetragnatha laboriosa, silver longjawed orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 5.2–9.0 mm, Male TBL 3.8–7.4 mm

Tetragnatha versicolor, adult female

Female TBL 5.4–13.3 mm, Male TBL 4.3–9.2 mm

Tetragnatha viridis, green longjawed orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 5.7–7.4 mm, Male TBL 4.4–6.7 mm


PLATE 19

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: HACKLED ORBWEAVERS

Hyptiotes cavatus, triangle weaver, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 2.3–3.8 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.6 mm

Miagrammopes mexicanus, Mexican stickspider, adult female

Female TBL 9 mm, Male TBL 7 mm

Octonoba sinensis, adult female

Female TBL 3.0–5.8 mm, Male TBL 2.8–3.3 mm

Philoponella oweni, adult female

Female TBL 10.3 mm, Male TBL 7.7 mm

Siratoba referens, adult female

Female TBL 2.8 mm, Male TBL 2.5 mm

Uloborus glomosus, featherlegged orbweaver, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 2.8–4.3 mm, Male TBL 2.3–3.2 mm

Zosis geniculata, adult female

Female TBL 5.2–8.3 mm, Male TBL 4.2–5.5 mm


PLATE 20

ORB-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: TINY ORBWEAVERS; META

Anapistula secreta, adult female

Female TBL 0.2–0.5 mm, Male TBL 0.2–0.4 mm

Gertschanapis shantzi, adult female

Female TBL 1.0–1.5 mm, Male TBL 1.0–1.5 mm

Meta ovalis, cave orbweaver, adult female

Female TBL 8.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 8.0–9.5 mm

Microdipoena guttata, adult female

Female TBL 0.9–1.1 mm, Male TBL 0.7–0.9 mm

Theridiosoma gemmosum, ray orbweaver, egg case, adult female

Female TBL 2.7 mm, Male TBL 1.6 mm


PLATE 21

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: MESHWEAVERS; DICTYNA AND EMBLYNA

Dictyna bostoniensis, adult female

Female TBL 3.1–3.8 mm, Male TBL 2.2–2.7 mm

Dictyna coloradensis, adult female

Female TBL 3.8 mm, Male TBL 3.2 mm

Dictyna foliacea, adult female, adult male with chelicerae partly spread

Female TBL 2.0–2.7 mm, Male TBL 1.7–2.1 mm

Dictyna volucripes, adult female

Female TBL 3.4–4.2 mm, Male TBL 2.8–3.3 mm

Emblyna annulipes, adult female

Female TBL 2.9–4.4 mm, Male TBL 2.4–3.8 mm

Emblyna sublata, adult female

Female TBL 2.3–3.7 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.5 mm


PLATE 22

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: MESHWEAVERS; DIGUETIA

Diguetia canities, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 5.0–6.8 mm

Mallos pallidus, adult female

Female TBL 2.3–5.0 mm, Male TBL 3.0 mm

Mexitlia trivittata, adult female

Female TBL 4.8–8.0 mm, Male TBL 4.0–5.7 mm

Nigma linsdalei, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 3.0 mm, Male TBL 2.8 mm

Phantyna bicornis, adult female

Female TBL 2.6–3.0 mm, Male TBL 2.3–2.5 mm

Saltonia incerta, adult female

Female TBL 2.5–4.5 mm, Male TBL 3.3 mm


PLATE 23

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: CELLAR SPIDERS

Some of these are illustrated with abbreviated legs to permit room for larger view of the body. All of the spiders in this family have long thin legs, similar to those shown for Pholcus.

Artema atlanta, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 9.5 mm

Crossopriza lyoni, adult female

Female TBL 5–9 mm, Male TBL 4–8 mm

Holocnemus pluchei, marbled cellar spider, adult female

Female TBL 5–9 mm, Male TBL 5–7 mm

Pholcophora americana, adult female

Female TBL 2.1–2.6 mm, Male TBL 2.2 mm

Pholcus phalangioides, longbodied cellar spider, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 7.0–9.0 mm, Male TBL 6.0–7.5 mm

Physocyclus californicus, adult female

Female TBL 5.3–7.0 mm, Male TBL 4.8–6.0 mm

Psilochorus hesperus, adult female

Female TBL 2.9–3.7 mm, Male TBL 1.8–3.1 mm

Spermophora senoculata, shortbodied cellar spider, adult female

Female TBL 2.0 mm, Male TBL 1.6 mm


PLATE 24

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS WITH TAN OR BROWN TEARDROP-SHAPED ABDOMENS

Cryptachaea porteri, adult female

Female TBL 2.2 – 4.9 mm, Male TBL 1.6 – 2.8 mm

Eidmannella pallida, adult female

Female TBL 3.0 – 4.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5 mm

Hentziectypus globosus, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 1.6 – 2.0 mm, Male TBL 1.2 – 1.8 mm

Nesticus silvestrii, adult female

Female TBL 3.7 – 5.0 mm, Male TBL 4.0 mm

Parasteatoda tabulata, adult female

Female TBL 5.9 mm, Male TBL 4.1 mm

Parasteatoda tepidariorum, common house spider, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5.0 – 7.0 mm, Male TBL 3.8 – 4.7 mm


PLATE 25

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS WITH UNUSUALLY SHAPED ABDOMENS

Argyrodes elevatus, dewdrop spider, adult female

Female TBL 3.4–5.2 mm, Male TBL 3.3–4.0 mm

Episinus amoenus, adult female

Female TBL 3.0–4.5 mm, Male TBL 3.0 mm

Euryopis funebris, adult female

Female TBL 3–4 mm, Male TBL 3 mm

Neospintharus trigonum, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 3.7–4.2 mm, Male TBL 2.5–3.3 mm

Rhomphaea fictilium, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–10.5 mm, Male TBL 4.0–7.0 mm

Spintharus flavidus, adult female

Female TBL 4.0–4.5 mm, Male TBL 2.8 mm


PLATE 26

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS WITH OVAL ABDOMENS AND WIDOWS

Enoplognatha marmorata, marbled cobweb spider, adult female

Female TBL 6–7 mm, Male TBL 5–6 mm

Enoplognatha ovata, adult females, plain, banded, and pink – backed forms

Female TBL 4.3–7.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–5.2 mm

Latrodectus bishopi, red widow, adult female

Female TBL 7.8–9.0 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.8 mm

Latrodectus geometricus, brown widow, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5–10 mm, Male TBL 3–5 mm

Latrodectus mactans, southern black widow, adult male, adult female typical form and spotted form (abdomen from above)

Female TBL 8.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 3.2–4.0 mm


PLATE 27

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS; STEATODA AND ASAGENA

Asagena americana, twospotted cobweb weaver, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 3.5–4.7 mm, Male TBL 3.2–4.4 mm

Asagena fulva, adult female

Female TBL 3.0–5.9 mm, Male TBL 2.4–5.0 mm

Steatoda albomaculata, adult female

Female TBL 4.0–8.0 mm, Male TBL 4.3–6.8 mm

Steatoda borealis, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 6.0–7.0 mm, Male TBL 4.7–6.0 mm

Steatoda grossa, false black widow, adult female

Female TBL 5.9–10.5 mm, Male TBL 4.1–7.2 mm

Steatoda triangulosa, checkered cobweb weaver, adult female

Female TBL 3.6–5.9 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.7 mm


PLATE 28

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: COBWEB WEAVERS WITH ABDOMENS MARKED WITH A FOLIUM OR LINES

Anelosimus studiosus, adult female

Female TBL 3.2–4.7 mm, Male TBL 2.1–2.3 mm

Canalidion montanum, adult female

Female TBL 2.7–4.4 mm, Male TBL 2.2–3.8 mm

Platnickina alabamensis, adult female

Female TBL 1.9–3.7 mm, Male TBL 1.8–2.7 mm

Theridion differens, adult female

Female TBL 1.8–3.5 mm, Male TBL 1.6–2.5 mm

Theridion murarium, adult female

Female TBL 2.8–4.0 mm, Male TBL 2.7–3.0 mm

Tidarren sisyphoides, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 5.8–8.6 mm, Male TBL 1.2–1.4 mm

Yunohamella lyrica, adult female

Female TBL 3.0–3.5 mm, Male TBL 2.1–2.8 mm


PLATE 29

SPACE-FILLING WEB BUILDERS: SMALL BRIGHTLY COLORED COBWEB WEAVERS

Phoroncidia americana, adult female

Female TBL 1.5–1.8 mm, Male TBL 1.5–1.6 mm

Theridion frondeum, adult male, adult females, three color forms

Female TBL 3.0–4.2 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.5 mm

Theridula emertoni, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 2.3–2.8 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.3 mm

Theridula gonygaster, adult female

Female TBL 1.7–2.5 mm, Male TBL 1.3–1.7 mm

Theridula opulenta, adult female

Female TBL 2.3–2.8 mm, Male TBL 2.0–2.3 mm


PLATE 30

FUNNEL-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: FUNNEL WEAVERS

Agelenopsis aperta, adult female

Female TBL 11–19 mm, Male TBL 10–19 mm

Agelenopsis pennsylvanica, grass spider, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 10–17 mm, Male TBL 9–12 mm

Calilena arizonica, adult female

Female TBL 7.3–11.3 mm, Male TBL 7.0–9.7 mm

Hololena curta, adult female

Female TBL 10–12 mm, Male TBL 9–10 mm

Melpomene rita, adult female

Female TBL 7.0–8.5 mm, Male TBL 7.0–8.5 mm

Novalena intermedia, adult female

Female TBL 9.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 7.5–9.0 mm

Rualena cockerelli, adult female

Female TBL 6.5–9.3 mm, Male TBL 6.0 mm


PLATE 31

FUNNEL-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: FUNNEL WEAVERS AND HACKLEDMESH WEAVERS

Coras juvenilis, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 6.7–11.0 mm, Male TBL 6.1–9.2 mm

Coras montanus, adult female

Female TBL 9.7–13.1 mm, Male TBL 8.2–9.7 mm

Cybaeopsis tibialis, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–9.0 mm, Male TBL 5.5–6.5 mm

Pimus fractus, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–6.5 mm, Male TBL 5.0–5.5 mm

Tegenaria agrestis, hobo spider, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 10–15 mm, Male TBL 7–10 mm

Tegenaria domestica, barn funnel weaver, adult female

Female TBL 7.5–11.5 mm, Male TBL 6.0–9.0 mm


PLATE 32

FUNNEL-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: HACKLEDMESH WEAVERS, SOSIPPUS, AND WADOTES

Amaurobius borealis, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 4.5–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–5.0 mm

Amaurobius ferox, adult male

Female TBL 8.5–14.0 mm, Male TBL 8.0–12.5 mm

Arctobius agelenoides, adult female

Female TBL 7–10 mm, Male TBL 6–8 mm

Callobius bennetti, adult female

Female TBL 5–12 mm, Male TBL 5–9 mm

Sosippus is a wolf spider that spins a funnel-shaped web.

Sosippus mimus, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 12.9–18.2 mm, Male TBL 13.1–14.2 mm

Wadotes calcaratus, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 6.0–11.0 mm, Male TBL 6.0–8.7 mm


PLATE 33

FUNNEL-SHAPED WEB BUILDERS: CALYMMARIA, BADUMNA, TUBEWEB WEAVERS, AND SOFT SPIDERS

These spiders build atypical funnel-shaped webs.

Ariadna bicolor, tubeweb spider, adult female

Female TBL 6.1–15.0 mm, Male TBL 5.4–7.2 mm

Badumna longinqua, adult female

Female TBL 10–18 mm, Male TBL 8–10 mm

Calymmaria persica, adult female

Female TBL 4.0–9.7 mm, Male TBL 6.1–7.3 mm

Cybaeus giganteus, adult female

Female TBL 9–12 mm, Male TBL 8–10 mm

Cybaeus reticulatus, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 9–10 mm, Male TBL 7–8 mm

Segestria pacifica, western tubeweb spider, adult female

Female TBL 8–16 mm, Male TBL 7–10 mm


PLATE 34

SPIDERS FOUND UNDER DEBRIS: AMPHINECTIDS, ROCK WEAVERS, AND SPURLIPPED SPIDERS

Kibramoa madrona, adult female

Female TBL 10 mm, Male TBL 8 mm

Metaltella simoni, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 7–10 mm, Male TBL 6–9 mm

Plectreurys tristis, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 12.5–17.0 mm, Male TBL 11.5–17.0 mm

Titanoeca nigrella, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–8.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–7.0 mm


PLATE 35

SPIDERS FOUND UNDER DEBRIS: PALE OR VERY SMALL SPIDERS FOUND UNDER DEBRIS; ZOROCRATES

Blabomma californicum, adult female

Female TBL 7.0 mm, Male TBL 5.5 mm

Cicurina arcuata, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 4.7–7.0 mm, Male TBL 4.3–5.7 mm

Neoantistea agilis, adult female

Female TBL 2.6–3.2 mm, Male TBL 2.5–3.0 mm

Yorima angelica, adult female

Female TBL 3.3–5.5 mm, Male TBL 2.8–4.1 mm

Zorocrates unicolor, adult female

Female TBL 15 mm, Male TBL 12 mm


PLATE 36

FOLIAGE HUNTERS: GHOST SPIDERS

Anyphaena maculata, adult female

Female TBL 4.5–5.5 mm, Male TBL 3.8–4.7 mm

Anyphaena pectorosa, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5.0–5.5 mm, Male TBL 4.7–5.0 mm

Arachosia cubana, adult female

Female TBL 5.9 mm, Male TBL 5.2 mm

Hibana gracilis, garden ghost spider, adult female

Female TBL 6.4–7.0 mm, Male TBL 5.7–6.5 mm

Hibana velox, adult female

Female TBL 8.4 mm, Male TBL 7.3 mm

Lupettiana mordax, adult female

Female TBL 3.0–5.5 mm, Male TBL 3.7–5.0 mm

Pippuhana calcar, adult male

Female TBL 5.0 mm, Male TBL 3.2 mm

Wulfila saltabundus, adult female

Female TBL 3.7–4.2 mm, Male TBL 2.9–3.5 mm


PLATE 37

FOLIAGE HUNTERS: SAC SPIDERS; CHEIRACANTHIUM AND ZORA

Cheiracanthium inclusum, agrarian sac spider, adult female

Female TBL 4.9–9.7 mm, Male TBL 4–7.7 mm

Clubiona abboti, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 4.0–5.4 mm, Male TBL 3.7–4.4 mm

Clubiona canadensis, adult female

Female TBL 6.0–11.5 mm, Male TBL 4.8–8.0 mm

Clubiona kastoni, adult female

Female TBL 4.3–5.4 mm, Male TBL 3.3–4.4 mm

Clubiona riparia, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5.4–8.7 mm, Male TBL 4.4–7.4 mm

Elaver excepta, adult female

Female TBL 6.7–7.4 mm, Male TBL 4.5–6.5 mm

Zora pumila, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.0 mm


PLATE 38

FOLIAGE HUNTERS: LYNX SPIDERS AND PIRATE SPIDERS

Ero canionis, adult female

Female TBL 2.7–3.4 mm, Male TBL 2.2–2.5 mm

Hamataliwa grisea, bark lynx spider, adult female

Female TBL 8.7–10.9 mm, Male TBL 8.4–11.1 mm

Mimetus puritanus, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–5.6 mm, Male TBL 4.0–4.5 mm

Oxyopes salticus, striped lynx spider, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5.7–6.7 mm, Male TBL 4.0–4.5 mm

Oxyopes scalaris, western lynx spider, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 7–8 mm, Male TBL 5 mm

Peucetia viridans, green lynx spider, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 14–16 mm, Male TBL 12–13 mm

Reo eutypus, adult female

Female TBL 4–5 mm, Male TBL 3–4 mm


PLATE 39

GROUND HUNTERS: WANDERING SPIDERS; MERIOLA, AND TRACHELAS

Anahita punctulata, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 7–9 mm, Male TBL 6–8 mm

Ctenus hibernalis, adult female

Female TBL 16–18 mm, Male TBL 13 mm

Meriola decepta, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 3.4–4.2 mm, Male TBL 3.1–4.1 mm

Trachelas tranquillus, bullheaded sac spider, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 6.0–7.7 mm, Male TBL 5.3–6.5 mm


PLATE 40

GROUND HUNTERS: ANTMIMIC SPIDERS

Castianeira amoena, orange antmimic, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 7.0–8.8 mm, Male TBL 5.7–6.8 mm

Castianeira cingulata, twobanded antmimic, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 6.7–8.0 mm, Male TBL 6.4–7.0 mm

Castianeira descripta, redspotted antmimic, adult female

Female TBL 8.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 6.2–7.6 mm

Castianeira longipalpata, manybanded antmimic, adult female

Female TBL 7.0–9.0 mm, Male TBL 5.5–6.0 mm

Castianeira occidens, adult female

Female TBL 7.1–10.4 mm, Male TBL 6.7–7.8 mm

Castianeira variata, adult female

Female TBL 9.3 mm, Male TBL 5.7–5.8 mm

Drassinella gertschi, adult female

Female TBL 3.2 mm, Male TBL 3.4 mm


PLATE 41

GROUND HUNTERS: DARK GROUND SPIDERS WITH A TAN OR RED CEPHALOTHORAX

Callilepis imbecilla, adult female

Female TBL 3.7–5.6 mm, Male TBL 3.0–3.6 mm

Drassyllus depressus, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 4.7–6.0 mm, Male TBL 5.0 mm

Drassyllus insularis, adult male

Female TBL 5.0–6.5 mm, Male TBL 4.8–5.0 mm

Gnaphosa fontinalis, adult female orange form, adult female dark form

Female TBL 6–10 mm, Male TBL 6–7 mm

Haplodrassus signifer, adult female

Female TBL 7.5–11.0 mm, Male TBL 7.0–9.0 mm

Scotophaeus blackwalli, mouse spider, adult female

Female TBL 8.9–12.0 mm, Male TBL 8.0–9.0 mm


PLATE 42

GROUND HUNTERS: BOLD-PATTERNED GROUND SPIDERS

Cesonia bilineata, adult female

Female TBL 4.3–7.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.4 mm

Cesonia josephus, adult female

Female TBL 5.2–7.5 mm, Male TBL 4.0–4.8 mm

Micaria longipes, adult female

Female TBL 5–6 mm, Male TBL 5 mm

Micaria pulicaria, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 3.4–4.0 mm, Male TBL 2.4–4.0 mm

Sergiolus capulatus, adult female

Female TBL 6.0–10.0 mm, Male TBL 5.5–7.0 mm

Sergiolus montanus, adult female

Female TBL 7.3–8.6 mm, Male TBL 5.8 mm

Sosticus insularis, adult female

Female TBL 5.7–7.7 mm, Male TBL 4.8–6.0 mm


PLATE 43

GROUND HUNTERS: PALE GROUND SPIDERS

Drassodes auriculoides, adult female

Female TBL 8.2–11.0 mm, Male TBL 7.3–11.0 mm

Gnaphosa muscorum, adult female

Female TBL 7.9–15.0 mm, Male TBL 6.8–12.0 mm

Litopyllus temporarius, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–7.1 mm, Male TBL 4.0–5.5 mm

Orodrassus coloradensis, adult female

Female TBL 8.1–9.8 mm, Male TBL 7.5–8.6 mm

Scopoides catharius, adult female

Female TBL 5.7–7.7 mm, Male TBL 4.7–6.5 mm

Talanites echinus, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 4.8–5.9 mm, Male TBL 4.5–5.2 mm


PLATE 44

GROUND HUNTERS: RED AND GRAY OR BLACK GROUND SPIDERS

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus, parson spider, adult female

Female TBL 6.4–9.0 mm, Male TBL 4.8–6.1 mm

Herpyllus hesperolus, adult female

Female TBL 7.4–10.2 mm, Male TBL 5.9–7.2 mm

Nodocion voluntarius, adult female

Female TBL 6.0–7.8 mm, Male TBL 5.1–6.5 mm

Trachyzelotes lyonneti, adult female

Female TBL 6.3–7.9 mm, Male TBL 4.3–5.0 mm

Urozelotes rusticus, adult female

Female TBL 5.9–7.4 mm, Male TBL 5.8–7.3 mm

Zelotes fratris, adult female

Female TBL 6.3–7.7 mm, Male TBL 5.5–6.6 mm


PLATE 45

GROUND HUNTERS: PROWLING SPIDERS, SPINYLEGGED SAC SPIDERS, AND PRODIDOMIDS

Agroeca pratensis, adult female

Female TBL 7 mm, Male TBL 5.5 mm

Neoanagraphis chamberlini, adult female

Female TBL 5.5–9.7 mm, Male TBL 3.8–9.1 mm

Neozimiris pubescens, adult female

Female TBL 1.7–4.0 mm, Male TBL 1.7–4.0 mm

Prodidomus rufus, adult female

Female TBL 3.0–5.5 mm, Male TBL 3.0–5.5 mm

Strotarchus piscatorius, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 7.6–9.2 mm, Male TBL 7.2–8.7 mm

Syspira longipes, adult female

Female TBL 8.5–16.5 mm, Male TBL 7.4–12.5 mm

Teminius affinis, adult female

Female TBL 10 mm, Male TBL 9 mm


PLATE 46

GROUND HUNTERS: TENGELIDS, DUSTY DESERT SPIDER, AND ZOROPSIS

Anachemmis sober, adult female

Female TBL 10.3 mm, Male TBL 8.0 mm

Homalonychus selenopoides, adult female

Female TBL 8–9 mm, Male TBL 7 mm

Lauricius hooki, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 10.7–18.0 mm, Male TBL 10.1–10.8 mm

Liocranoides tennesseensis, adult female

Female TBL 9.1 mm, Male TBL 8.0 mm

Socalchemmis dolichopus, adult female

Female TBL 7.5 mm, Male TBL 8.1 mm

Titiotus californicus, adult female

Female TBL 12 mm, Male TBL 10 mm

Zoropsis spinimana, adult female

Female TBL 15–17 mm, Male TBL 10 mm


PLATE 47

GROUND HUNTERS: ZODARIIDS, PARATHEUMA, NEOTAMA, AND NETCASTING SPIDER

Deinopis spinosa, netcasting spider, adult female

Female TBL 12–17 mm, Male TBL 10–14 mm

Lutica maculata, adult female

Female TBL 10–14 mm, Male TBL 7–10 mm

Neotama mexicana, adult female

Female TBL 6.5–11.8 mm, Male TBL 6.1–8.2 mm; lengths excluding spinnerets

Paratheuma insulana, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 3.3–5.9 mm, Male TBL 3.5–5.0 mm

Zodarion rubidum, adult female

Female TBL 2.3–2.9 mm, Male TBL 2.1–2.6 mm


PLATE 48

GROUND HUNTERS: BURROWING WOLF SPIDERS

Geolycosa missouriensis, adult female

Female TBL 15.8–21.0 mm, Male TBL 15.0–16.3 mm

Geolycosa pikei, adult female

Female TBL 18–22 mm, Male TBL 14 mm

Geolycosa rafaelana, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 17 mm, Male TBL 15 mm

Geolycosa turricola, adult female

Female TBL 22 mm, Male TBL 21 mm

Geolycosa wrighti, adult female

Female TBL 15.0–17.4 mm, Male TBL 14–16 mm

Geolycosa xera, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 17–20 mm, Male TBL 15 mm


PLATE 49

GROUND HUNTERS: SMALL AND TINY WOLF SPIDERS

Allocosa funerea, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 5.0–6.0 mm, Male TBL 3.5–4.5 mm

Hesperocosa unica, adult female

Female TBL 5.9 mm, Male TBL 4.0 mm

Pirata insularis, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 4.0–5.3 mm, Male TBL 4.5–5.0 mm

Pirata minutus, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 3.3–3.7 mm, Male TBL 2.7–3.0 mm

Pirata piraticus, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5.8–7.5 mm, Male TBL 5.5–6.2 mm

Trabeops aurantiacus, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 3.0–3.5 mm, Male TBL 2.5–3.0 mm


PLATE 50

GROUND HUNTERS: WOLF SPIDERS; PARDOSA, RABIDOSA, AND VARACOSA

Pardosa distincta, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5–7 mm, Male TBL 4–6 mm

Pardosa sternalis, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 6.0–7.0 mm, Male TBL 4.6–5.5 mm

Rabidosa punctulata, dotted wolf spider, adult male, female underside of abdomen, adult female

Female TBL 11–17 mm, Male TBL 13–15 mm

Rabidosa rabida, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 16–21 mm, Male TBL 11–12 mm

Varacosa avara, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 8.9–10.3 mm, Male TBL 7.7–8.2 mm


PLATE 51

GROUND HUNTERS: WOLF SPIDERS; PARDOSA

Pardosa lapidicina, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 7.7–9.3 mm, Male TBL 6.0–7.0 mm

Pardosa milvina, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 5.2–6.5 mm, Male TBL 4.0–4.7 mm

Pardosa moesta, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 5.1–6.1 mm, Male TBL 4.4–5.3 mm

Pardosa saxatilis, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 4.7–5.7 mm, Male TBL 3.8–4.5 mm

Pardosa xerampelina, adult female brown form, adult male gray form

Female TBL 7.4–9.5 mm, Male TBL 5.0–6.0 mm


PLATE 52

GROUND HUNTERS: WOLF SPIDERS; ALOPECOSA, GLADICOSA, AND TROCHOSA

Alopecosa aculeata, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 8.1–11.3 mm, Male TBL 7.2–9.5 mm

Alopecosa kochi, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 9.0–16.0 mm, Male TBL 6.6–11.0 mm

Gladicosa gulosa, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 11–14 mm, Male TBL 10–11 mm

Gladicosa pulchra, adult female, brown and gray forms

Female TBL 15.3–16.5 mm, Male TBL 12–12.7 mm

Trochosa terricola, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 9–14 mm, Male TBL 9–12 mm


PLATE 53

GROUND HUNTERS: WOLF SPIDERS; SCHIZOCOSA

Schizocosa avida, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 6.6–14.7 mm, Male TBL 6.3–9.8 mm

Schizocosa bilineata, adult male, adult female

Female TBL 5.7–8.7 mm, Male TBL 5.0–6.3 mm

Schizocosa mccooki, adult female, adult male

Female TBL 9.6–22.7 mm, Male TBL 9.1–15.5 mm

Schizocosa ocreata,

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