A Comparative Study Guide Spanish to English to Italian
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About this ebook
This guide jump-starts the student into a knowledge of Spanish or English or Italian, or all three, by concentrating on easily recognizable words common to these languages. It teaches a basic vocabulary by word association.
This guide is designed after the "vocabulary first" method of language instruction as advocated by the author. The student then is taught how to structure a particular vocabulary into meaningful sentences and concepts.
Read more from Robert D. O'brian
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A Comparative Study Guide Spanish to English to Italian - Robert D. O'Brian
Campos
Introduction
This guide is alphabetical, A through Z, with each letter comprising a separate listing, further divided into three sections: words that are interchangeable among the three languages; nouns, adjectives and adverbs that contain easily recognizable and equivalent meanings; and, verbs with easily recognizable and equivalent meanings.
Spanish is the language base for this guide. The Spanish listings are followed by their English definitions which include all relevant English meanings. The Italian is then matched to the Spanish listings and their English definitions, for example:
The Spanish word > JUSTICIA, justice, equity, fairness
^
The English definition
The Italian word > GIUSTIZIA
This guide’s primary purpose is to provide English speaking students of Spanish and Italian with a quick and resourceful vocabulary base. Conversely, the guide’s design will introduce Spanish and Italian speaking students to the English or the Spanish or the Italian vocabulary.
Not all possible words that fit this guide’s purpose are listed. Only the most obvious and useful words were selected. The student is given space in the guide to augment the listings with additional words of particular interest, making this guide a personal workbook.
All Spanish words are given the general or specific meanings of Spanish currently spoken in Argentina. The Italian is that which is currently spoken in Italy.
Spanish is the language to which the English definitions and the equivalent Italian are compared.
Following are pronunciation guides for Spanish, English and Italian.
Spanish Pronunciation Guide fo English speakers
The vowels a, e, and o are strong
vowels, i and u are weak
. When two vowels fall together the following applies: if the word has an accent mark, then that syllable is stressed (cóncavo, enfermería); a weak + strong combination belongs to one syllable with the stress falling on the strong vowel (cauto, caliente); a weak + weak combination belongs to one syllable with the stress falling on the second vowel (construir, cuidado); and, a strong + strong combination is divided into two syllables.( aca-rre- ar, co-rre-a )
A: as the a in father
B,v: when found at the beginning of a word or following a consonant, these are pronounced as a b. Otherwise, they have a sound which falls somewhere between the English b and v sounds.
C: before a consonant or a, o, or u, as the c in cat; before e or i as an s
CH: as the ch in church
D: as the English d except between vowels and following l or n where it is pronounced as the th in this
E: for a syllable ending in a vowel, as the e in they; for a syllable ending in a consonant, as the e in get
F: as the f in for
G: before e or i, as the Spanish j; otherwise as the g in get
H: silent
I: as i in machine
J: as an h but stronger; silent when at the end of a word
K: as the k in kilo
L: as an l in lee
LL: as the y in you. However, in Argentina it is pronounced as sh in shoe
M: as an m in mother
N: as an n; except where it appears before a v, as an m
Ñ: as the n in onion
O: for a syllable ending in a vowel, as the o in vote; for a syllable ending in a consonant, as the o in pot
P: as a p in pot
Q: as a k; always followed by a silent u
R: pronounced with a strong trill at the beginning of a word and following an l, n, or s; very little trill when at the end of a word; and medium trill in other positions
RR: strongly trilled
S: before consonants b, d, g, l, m, n, as a z; otherwise as an s
T: as a t
U: as the u in rule; silent after q and in the groups gue and gui
V: see b, v
W: usually pronounced as a v
X: when between vowels, as the x in box; before a consonant, as an s
Y: when used as a vowel, such as in the words y and voy, it is pronounced as the Spanish i. As a consonant it is pronounced as Y in yes
Z: as an s
English Pronunciation Guide for Spanish speakers
Algunas letras en Inglés tienen varias formas de pronunciación. Los sonidos proporcionados en Español son sólo una aproximación.
Letra en Inglés - Sonido aproximado - Ejemplo
A = a como en arco - car
e como eco - many
(antes de consonante + e final) - ei como en peine - fate
(entre consonantes) - ai como ei en peine - rain
au similar a la a de bata - cause
B = como en bomba - boy
C = (antes de a, o, u) - como en cama - cat
(antes de e, i) - como en cena - cereal
ch como en cheque - check
D = como en doble - David
dge como en ya - knowledge
E = entre a
y e
- thanks
e como en estar - let
i como en cinco - he, be
(final de monosílabo) - iu como en diurno - new, few
(final de la palabra) - (muda) - fine, live
(antes de t, d) - ea como i en rival - read, eat
ea como ei en rey- great
ea como e en error - sweater
(después de consonante) - ee como i en kilo - bee, see
ei como i en nido - neither
ei como ei en peine - eight
F = como en fallo - face
G = (antes de a, o, u) - como en gato - game
(antes de e, i) - entre "ch y
y" - George
(al final de palabra) - gh se pronuncia f como en faro – laugh
gh (es muda) - ghost
H = (como en j suave) - gente, jaula - home
I = i (pero más relajada) - sister
(final de la sílaba) - ai como en vaina - hi
i como en niño - marine
ie como i en nido - field
ie como en ai en vaina - pie
J = como en ya (entre "ch y
y") - jaguar
K = (antes de n) - como en cama - keep
(es muda) - known
L = como en limón - limb
ll como "l" en catálogo - villa
M = como en madre - mail
N = como en nada - never
O = (entre consonantes) - a como en habla - not
(después de d, t) - u como en uso - to, do
au como en Laura - how
(final de la palabra) - o alargada "ou" - hello
(entre consonante y t final) - oa como o (pero más alargada) - coat
oo como en u en pulso - food
oo como en u en pulso (pero más relajada) – good
ou como en u en pulso – you
ou como au en Laura – round
ou como en a (pero más relajada) - tough
P = como en pobre - stop
ph como f en foca - telephone
Q = qu como en cual - quack
R = como en raro - race
S = (principio o final de sílaba) - como en siempre - same
(entre vocales) - como en zumbido - rose
(antes de ure) - ¡shhh! - sure
sh como en ¡shhh! - shoes
T = (principio o final de sílaba) - como en tarea - top, correct
(antes de ion) - ¡shhh! - condition
(antes de ure) - como en mucho - nature
(en verbos, sustantivos, etc.) - th como z en zapato - thanks
(en artículos como la, pronombres, etc.) - th como d en lad - the
U = (antes de consonante + e final) - iu como en diurno - excuse
u como en pulso (más relajada) - put
u como en pulso - attitude
a (más relajada) - under
V = como en vino - valet
W = como en huevo - weapon
(antes de o) - wh como j en jugo - who
(antes de a, i, e) - wh como w en whiskey - white, where
X = (al principio de palabra) - z como en zinc - xylophone
( cuando va entre vocales) - se pronuncia gs - exempt
(en los demás casos) - como en exacto - box
Y = (final de palabra después de consonante) - ai como en vaina - my, by
(principio de la palabra) - como en ya (muy suave) - yellow
Z = como en zumbido - zoo
Italian Pronunciation Guide
The base alphabet consists of 21 letters and five vowels (A, E, I, O, U) and 16 consonants. Letters J, K, W, X and Y are not part of the proper alphabet, and are used only for loanwords and foreign names.
Italian has just 7 vowel sounds. When two or more vowels occur in a row, they are always pronounced separately, as in Australia (a-u-stra-li-a).
Most consonants are pronounced as in English, except: C, G, H, R, S, and Z.
A: long like a in father
B: as the b in balloon
C: 1. before i
or e
like ch in church
2. otherwise like c in car
D: as the d in death
E: 1. (open) like e in set
2. (closed) like a in say
F: as the f in fair
G: 1. before i
or e
like g in gem
2. otherwise like g in goal
H: h is always silent
I: like ee in meet
L: like l in liquid
M: like m in machine
N: like n in navy
O: 1. (open) like o in pot
2. (closed) like o in post
P: as p in pizza
Q: the q is a surplus letter with the same sound of hard "c". It is used only, but not always, when followed by approximant u
. Example: quando, acqua
R: rolled like r in Spanish
S: 1. between vowels like s in snake
2. otherwise like s in sit
T: like t in treasure
U: like oo in food
V: like v in vision
Z: 1. at beginning of words like ds in pads
2. otherwise like ts in cats
Combinations
CH: like c in car
GH: like g in goal
GN: like ny in canyon or like ñ in Spanish
GLI: like lli in million
SC: 1. before i
or e
like sh in shut
2. otherwise like sk in skip
The signs and symbols appearing in this guide are identified as follows:
(AERO) = aeronautics
(AGRIC) = agriculture
(ANAT) = anatomical
(ARCHIT) = architecture
(ARTE) = art, artistic
(ASTROL) = astrology
(ASTRON) = astronomy
(AUTO) = automotive
(BIOL) = biology
(BOT) = botany
(CINE) = cinema
(COM) = commercial
(DEP) = sports
(DER) = legal
(ECON) = economics
(ELECTR) = electrical
(FIN) = financial
(FIS) = physics
(FOTO) = photography
(GEN) = general meaning
(GEOG) = geography
(GEOL) = geology
(GRAM) = grammar
(INFORM) = inf. technology
(LITER) = literature
(MAT) = mathematics
(MECAN) = mechanical
(MED) = medical
(METEO) = meteorological
(MIL) = military
(MUS) = music
(NAUT) = nautical
(POL) = politics
(QUIM) = chemistry
(RELIG) = religion
(TECNOL) = technology
(ZOOL) = zoology
(A) = the feminine ending
(adj) = adjective
(adv) = adverb
(f) = feminine
(m) = masculine
(n) = noun
ó = or
os = oneself
s = plural
sb = somebody
sthg = something
ú = or
A
Interchangeable Spanish-English words and their Italian equivalents
Palabras intercambiables en Español-Inglés y sus equivalentes en Italiano
Parole intercambiabili in Spagnolo-Inglese e le loro equivalenti in Italiano
ADAGIO (MUS)
AD HOC
AEROSOL
AGENDA
AIRBAG
ALBINO (A)
ÁLBUM/ALBUM
ALGA, alga, seaweed
ÁLGEBRA/ALGEBRA
ALTER EGO
AMEBA ó AMOEBA
AMEN
ANACONDA
ANDANTE (MUS)
ANEMIA
ÁNGELUS (RELIG)
ANGINA
ANGORA
ANTENATAL, prenatal
AORTA
APARTHEID
ÁREA/AREA
ARIA
ARMADILLO
AROMA
AU PAIR
AUDIO
AUTO
AUTOCLAVE (MED)
AZALEA
Easily recognizable Spanish-English nouns, adjectives and adverbs and their Italian equivalents
Nombres, sustantivos, adjetivos y adverbios en Español-Inglés y sus equivalentes en Italiano
Nomi, sostantivi, aggettivi e avverbi in Spagnolo-Inglese e le loro equivalenti in Italiano
ABANDONADO (A), abandoned, deserted; derelict
ABBANDONATO (A), abandoned
ABANDONO, abandonment, desertion, neglect
ABBANDONO, desertion, abandonment
ABATIDO (A), depressed
DEPRESSO (A), depressed
ABATIMIENTO, depression
DEPRESSIONE, depression (MED) (METEO)
SCONFORTO, dejection, despondency
ABDICACIÓN, abdication
ABDICAZIONE, abdication
RINÙNCIA/RINÙNZIA, renunciation
ABDOMEN, abdomen
ADDOME
ABERRACIÓN, aberration; departure, lapse
ABERRAZIONE, aberration
ABERRANTE, aberrant
ABERRANTE
ABISMAL, vast, enormous; irreconcilable
ABISSALE, abysmal, profound
ABISMO, abyss, chasm
ABISSO, abyss, gulf
ABLATIVO, ablative
ABLATIVO
ABLUCIÓN, ablution
ABLUZIONE
ABNEGACIÓN, abnegation, self-denial ... ABNEGADO (A), self-denying, self-sacrificing;
ABNEGAZIONE, abnegation
(SEE DISGUSTADO)
ABOLICIÓN, abolition, elimination, termination
ABOLIZIONE
ABOMINACIÓN, abomination
ABOMINAZIONE
ABOMINABLE, abominable
ABOMINEVOLE
ABORTO, abortion; miscarriage
ABORTO
ABRASIVO (A), abrasive; grinding; harsh, hurtful
ABRASIVO (A) (n)
ABRIL, April
APRILE
ABSCESO, abscess
ASCESSO
ABSENTISMO, absenteeism
ASSENTEISMO
ABSOLUTAMENTE, absolutely
ASSOLUTAMENTE
ABSOLUTO (A), absolute, perfect, unqualified
ASSOLUTO (A), absolute
ABSORBENCIA, absorbency ... ABSORBENTE, absorbent;
interesting, absorbing;
ASSORBENTE, absorbent
(SEE INTERESANTE)
ABSORTO (A), absorbed, engrossed, involved, immersed
ASSORTO (A), absorbed/engrossed in
COINVOLGIMENTO, involvement
(SEE INMERSO)
ABSTEMIO (A), teetotaler
ASTEMIO (A, MI, MIE)
ABSTENCIÓN, abstention
ASTENSIONE
ABSTINENCIA, abstinence, self-denial, temperance
ASTINENZA, abstinence
ABSTRACCIÓN, abstraction
ASTRAZIONE
ABSTRACTO (A), abstract
ASTRATTO (A)
ABSTRUSO (A), abstruse, obscure, profound
ASTRUSO (A), abstruse
(SEE PROFUNDO, OCULTO)
ABSURDO (A), absurd, ridiculous, nonsense
ASSURDO (A), absurd
(SEE RIDÍCULO, RIDICULEZ)
ABUNDANCIA, abundance, plenty; affluent
ABBONDANZA, abundance, plenty
ABUNDANTE, abundant, plentiful
ABBONDANTE
ABUSIVO (A), exorbitant
ESORBITANTE, exorbitant; excessive
ABUSO, abuse, overuse, misuse
ABUSO, excessive use; abuse, misuse
ABYECTO (A), vile, wretched, abject
ABIETTO (A), abject, wretched; despicable, vile
DISGRAZIATO (A), miserable, pitiable, wretched
ACADEMIA, academy, school
ACCADEMIA
ACCESIBLE, accessible; approachable; affordable
ACCESSIBILE, accessible; approachable
ACCESO, access; entrance, entry; admittance
ACCESSO, access
ACCESORIO (A), accessory, incidental, extra
ACCESSORIO (A, RI, RIE), secondary; accessory
ACCIDENTADO (A), rough, uneven
ACCIDENTATO (A), uneven, rough
ACCIDENTAL, accidental
ACCIDENTALE
ACCIDENTALMENTE, accidentally, unintentionally
ACCIDENTALMENTE, by chance; accidentally, by accident
INVOLONTARIAMENTE, unintentionally