Stored-Product Insect Resource

STORED-PRODUCT INSECT RESOURCE

David W. Hagstrum

Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan

Bhadriraju Subramanyam

Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1: Species List

Chapter 2: Species by Family

Chapter 3: Species by Key

Chapter 4: Species by Commodity

Chapter 5: Species by Rank

Chapter 6: Species by Common Name

Chapter 7: Commodities by Scientific or Common Name

Chapter 8: References Cited

Chapter 9: Preparing Insects for Identification

Chapter 10: Books and Book Chapters

Chapter 11: Alphabetical List of Species Names

Copyright

The cover images were used, by permission, as detailed below.

Front Cover: Upper left image, black blow fly, Phormia regina,

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, United States, Bugwood.org;

Upper center image, larder beetle, Dermestes lardarius,

Joseph Berger, United States, Bugwood.org;

Upper right image, coconut borer, Pachymerus nucleorum,

Michael C. Thomas, Florida Department of Agriculture and

Consumer Services, United States, Bugwood.org;

Middle left image, Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella,

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, United States, Bugwood.org;

Middle right image, yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, Clemson University -

USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, United States, Bugwood.org;

Bottom left image, legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, Don Herbison-Evans,

Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, Australia, Bugwood.org;

Bottom center image, flat bark beetle, Silvanus bidentatus,

Gerald J. Lenhard, Louisiana State University, United States, Bugwood.org;

Bottom right image, limabean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella,

Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Hungary, Bugwood.org

Back Cover: Upper left image, Argentine stem weevil, Listronotus bonariensis,

Pests and Diseases Image Library, Australia, Bugwood.org;

Upper right image, redlegged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes,

Michael C. Thomas, Florida Department of Agriculture and

Consumer Services, United States, Bugwood.org;

Middle left image, whitemarked spider beetle, Ptinus fur,

Joseph Berger, United States, Bugwood.org;

Middle right image, granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius,

Pests and Diseases Image Library, Australia, Bugwood.org;

Lower left image, rutherglen bug, Nysius vinitor,

Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and

Consumer Services, United States, Bugwood.org

Reference in this publication to a trademark, proprietary product, or company name is intended for explicit description only and does not imply approval or recommendation to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.

This book was formatted from computer files submitted to AACC International, Inc. by the authors of the volume. No editing or proofreading has been done by the publisher.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929014

International Standard Book Number: 978-1-891127-66-3

© 2009 by AACC International, Inc.

All rights reserved.

No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form, including photocopy, microfilm, information storage and retrieval system, computer database, or software, or by any means, including electronic or mechanical, without written permission from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

AACC International, Inc.

3340 Pilot Knob Road

St. Paul, Minnesota 55121, U.S.A.

Dedication

The authors dedicate this book to the thousands of entomologists, biologists and others worldwide whose published research and records on stored-product insects made the book possible.

Preface

The initial purpose of our book was to compile a list of the insect species reported to be associated with stored products (any commodity of plant or animal origin other than fresh fruit or vegetable and lumber that is stored for later use) during storage, transportation, processing and marketing. In the process of compiling the list from more than 2,200 publications, we summarized information that will help anyone interested in stored-product entomology identify insects and find relevant information on these species. We hope the biological information from the literature cited in this book will be the basis for developing insect pest management programs. This book supplements the textbook Fundamentals of Stored-Product Entomology by Hagstrum and Subramanyam (2006).

Many of the stored-product insects have one or more synonyms. Without knowledge of the 508 synonyms discovered while compiling the list in Table 1.1, some information on many species may be overlooked. The keys available for identifying stored-product insects are catalogued so that the best key can be selected. The more than 9,200 published records of insect association with various commodities and more than 1,800 published records of their association with facilities are summarized for the first time providing insight into the range of commodities and facilities infested by a particular insect species. Much of the information on insect biology may not have been utilized fully because quickly finding the information needed to solve a problem has been difficult. The biggest problem is finding a literature citation. Once the reader has a literature citation, many sources are available to provide a copy of the paper, via libraries, interlibrary loans and commercial online services such as Bioone (http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=search-simple), Ingentaconnect (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/), JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822224), Science Direct (http://www.sciencedirect.com/), Springerlink (http://www.springerlink.com/journals/) and many others.

Chapter 1 is an alphabetical list by genus of the 1,663 insect species that have been reported in the literature as associated with stored products during storage, transportation, processing and marketing. Feeding by some insect pest species can actually reduce the amount of commodity that is available for sale or consumption. Other insect species are scavengers or mold feeders that can contaminate stored products and when found frequently enough or in sufficient numbers can be economically important in making a commodity unsuitable for sale or consumption. Chapter 1 provides extensive information on the commodities or facilities infested, the geographical distributions of each insect species, the ranking of their importance as pest or beneficial insects, common names, synonyms, available keys and pictures for these insects, natural enemies of pests, hosts/prey of beneficial insects and sources of biological information to characterize the pest or natural enemy status of an insect species. For a more common stored-product insect species, up to 243 commodities and 39 species of natural enemies are given. Literature citations are provided for up to 21 keys per species and 57 biological studies per species. Literature citations or web addresses with pictures are provided for many insect species. However, many insect species cannot be adequately identified to species using only pictures and selecting the best key is therefore important for correct insect identification. The range of commodities infested by each insect species and records of their geographical distribution are provided to help the reader narrow the number of stored-product insect species that might be expected. The book can also tell the reader where to find information on the biology of a stored-product insect species that will be useful in developing a pest management program. Chapter 1 is the longest chapter and Chapters 2 through 7 reorganize the information given in Chapter 1.

Chapter 2 provides an alphabetical list of the families showing the numbers of species of stored-product insects in each of 120 families. There are 259 genera that have more than one species, 22 genera that have 10 or more species and two that have more than 25 species. This is important because the species in the same genus often are most similar in appearance making them most difficult to distinguish using only pictures.

Chapter 3 provides an alphabetical list of the stored-product insect species separated by each key. This will help the reader find the best key for identifying an insect. With ever increasing international commerce, we are more likely to have problems with the less common stored-product insect species. In order to prevent the introduction of these less common insect species into a region or country, effective quarantine and pest management programs may require that we can identify all insect species associated with stored products.

Chapter 4 is an alphabetical list of commodities showing the insect species reported to be associated with each commodity. This chapter provides an overview of the number of insect species associated with each commodity. For example, 218 insect species can infest stored wheat, 256 species can infest stored maize, and 505 species can infest at least one of the stored cereal grains.

Chapter 5 is a ranked list of stored-product insect pests and their natural enemies showing their relative economic importance. In summarizing the rankings from three published studies, it was clear that the ranking was very dependent upon the commodity infested. We extend this analysis using information from Chapter 1 on number of keys, number of commodities infested, number of natural enemies, number of hosts/prey attacked and number of biological studies for each stored-product insect species. The book provides an international overview of the relative importance of stored-product insect species.

Chapter 6 is an alphabetical list of the common names of stored-product insects giving the scientific name for each species. This list is useful in finding the scientific name for a species that is used in Chapter 1 when only the common name is known.

Chapter 7 is an alphabetical list of the scientific names of the commodities giving the common names for each. This list is useful in finding the common name for a commodity that is used in Chapter 1 when only the scientific name is known. Scientific names are also listed by common names.

Chapter 8 has the references cited in Chapters 1 through 7 of the book. Chapter 9 discusses the methods of collecting and preserving insects for identification and Chapter 10 provides an overview of additional books and review articles that are available on stored-product insects. Chapter 11 is an alphabetical list of species providing an index to the generic names for each species. This can be important because insect species are listed alphabetically by their genus name in previous chapters. This book summarizes in one place an extensive database on a surprisingly large number of insect species associated with stored products during storage, transportation, processing and marketing. We sincerely hope that the pest management practitioners use the Stored-Product Insect Resource to improve the quality and reduce the cost of their pest management programs.

David W. Hagstrum and Bhadriraju Subramanyam

April 6, 2009

Chapter 1

Species List

Insects associated with stored products and their natural enemies are in the orders Coleoptera (Col.), Diptera (Dip.), Hemiptera (Hem.), Homoptera (Hom.), Hymenoptera (Hym.), Lepidoptera (Lep.) and Psocoptera (Pso.) (Table 1.1). Hinton (1945) reported that there were 600 species of Coleoptera associated with stored products. Halstead (1986) revised this to 500 species and Delobel and Tran (1993) included 416 species of Coleoptera. In the book edited by Prakash (2003), the authors reported 700 insect species associated with stored products during storage, transportation, processing and marketing. Hagstrum and Subramanyam (2006) included only 101 of the most common stored-product insect species in their textbook so these publications and the current book provided a much broader view of the insect species associated with stored products.

Table 1.1

Insects and their natural enemies associated with stored productsa