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    Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing: A Short Case Study
    Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing: A Short Case Study
    Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing: A Short Case Study
    Ebook97 pages1 hour

    Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing: A Short Case Study

    By Emmet Tobin

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    About this ebook

    This eBook aims to provide a summary of the guiding themes along with some simple methodologies in (i) Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and (ii) factors that influence the re-epithelial and tissue regeneration in wound healing. Tissue engineering involves the application of biological and engineering principles to achieve the repair, regeneration or replacement of failing or damaged organs. This dissertation examines the role of the extracellular matrix proteins, collagen and fibronectin along with transforming growth factor ß-3 (TGF ß-3) in skin tissue engineering and wound repair. The biological mechanisms associated with the ‘taking of grafts’ and normal wound healing is examined. Experimental studies investigated the role of transforming growth factor ß-3 on cell behaviour in combination with extracellular matrix patterns of collagen and fibronectin. Differences in the cell behaviour ‘in vitro’ can be attributed to the interaction of different protein-specific integrins during cell-cell and cell-matrix attachment.
    Detachment studies of protein treated surfaces and cells illustrated the variation in detachment times of collagen and fibronectin and TGF- β-3 treated culture flasks.
    The use of skin substitutes is still not widespread and lacks a ‘one-step process’. Various short comings were identified such as high costs; susceptibility to infection and long lead times which all diminish the effectiveness of skin replacements.

    Cell guidance and behaviour directly impact upon the healing mechanisms and scarring profiles in skin tissue. With a deeper understanding of Cellular communication, the immune system, wound repair, and current skin equivalents we can develop skin substitutes to better mimic native tissue and also optimise conditions for favourable wound closure and scar resolution.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherEmmet Tobin
    Release dateJun 12, 2016
    ISBN9781311848789
    Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing: A Short Case Study
    Author

    Emmet Tobin

    A graduate of the University of Bradford, West Yorkshire and Waterford Institute of Technology. With over 10 years experience in both the Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Industries, I am extremely passionate about validation and endorsing its importance to the future growth of companies.My professional experience includes working as a device, development, and validation engineer. I have worked extensively on projects including equipment FATs, commissioning and validation, new product development and production transfers. I effectively bring the requirements of Design, Regulatory, Quality, Validation and Production together to provide technical and robust solutions. My approach is ethical, quality based, hands-on, and thorough. Validation is my key skill with a sharp awareness of Time, Cost and Quality, while delivering new products to meet business and customer needs.

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      Book preview

      Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing - Emmet Tobin

      TISSUE ENGINEERING

      AND

      WOUND HEALING

      A SHORT CASE STUDY

      Emmet Tobin

      Copyright © 2016 Emmet Tobin

      All rights reserved.

      Distributed by Smashwords

      This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this ebook with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each person you share it with. If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then you should return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Ebook formatting by www.ebooklaunch.com

      Contents

      Overview

      Introduction

      Aims & Objectives

      Selected Methodology

      Skin

      The Epidermis

      Keratinocytes

      Keratin

      Keratinisation

      The Dermis

      Skin Circulation

      Hypodermis

      Basal Membrane

      Pigmentation

      Scar Tissue

      Skin and Age

      Regeneration

      Role of Fibroblasts

      Cornified cell envelope -Stratum Corneum

      Collagen

      Biosynthesis of Collagen

      Extracellular Modification

      Reactions of Collagen biosynthesis

      Fibronectin

      Cell Communication

      Stages of signalling

      Growth Factors

      Wound Healing

      Tissue engineering of Skin

      Current Skin Substitutes

      Justifying tissue engineering Substrates

      Characteristics of Substrate Materials

      Graft Performance

      Dermal Equivalents

      Keratinocyte Sheets

      Current Methods

      Quality control

      Wound Management

      Scaffolds

      Scaffold Manufacture

      Scaffolds as a 3D structure

      Materials of Scaffolds

      PGA

      PLA

      PLGA

      Non-synthetic Materials

      Hydrophobicity

      Epicel - Cultured Keratinocyte sheets

      Safety Considerations

      Integra

      Apligraf

      Summary of Experiments

      Results

      Conclusion

      Overview

      Tissue engineering involves the principles of repair, regeneration and replacement of failing or damaged organs. This study examines current skin substitutes on the market along with the biological mechanisms associated with the ‘taking of grafts’ and normal wound healing. Furthermore, the role of transforming growth factor ß-3 (TGF ß-3) on cell behaviour was investigated in combination with extracellular matrix patterns of collagen and fibronectin.

      It is well documented that integrins alpha1 beta 1 and alpha 2 beta 1 are collagen binding integrins. Differences in the cell response in vitro can be attributed to the interaction of different protein-specific integrins. Alpha beta v 6 integrin is epithelial specific and binds to fibronectin. Experiments found that cells aligned better to fibronectin patterns exhibiting longer mean lengths than cells seeded on collagen treated surfaces.

      Cell signalling molecules influence cell surface interactions with one another and various ECM proteins. Cell guidance and behaviour can therefore impact upon the healing mechanisms and scarring profiles in skin tissue. By Understanding the biological reasons behind these interactions, skin substitutes can be engineered better to mimic native tissue.

      Introduction

      This case study investigated the field of tissue engineering (T.E.), it focuses on identifying the structural and physiological interactions of skin and how they relate to skin substitutes and wound repair by natural or artificially engineered means. In addition, an experimental study of novel patterning techniques using extracellular matrix proteins collagen and fibronectin to investigate the impact upon Keratinocyte cell guidance and elongation. TGF ß-3 was added to cell lines to better understand the role of growth factors in skin regeneration. Experiments involving TGF ß-3 examined the impact upon cell alignment, elongation and the attachment/detachment response.

      It can be concluded that there is need to develop skin substitutes that consist of a ‘one-step process’ in order to reduce recovery time and the amount of specialised clinical care. Experimental findings illustrate the change in behaviour of cells in contact with fibronectin and collagen and the response of cells to TGF ß-3. It was observed that cells aligned better and exhibited marginally higher mean lengths to fibronectin patterns compared to the collagen patterns. TFG ß-3 caused additional elongation when added to the media.

      This eBook documents a two tiered approach with both a theoretical and experimental dimension to it. Its primary focus is on skin engineering and wound repair. As this project

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