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    Nutritional Genetics Part 1: Introduction
    Nutritional Genetics Part 1: Introduction
    Nutritional Genetics Part 1: Introduction
    Ebook105 pages49 minutes

    Nutritional Genetics Part 1: Introduction

    By Ronald Steriti

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    About this ebook

    Nutritional Genetics is a very brief review of nutrition and genetics with a summary the published research, primarily from PubMed.
    Part 1 is an introduction, beginning with DNA damage and repair, nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics and epigenetics, genetic testing. It also contains sections on vitamins and nutrients and metabolism. Part 2 describes nutritional genetics labs. Parts 3 - 6 have sections on diseases with references.

    Nutritional Genetics 1 – Introduction

    1. DNA and RNA
    2. DNA Damage
    3. DNA Repair
    4. Telomeres
    5. Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics
    6. Epigenetics
    7. Genetic Testing
    8. Genetic Testing Companies
    9. Genetics Drugs
    10. Folate Metabolism
    11. Homocysteine Metabolism
    12. Methionine Metabolism
    13. Methyl Folate Trap
    14. Vitamin B12 Metabolism
    15. Biotin
    16. CoQ10
    17. Folate
    18. Vitamin A
    19. Vitamin B6
    20. Vitamin B12
    21. Vitamin D
    22. Vitamin K

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRonald Steriti
    Release dateJun 23, 2016
    ISBN9781310999741
    Nutritional Genetics Part 1: Introduction
    Author

    Ronald Steriti

    Dr. Ronald Steriti is a graduate of Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine and currently is researcher for Jonathan V. Wright at the Tahoma Clinic.

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      Book preview

      Nutritional Genetics Part 1 - Ronald Steriti

      Chapter 1. DNA and RNA

      DNA and RNA

      DNA is comprised of four nucleobases in the nucleic acid: guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine (G–C–A–T). In RNA, thymine is replaced by the nucleobase uracil.

      Mutations and Polymorphisms

      A mutation is defined as any change in a DNA sequence away from normal, whereas a polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation that is common in the population.

      Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA

      Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA differ in many ways.

      Nuclear DNA is located within the nucleus of eukaryote cells and usually has two copies per cell while mitochondrial DNA is located in the mitochondria and contains 100-1,000 copies per cell.

      The structure of nuclear DNA chromosomes is linear with open ends and includes 46 chromosomes containing 3 billion nucleotides. Mitochondrial DNA chromosomes have closed, circular structures, and contain 16,569 nucleotides.

      Nuclear DNA is diploid, inheriting the DNA from both mother and father, while mitochondrial DNA is haploid, coming only from the mother.

      The mutation rate for nuclear DNA is less than 0.3% while that of mitochondrial DNA is generally higher.

      Chapter 2. DNA Damage

      Every day human cells accumulate more than 10,000 single-strand DNA breaks. Failure to repair such lesions can lead to mutations, genomic instability, or cell death. (Ohnishi et al., 2009)

      Causes

      Oxidative Stress

      The most significant consequence of oxidative stress in the body is thought to be damage to DNA.

      Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the by-products of oxidative phosphorylation (the ROS concept), cause cumulative DNA damage. (Halicka et al., 2012)

      Intrinsic oxidative stress through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with carcinogenic transformation, cell toxicity, and DNA damage. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a natural surrogate to oxidative DNA damage. (Han and Chen, 2013)

      Radiation

      Visible light (including most types of laser light), infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are considered non-ionizing radiation.

      Ionizing radiation includes gamma rays, X-rays, and the higher ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

      Ultraviolet Light

      Depending on skin type, exposure to UV radiation at moderate levels causes an increase in the amount of the brown pigment melanin in the skin, which is commonly known as a sun tan.

      UVA (320-400 nm) radiation constitutes >90% of the environmentally relevant solar UV radiation and can cause oxidative damage to DNA. (Kozmin et al., 2005)

      UVB induces production of vitamin D in the skin at rates of up to 1,000 IUs per minute. Overexposure to UVB radiation can cause sunburn and some forms of skin cancer.

      Melanin is an excellent photoprotectant that absorbs both UVB and UVA radiation and dissipates the energy as harmless heat, protecting the skin against both direct and indirect DNA damage.

      Both UVA and UVB destroy vitamin A in skin. (Torma et al., 1988)

      Ionizing Radiation

      Ionizing radiation (IR) produce a wide variety of DNA lesions among them double-strand breaks (DSBs), considered to be the major cause of cell death. Double-strand breaks are especially dangerous and can be mutagenic, since they can potentially affect the expression of multiple genes. (Ohnishi et al., 2009)

      Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa. (De Iuliis et al., 2009a)

      Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

      DNA damage may also result from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are potent, ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants commonly associated with oil, coal, cigarette smoke, and automobile exhaust fumes. A common marker for DNA damage due to PAHs is Benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE). BPDE is found to be very reactive, and known to bind covalently to proteins, lipids, and guanine residues of DNA to produce BPDE adducts. If left unrepaired, BPDE-DNA adducts may lead to permanent mutations resulting in cell transformation and ultimately tumor development.

      Alcohol

      A high concentration of ethanol accompanied with a vitamin-depleted diet increased 8-oxo-Gua and its repair activity in rats, which indicates oxidative DNA damage. (Hirano, 2011)

      Metals

      Excess levels of iron and copper observed in neurodegenerative disease-affected brain neurons can induce genome damage in neurons, and affect their repair by oxidatively inhibiting NEIL DNA glycosylases, which initiate the repair of oxidized DNA bases. (Mitra et al., 2014)

      Drugs

      Classical DSB-inducing agents include bleomycin and tirapazamine, which act via the production of free radicals, and etoposide and doxorubicin which prevent topoisomerase II (Top2)-mediated DNA re-ligation. (Ohnishi et al., 2009) (Merschsundermann et al., 1994)

      Breast Cancer

      DNA damage as a result of psychological stress may have implications for breast cancer. (Flint and Bovbjerg, 2012)

      Age-Related Macular Degeneration

      Mitochondrial DNA damage may be a potential mechanism for age-related macular degeneration. (Karunadharma et al., 2010) (Szaflik et al., 2009)

      Infertility in Men

      DNA damage may cause infertility in men. (De Iuliis et al., 2009b) (Guz et al., 2013)

      References

      De Iuliis, G. N., et al. (2009a), ‘Mobile phone radiation induces reactive

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