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    Distillation
    Distillation
    Distillation
    Ebook215 pages1 hour

    Distillation

    By Jean-Paul Duroudier

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    About this ebook

    Distillation, part of the Industrial Equipment for Chemical Engineering set, includes thirteen independent volumes that define how to perform the selection and calculation of equipment involved in the thirteen basic operations of process engineering, also offering reliable and simple methods.

    Throughout these concise and easy-to-use books, the author uses his vast practical experience and precision knowledge of global research to present an in-depth study of a variety of aspects within the field of chemical engineering, with this volume focusing on the process of distillation.

    Using both practical and theoretical examples, the author describes the various reactions and steps involved in separating out the components of a mixture to attain predefined levels of purity. By investigating different types of liquids, an array of column sizes, and the plates involved in distillation, readers will gain a wide understanding of the physics of liquids.

    The book also details the methods needed to understand the machinery used in applied thermodynamics in the hopes of encouraging students and engineers to manually build the programs they need. Chapters are complemented with appendices that provide additional information and associated references.

    • Contains a practical and theoretical focus on the process of distillation
    • Provides a clear analysis on the topic that includes practice applications in process engineering
    • Uses both practical and theoretical examples to describe the various reactions and steps involved in separating out the components of a mixture to attain predefined levels of purity
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateJul 30, 2016
    ISBN9780081017760
    Distillation
    Author

    Jean-Paul Duroudier

    Jean-Paul Duroudier is an engineer from Ecole centrale de Paris, France. He has devoted his professional life to the study of materials in chemical engineering.

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      Book preview

      Distillation - Jean-Paul Duroudier

      Distillation

      Jean-Paul Duroudier

      Industrial Equipment for Chemical Engineering Set

      coordinated by

      Jean-Paul Duroudier

      Table of Contents

      Cover image

      Title page

      Dedication

      Copyright

      Preface

      1: Theoretical Plates in Distillation, Absorption and Stripping – Choice of Type of Column

      Abstract

      1.1 General

      1.2 McCabe and Thiele’s method

      1.3 Global method (more than two components)

      1.4 Successive plates method

      1.5 Conclusion

      1.6 Choice of type of column

      2: Design and Performances of Gas–Liquid Perforated Plates

      Abstract

      2.1 Geometry of the plate

      2.2 Drop in vapor pressure on crossing the plate

      2.3 Hydrodynamics of the plate

      2.4 Transfers of mass and heat

      3: Design and Performances of Liquid–Gas Packed Columns

      Abstract

      3.1 General

      3.2 Hydrodynamics of packed columns

      3.3 Effective height and useable height for the transfer

      3.4 Effects of the distribution of the liquid: dead height

      4: Batch Distillation

      Abstract

      4.1 Simple boiling

      4.2 Total-reflux distillation

      4.3 Batch distillation

      Appendix 1: A Few Expressions for Partial Vapor Pressures

      A1.1 Henry’s constant

      A1.2 Empirical formulae

      Appendix 2: Characteristics of Typical Packings

      Appendix 3: Proposal For a Normalized Foaming Test

      A3.1 Experimental protocol

      A3.2 Composition of the control solutions

      Appendix 4: Numerical Integration: Runge–Kutta 4th Order Method

      Appendix 5: Molar Retentions

      Bibliography

      Index

      Dedication

      There are no such things as applied sciences, only applications of science

      Louis Pasteur (11 September 1871)

      Dedicated to my wife, Anne, without whose unwavering support, none of this would have been possible.

      Copyright

      First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd

      Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

      ISTE Press Ltd

      27-37 St George’s Road

      London SW19 4EU

      UK

      www.iste.co.uk

      Elsevier Ltd

      The Boulevard, Langford Lane

      Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB

      UK

      www.elsevier.com

      Notices

      Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

      Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

      To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

      For information on all our publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/

      © ISTE Press Ltd 2016

      The rights of Jean-Paul Duroudier to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

      Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

      A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

      ISBN 978-1-78548-177-2

      Printed and bound in the UK and US

      Preface

      The observation is often made that, in creating a chemical installation, the time spent on the recipient where the reaction takes place (the reactor) accounts for no more than 5% of the total time spent on the project. This series of books deals with the remaining 95% (with the exception of oil-fired furnaces).

      It is conceivable that humans will never understand all the truths of the world. What is certain, though, is that we can and indeed must understand what we and other humans have done and created, and, in particular, the tools we have designed.

      Even two thousand years ago, the saying existed: faber fit fabricando, which, loosely translated, means: "c’est en forgeant que l’on devient forgeron" (a popular French adage: one becomes a smith by smithing), or, still more freely translated into English, practice makes perfect. The artisan (faber) of the 21st Century is really the engineer who devises or describes models of thought. It is precisely that which this series of books investigates, the author having long combined industrial practice and reflection about world research.

      Scientific and technical research in the 20th century was characterized by a veritable explosion of results. Undeniably, some of the techniques discussed herein date back a very long way (for instance, the mixture of water and ethanol has been being distilled for over a millennium). Today, though, computers are needed to simulate the operation of the atmospheric distillation column of an oil refinery. The laws used may be simple statistical correlations but, sometimes, simple reasoning is enough to account for a phenomenon.

      Since our very beginnings on this planet, humans have had to deal with the four primordial elements as they were known in the ancient world: earth, water, air and fire (and a fifth: aether). Today, we speak of gases, liquids, minerals and vegetables, and finally energy.

      The unit operation expressing the behavior of matter are described in thirteen volumes.

      It would be pointless, as popular wisdom has it, to try to reinvent the wheel – i.e. go through prior results. Indeed, we well know that all human reflection is based on memory, and it has been said for centuries that every generation is standing on the shoulders of the previous one.

      Therefore, exploiting numerous references taken from all over the world, this series of books describes the operation, the advantages, the drawbacks and, especially, the choices needing to be made for the various pieces of equipment used in tens of elementary operations in industry. It presents simple calculations but also sophisticated logics which will help businesses avoid lengthy and costly testing and trial-and-error.

      Herein, readers will find the methods needed for the understanding the machinery, even if, sometimes, we must not shy away from complicated calculations. Fortunately, engineers are trained in computer science, and highly-accurate machines are available on the market, which enables the operator or designer to, themselves, build the programs they need. Indeed, we have to be careful in using commercial programs with obscure internal logic which are not necessarily well suited to the problem at hand.

      The copies of all the publications used in

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