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    The Machinery of Dairy Farming - With Information on Milking, Separating, Sterilizing and Other Mechanical Aspects of Dairy Production
    The Machinery of Dairy Farming - With Information on Milking, Separating, Sterilizing and Other Mechanical Aspects of Dairy Production
    The Machinery of Dairy Farming - With Information on Milking, Separating, Sterilizing and Other Mechanical Aspects of Dairy Production
    Ebook80 pages57 minutes

    The Machinery of Dairy Farming - With Information on Milking, Separating, Sterilizing and Other Mechanical Aspects of Dairy Production

    By Read Books Ltd.

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    About this ebook

    This antique text contains a comprehensive treatise on the equipment and machinery of dairy farming, including information on milking, separating, sterilising and other mechanical aspects of dairy production. Complete with handy tips, easy-to-digest information, and helpful diagrams and photographs, this text constitutes a definitive guide on the subject and will be of much value to professional dairy farmers and anyone with an interest in the subject. Many antique books such as this are becoming increasingly hard to come by and expensive, and it is with this in mind that we are proudly republishing this book here complete with a new introduction on cattle farming.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRead Books Ltd.
    Release dateSep 6, 2016
    ISBN9781473354623
    The Machinery of Dairy Farming - With Information on Milking, Separating, Sterilizing and Other Mechanical Aspects of Dairy Production

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      Book preview

      The Machinery of Dairy Farming - With Information on Milking, Separating, Sterilizing and Other Mechanical Aspects of Dairy Production - Read Books Ltd.

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      Chapter Eighteen

      Machinery for Milk Production

      Of about 157,000 farmers in England and Wales who sell milk to the Milk Marketing Board, about half use milking machines. Many of the remaining herds are very small, and there are now few large herds which do not employ milking machines and milk cooling devices. Most of the larger herds also employ utensil sterilizing equipment. In recent years British manufacturers have developed a vast range of equipment for all these purposes, and only a brief outline can be given in this chapter of the main features of the most common kinds of equipment.

      Milking Machines. During the 19th century, many attempts were made to milk cows by inserting small metal tubes into the teats. These were a complete failure, partly owing to inflammation of the udder caused by inefficient sterilization. There were also many attempts to imitate hand milking, but such machines failed to produce satisfactory results. A patent for employing a vacuum to draw out the milk was taken out in 1851, and by 1889 a machine operating on the continuous vacuum principle was marketed. These were found unsuitable, and the principle of intermittent suction and release, now universally employed, was first tried about 1895. The other important principle which is employed in all modern milking machines—use of a double-walled teat-cup which provides for both suction and squeezing by a rubber liner—was introduced in Australia in 1903. Later developments of importance included the application of releaser-type machines to portable milking bails by A. J. Hosier during the nineteen-twenties, and the incorporation of refrigerated cooling in the milking bails in 1928. The most important recent developments are concerned mainly with the development of various types of milking parlours, and of portable machines suitable for milking small herds.

      The increasing difficulty of getting hand milkers, together with cost studies which show that at present wage rates even herds of under 10 cows can be more economically milked by machine than by hand methods, are combining to accelerate the adoption of milking machines even on very small farms.

      The Essentials of a Milking Machine. An electric motor or a small engine drives a vacuum pump, producing a suction which is transmitted by a pipe-line to the milking units. This suction is continuous, but the teat cups are double-walled, with metal bodies and rubber linings; and a device called the pulsator alternately connects the space between the metal walls and the rubber linings, first with the atmosphere and then with the suction. When the space between the liners and the metal walls is at atmospheric pressure, the liner is compressed and the suction is for a short time cut off, thus producing the intermittent suction and release that is essential.

      FIG. 265.—TYPICAL PAIL MILKING UNIT (GASCOIGNE)

      The intermittent release from suction is necessary owing to the manner in which the milk is delivered to the teats. The milk is secreted in the alveoli in the udder, and passes down ducts to the teat cisterns, which are situated in the lower part of the udder, just above the teats. Suction draws off this milk but causes constriction of the cisterns and ducts, thus interfering with the blood circulation and preventing milk from passing rapidly from the alveoli into the cisterns. The release period allows the cisterns to become filled, and assists in this by a light massaging action.

      The vacuum pump may be of rotary or reciprocating type. It sucks air from the vacuum reservoir and pushes it out to atmosphere. In general, rotary pumps work more smoothly and have fewer moving parts. It is necessary to have a vacuum tank in order to provide a reserve, which helps to keep the pressure constant. The pump usually maintains a vacuum of 15 in. of mercury, or about 7 lb. per sq. in. (i.e. about one-half of the normal atmospheric pressure). A vacuum regulator or relief valve is placed in the pipe-line, in order to ensure against an excessive vacuum, which might be harmful to the cows. In addition, a vacuum gauge and moisture traps should always be incorporated in the pipe-line.

      The pulsator is an air valve so constructed that suction and release impulses alternate in the air line leading to the space surrounding the rubber teat cup liners. Pulsators may be driven mechanically or electrically, but are generally driven by the vacuum itself operating alternately on two diaphragms or on the two ends of a piston. It is, in effect, a two-way tap. In most machines it is set to give from 45 to 65 pulsations per minute. There is much variety in the construction of different makes of pulsator, and the buyer should make sure that this vital part is reasonably simple and free from trouble.

      There is much difference of opinion on the requirements of pulsators. Most manufacturers aim to

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