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    The Lenticular Process of Photography - A Classic Article on Lenses, Filters, Film and Other Aspects of the Lenticular Process
    The Lenticular Process of Photography - A Classic Article on Lenses, Filters, Film and Other Aspects of the Lenticular Process
    The Lenticular Process of Photography - A Classic Article on Lenses, Filters, Film and Other Aspects of the Lenticular Process
    Ebook105 pages1 hour

    The Lenticular Process of Photography - A Classic Article on Lenses, Filters, Film and Other Aspects of the Lenticular Process

    By Joseph S. Friedman

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    About this ebook

    This book contains classic material dating back to the 1900s and before. The content has been carefully selected for its interest and relevance to a modern audience. Carefully selecting the best articles from our collection we have compiled a series of historical and informative publications on the subject of photography. The titles in this range include "A Guide to the Chemistry of Photography" "A Guide to the Carbon Printing Process" "A Guide to Celestial Photography" and many more. Each publication has been professionally curated and includes all details on the original source material. This particular instalment, "The Lenticular Process of Photography" contains information on lenses, filters, film and more. It is intended to illustrate aspects of the lenticular Process and serves as a guide for anyone wishing to obtain a general knowledge of the subject and understand the field in its historical context. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRead Books Ltd.
    Release dateAug 26, 2016
    ISBN9781473357518
    The Lenticular Process of Photography - A Classic Article on Lenses, Filters, Film and Other Aspects of the Lenticular Process

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      Book preview

      The Lenticular Process of Photography - A Classic Article on Lenses, Filters, Film and Other Aspects of the Lenticular Process - Joseph S. Friedman

      THE LENTICULAR PROCESS

      IN this chapter we turn our attention to one of the simplest and most elegant of all the proposals for the making of color reproductions. This is the lenticular process, which requires no special camera or special processing technique, except that a special type of film has molded on its back a series of lenticular elements which divide the surface into a honeycomb structure. For a long time after the idea was first proposed, nothing was done with it. But later it became extremely popular, and for a time it was thought that this scheme solved all problems of motion pictures in color. Some idea regarding the position which lenticular film held in the industry may be obtained from the fact that fully one-third of the patents dealing with color reproduction in the decade 1925-1935, dealt in one way or another, with this process. This interest waned considerably with the advent of the monopacks.

      The principles which govern the use of lenticular film for color reproduction purposes, are purely optical in nature. Therefore, it may be of value to review at this point the fundamentals of lens and camera optics. Consider the following situation. An object is being photographed at a distance of ten feet, with a 4 by 5 camera, equipped with an 8-inch lens, the exposure being made at an opening of f: 8. The lens will have an effective aperture that measures one inch in diameter. From every point on the object there will radiate a cone of light, and the camera lens will intercept that portion of it which will have a cross section one inch in diameter (Fig. 53). Let us center our attention upon the cone of light which enters the lens. It has its apex on the object being photographed, 120 inches away from the camera. The base of the cone is a circle one inch in diameter. Therefore the angularity of the cone is very small. To all intents and purposes, it can be considered that the rays entering the lens are parallel to each other, and that their point of convergence is an infinite distance away. Stated a little more scientifically, ten feet represents the infinity distance in this case. From every point on the object; then, there arises a beam of parallel rays, each beam making a different angle with the axis of the lens. That is the only difference between all the rays which enter the lens, and it is this difference which determines exactly where the image of any point will appear in the negative. But this is getting a little ahead of the story.

      Lenses are possible because light travels at a different rate of speed through dense transparent substances, such as glass, than it does through air. The ratio between the velocities of light in vacuum and in any other medium, is called the index of refraction of the material. Now consider the case of a wave front AB, traveling in air, then entering a glass plate whose outer surface is depicted by the line CD in the diagram (Fig. 54). Let v be the velocity which the wave front has in glass, and C its velocity in air. The wave front is traveling in the direction EE′, which is normal or perpendicular to AB. Consider the wave front from the moment the point A on it reaches the glass. As the beam moves forward, the point A moves into the glass where it travels with a velocity v. In a time t, the distance it will have traveled in the glass will be vt = AA′. During that same time, the wave front will have traveled in air a distance Ct = EE′, and the point E on the wave front will have reached the glass surface. Inside the glass, the wave front will take the form E′ A′G, and the direction of its motion will be along a line perpendicular to the line E′A′G.

      FIG. 53

      FIG. 54

      The direction of the original beam has therefore been changed when it passed from air to glass, as indicated by the line EE′F′. This break in the direction of a beam of light when it passes from one optical medium into the next, is called refraction, and the amount of change in this direction is measured by the index of refraction. It is quite easy to establish from geometrical considerations that the index of refraction is numerically equal to the ratio of the velocities in the two media. Glass, for instance, has an index of refraction ranging approximately between 1.50 and 1.70. The film base has a value of 1.40. Pure gelatin also has a value of 1.40 or thereabouts.

      When a beam of light goes from air to a denser medium, its direction is always bent toward the normal to the surface of the denser medium. When a beam goes from a dense medium to air, it is always bent away from the normal to the interface between the two media. There is a cardinal rule in optics, the complete reversibility of action, and it is the one guiding principle in the entire study of the lenticular processes. Therefore the wave front E′A′G, upon emerging from the dense medium into air, will undergo the exact opposite direction transformation, provided the interface D′C′ is optically equivalent to the interface CD. This is true if the face D′C′ is parallel to the face CD. We can state the very important principle that is utilized in all beam-splitting devices, that when a beam of light passes through a sheet of glass with parallel faces, the direction of the beam is not changed, but its position is somewhat displaced. Thus in our diagram, were no glass plate included in the path, the direction of the wave front would be along the line EE′FR′. But upon placing the glass plate in the path, the beam proceeds along the broken line EE′F′R. The line F′R is parallel to FR′ so that the direction is the same as previously, but the position has been displaced a distance FF′.

      When a beam of light (this can be defined as the normal to the wave front, hence could be identified with the direction of the wave front) goes from air into a glass prism and then emerges from the prism, an entirely different story is true (Fig. 55). Consider the glass prism ABC, and the beam of light RD. Upon striking and entering the prism, the beam becomes refracted, and travels along the line DE until it reaches the new glass-air interface. Here the side AC is no longer the optical equivalent of the side AB, since it is not parallel to it. Hence upon emerging, the beam will be deflected away from the normal to the surface AC, and the new direction will be along ES. This is no longer parallel to, nor does it have any relationship to, the direction of the line RD, but is dependent mainly upon the angle of the prism, BAC. It is seen, therefore, that by properly designing a prism, it is possible to direct the beam to any desired place or direction.

      FIG. 55

      Consider, now, a lens LL′ (Fig. 56). This is

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