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    Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extractors
    Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extractors
    Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extractors
    Ebook239 pages3 hours

    Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extractors

    By Jean-Paul Duroudier

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    About this ebook

    Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extractors, part of the Industrial Equipment for Chemical Engineering set, presents a concise and easy-to-use book on the calculation of differential liquid–liquid extraction, an investigation of equilibrium and material transfer between a fluid and a divided solid, and the fundamentals of liquid–solid extraction, among other strategies.

    The author also provides methods needed for the understanding the machinery used in applied thermodynamics in the hopes of encouraging students and engineers to construct the programs they need. Chapters are complemented with appendices which provide additional information and associated references.

    • Presents reliable and simple methods of extraction and partitioning
    • Provides a clear analysis on the topic of liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extraction
    • Includes practical applications that readers can implement and study
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateSep 21, 2016
    ISBN9780081017852
    Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extractors
    Author

    Jean-Paul Duroudier

    Jean-Paul Duroudier is an engineer from Ecole centrale de Paris, France. He has devoted his professional life to the study of materials in chemical engineering.

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      Book preview

      Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extractors - Jean-Paul Duroudier

      Liquid–Liquid and Solid–Liquid Extractors

      Jean-Paul Duroudier

      Industrial Equipment for Chemical Engineering Set

      coordinated by

      Jean–Paul Duroudier

      Table of Contents

      Cover image

      Title page

      Dedication

      Copyright

      Preface

      1: General Theory of Liquid–Liquid Extractors

      Abstract

      1.1 Extraction by successive stages

      1.2 Mixers-settlers

      1.3 Equation of concentrations for differential extractors

      1.4 Transfer parameters

      1.5 Dispersed phase feeder

      1.6 Conclusion – pilot studies

      2: Three Examples of Calculation for a Differential Liquid–Liquid Extractor

      Abstract

      2.1 General

      2.2 Packed columns

      2.3 Rotating-disc contactor

      2.4 Pulsed column with perforated plates

      3: Equilibrium and Material Transfer Between a Fluid and a Divided Solid

      Abstract

      3.1 Introduction

      3.2 Choice of adsorbents

      3.3 The different types of isotherms of fluid–solid equilibrium

      3.4 Thermodynamics and equilibrium of multiple adsorption

      3.5 Transfer parameters

      3.6 Adsorption between a mass of liquid and a mass of solid

      4: Liquid–Solid Extraction and Washing of a Divided Solid by a Liquid

      Abstract

      4.1 Fundaments of extraction and liquid–solid washing

      4.2 Hydrodynamics of percolation continuous extractors

      4.3 Performances of continuous percolation extractors

      4.4 Diffusion batteries

      4.5 Washing of ores

      Appendix: Characteristics of Typical Packings

      Bibliography

      Index

      Dedication

      There are no such things as applied sciences, only applications of science.

      Louis Pasteur (11 September 1871)

      Dedicated to my wife, Anne, without whose unwavering support, none of this would have been possible.

      Copyright

      First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd

      Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

      ISTE Press Ltd

      27-37 St George’s Road

      London SW19 4EU

      UK

      www.iste.co.uk

      Elsevier Ltd

      The Boulevard, Langford Lane

      Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB

      UK

      www.elsevier.com

      Notices

      Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

      Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

      To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

      For information on all our publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/

      © ISTE Press Ltd 2016

      The rights of Jean-Paul Duroudier to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

      Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

      A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

      ISBN 978-1-78548-178-9

      Printed and bound in the UK and US

      Preface

      The observation is often made that, in creating a chemical installation, the time spent on the recipient where the reaction takes place (the reactor) accounts for no more than 5% of the total time spent on the project. This series of books deals with the remaining 95% (with the exception of oil-fired furnaces).

      It is conceivable that humans will never understand all the truths of the world. What is certain, though, is that we can and indeed must understand what we and other humans have done and created, and, in particular, the tools we have designed.

      Even two thousand years ago, the saying existed: faber fit fabricando, which, loosely translated, means: "c’est en forgeant que l’on devient forgeron" (a popular French adage: one becomes a smith by smithing), or, still more freely translated into English, practice makes perfect. The artisan (faber) of the 21st Century is really the engineer who devises or describes models of thought. It is precisely that which this series of books investigates, the author having long combined industrial practice and reflection about world research.

      Scientific and technical research in the 20th Century was characterized by a veritable explosion of results. Undeniably, some of the techniques discussed herein date back a very long way (for instance, the mixture of water and ethanol has been being distilled for over a millennium). Today, though, computers are needed to simulate the operation of the atmospheric distillation column of an oil refinery. The laws used may be simple statistical correlations but, sometimes, simple reasoning is enough to account for a phenomenon.

      Since our very beginnings on this planet, humans have had to deal with the four primordial elements as they were known in the ancient world: earth, water, air and fire (and a fifth: aether). Today, we speak of gases, liquids, minerals and vegetables, and finally energy.

      The unit operation expressing the behavior of matter are described in thirteen volumes.

      It would be pointless, as popular wisdom has it, to try to reinvent the wheel – i.e. go through prior results. Indeed, we well know that all human reflection is based on memory, and it has been said for centuries that every generation is standing on the shoulders of the previous one.

      Therefore, exploiting numerous references taken from all over the world, this series of books describes the operation, the advantages, the drawbacks and, especially, the choices needing to be made for the various pieces of equipment used in tens of elementary operations in industry. It presents simple calculations but also sophisticated logics which will help businesses avoid lengthy and costly testing and trial-and-error.

      Herein, readers will find the methods needed for the understanding the machinery, even if, sometimes, we must not shy away from complicated calculations. Fortunately, engineers are trained in computer science, and highly-accurate machines are available on the market, which enables the operator or designer to, themselves, build the programs they need. Indeed, we have to be careful in using commercial programs with obscure internal logic which are not necessarily well suited to the problem at hand.

      The copies of all the publications used in this book were provided by the Institut National d’Information Scientifique et Technique at Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy.

      The books published in France can be consulted at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France; those from elsewhere are available at the British Library in London.

      In the in-chapter bibliographies, the name of the author is specified so as to give each researcher his/her due. By consulting these works, readers may gain more in-depth knowledge about each subject if he/she so desires. In a reflection of today’s multilingual world, the references to which this series points are in German, French and English.

      The problems of optimization of costs have not been touched upon. However, when armed with a good knowledge of the devices’ operating parameters, there is no problem with using the method of steepest descent so as to minimize the sum of the investment and operating expenditure.

      1

      General Theory of Liquid–Liquid Extractors

      Abstract

      Processes utilize two different sorts of equipment : successive stages and counter current columns.

      Stages are mixer–settlers. Their number is obtained by a graphical method.

      As regards columns, if one knows the inlet and outlet conditions of one liquid and inlet

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