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    Ovarian Cancer, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment
    Ovarian Cancer, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment
    Ovarian Cancer, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment
    Ebook157 pages1 hour

    Ovarian Cancer, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    Ovarian cancer is a malignant disease arising from the cells of the ovary.
    It is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancer.
    Epithelial cell tumors start from the cells on the surface of the ovaries.
    These are the most common type of ovarian tumors.
    Germ cell tumors start in the cells that produce the eggs.
    They can either be benign or cancerous.
    Causes:
    a. Reproductive factors
    The risk of epithelial ovarian cancer is increased in women who have not had children and possibly those with early menarche or late menopause.
    Women who have been pregnant have a 50% decreased risk for developing ovarian cancer compared with nulliparous women.
    Multiple pregnancies offer an increasingly protective effect.
    Oral contraceptive use decreases the risk of ovarian cancer.
    b. Genetic factors
    Family history has an important role in the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
    At least 2 syndromes of hereditary ovarian cancer are clearly identified, involving either
    1. Disorders of the genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, or
    2. Genes within the Lynch II syndrome complex more rarely
    Inheritance follows an autosomal dominant transmission.
    Previous hormone therapy
    Current users of hormones had incidence rate ratios for all ovarian cancers of 1.38 (95% confidence interval CI, 11.26-1.51) compared with women who never took hormone therapy.
    Risk factors are
    a. Increasing age.
    b. Lifestyle.
    Factors which increase the lifestyle risk include:
    i. Smoking.
    ii. Obesity.
    There is evidence of increased risk in postmenopausal women who are overweight.
    Presence of advanced ovarian cancer is often suspected on abdominal mass but can be confirmed only pathologically by removal of the ovaries or when disease is advanced, by sampling tissue or ascitic fluid.
    Standard treatment is surgery (staging and optimal debulking) followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in most cases.
    Even if optimal surgery is not possible, removing as much tumor as possible will provide significant palliation of symptoms.
    Borderline lesions may be treated with conservative surgery.
    In early disease, assessment of peritoneal cytology, hysterectomy, removal of ovaries and Fallopian tubes and infracolic omentectomy should be performed.
    Management of early ovarian cancer in young women who desire future childbearing may be more conservative, i.e. a unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and staging but the long-term safety is uncertain.
    Treatment choice will depend on type of tumor and stage, and in partnership with the patient, who will need to be fully informed about prognosis.
    Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy improves survival in early (Stage I/IIa) epithelial ovarian cancers
    Chemotherapy is advised for all women with Stage II-IV disease following surgery.
    New targeted treatments include:
    Bavacizumab. This is a monoclonal antibody against vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF).
    This helps to prevent angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), which is an important part of cancer growth.
    Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) Inhibitors – e.g., olaparib.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Ovarian Cancer
    Chapter 2 Causes
    Chapter 3 Symptoms
    Chapter 4 Diagnosis
    Chapter 5 Treatment
    Chapter 6 Prognosis and Prevention
    Chapter 7 Summary
    Epilogue

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateOct 21, 2016
    ISBN9781370812271
    Ovarian Cancer, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Ovarian Cancer, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment - Kenneth Kee

      Ovarian Cancer,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2014 Smashwords Edition

      Published By Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes the Ovarian Cancer,

      and Its Treatments and Related Diseases or in vernacular terms

      (What You Need to treat Ovarian Cancer)

      This eBook is licensed for the personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      Ode to Ovarian Cancer

      No one wants cancer or his body cell to becomes mutant

      But when the body mutates and become malignant

      There is nothing much that you can do about it

      All you do is hope the cancer cells can be removed by surgery

      The other treatments in the past is radiation or chemotherapy

      Now there are stem cells, hormone treatment and immunotherapy

      Targeted therapy is focused directly on a particular cluster of cancer cells

      The exact location where the cancer cells dwell

      Avoid smoking if possible; cigarette smoke has 40 types of carcinogens

      Avoid alcohol which can cause cancer of mouth, esophagus and liver conditions

      Avoid chemicals like asbestos, alfatoxins from nuts and silica

      Avoid sun rays, radiation from phones, viral infections and trauma

      -An original poem by Kenneth Kee

      Interesting Tips about the Ovarian Cancer

      A Healthy Lifestyle

      1. Take a well Balanced Diet

      2. As usual the treatment of cancer consists of Surgery, Radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

      The choice of treatment depends on the size, extent and the type Ovarian cancer and the general health of the patient.

      Surgery

      Surgery is normally the first choice of treatment for ovarian cancer, and may sometimes also be needed to make the diagnosis.

      If detected is in the early stages, surgery is all the treatment that may be required.

      The omentum (thin tissue covering the stomach and intestines) and lymph nodes (small organs located along the channels of the lymphatic system) in the abdomen are often removed too.

      If the surgeon feels the cancer may be difficult to remove, a few cycles of chemotherapy may be applied first and surgery carried out thereafter, in the hope that the cancer would have been reduced.

      Chemotherapy

      Chemotherapy is used to kill any cancerous cells that may remain in the body after surgery, to control cancer growth or to relieve symptoms of the disease.

      Sometimes a few cycles of chemotherapy may have to be applied before surgery is carried out.

      Radiotherapy

      Radiotherapy is less commonly used in this cancer but may sometimes be used to treat individual spots of cancer which have recurred after surgery and chemotherapy.

      Other new therapies such as hormone therapy and biologic therapy may help in the treatment.

      3. Keep bones and body strong

      Bone marrow produces our blood

      Eat foods rich in calcium like yogurt, cheese, milk and dark green vegetables.

      Eat foods rich in Vitamin D, like eggs, fatty fish, cereal, and fortified milk.

      Eat food rich in Vitamins B and C such as green vegetables and fruits

      Zinc and other minerals are important to the body

      4. Get enough rest and Sleep

      Avoid stress and tension

      5. Exercise and stay active.

      It is best to do weight-bearing exercise such as walking, jogging, stair climbing, dancing, or lifting weights for 2½ hours a week.

      One way to do this is to be active 30 minutes a day at least 5 days a week.

      Begin slowly especially if a person has not been active.

      6. Do not drink more than 2 alcohol drinks a day for a man or 1 alcohol drink a day for a woman.

      Alcohol can affect the neurons and brain cells.

      7. Stop or do not begin smoking.

      It also interferes with blood supply and healing.

      Cigarettes contain more than forty types of hazardous and possibly cancer causing chemicals which can harm the smokers and those around them

      Chapter 1

      Ovarian Cancer

      I have a patient who was 12 years old when she was by her mother for complaints of recurring abdominal discomfort.

      She was seen by a nearby doctor who dismiss her symptoms as flatulence or gas in the abdomen.

      On examination of her abdomen however I found a hard swelling the size of a baseball on her left lower abdomen.

      I immediately send her for an urgent X-ray of the abdomen.

      The X-ray showed the presence of a possible malignant ovarian tumor on the left lower region of the abdomen.

      I quickly spoke to a prominent surgeon in the National University Hospital to request him to see her urgently.Happily for her and her mother he was willing to see her the next morning.

      After he examined her he arranged for an urgent laparotomy (opening of the abdomen) and removed the ovarian cancer which has already spread to the outside of the ovary.

      She was put on chemotherapy after the surgery and although she cried a bit over the loss of her hair and had to postpone her education, she recovered from her cancer and was able to continue her studies.

      She is working as an accountant in an accounting firm after finishing her university studies.

      What is Ovarian Cancer?

      Ovarian Cancer is a disease which cause malignant abnormal cells in the ovary to proliferate in an uncontrolled manner and spread to the rest of the ovary or outside the ovary.

      The most common type is the epithelial carcinoma that begins from the surface of the ovary.

      What is the cause of Ovarian Cancer?

      The cause of ovarian cancer is not known.

      However studies show that certain risk factors may increase the chance of developing this disease.

      1. Family history of ovarian cancer.

      2. History of cancer of the breast or colon.

      3. An age over 50 years.

      4. Infertility or not having children.

      The more children you have, the lesser your risk is:

      5. Early menstruation before the age of 12

      6. Late menopause

      7. High fat diet

      8. Use of fertility drugs, or Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT).

      Attempts are being made to detect early stages of ovarian cancer, especially among women who have an increased risk.

      A blood test is done to check for a substance called CA 125.

      If the sample contains raised amounts of CA 125, you may be given an ultrasound scan to see if the ovaries appear abnormal in any way.

      What is the symptoms of Ovarian Cancer?

      Ovarian cancer is the most dangerous of gynecological cancers because it is often silent and difficult to detect.

      There is no early detection method, so you must be vigilant and take note of persistent warning signs seriously.

      If you have some of the following symptoms which persist for more than a week or so, see the doctor.

      1. Vague gastrointestinal symptoms such as gas, indigestion, nausea and a bloated feeling

      2. Swelling in the abdomen, unexplained

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