Quantum Evolution

Quantum Evolution

Billy Coskun

Copyright © 2016 Billy Coskun

All rights reserved.

Cover designed by Billy Coskun

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Chapter One

Existence of God

Creation out of nothing

Universe

Big Bang

Time concept

The concept of now

Space-time

Chapter Two

What is light?

Speed of light

Speed of sound

Doppler effect

Energy

Gravity

Mass

Mass–energy equivalence

Chapter Three

Relativity briefly explained

Relativity of simultaneity

Time Dilation

Gravitational Time Dilation

Einstein's Special Relativity and Spacetime theories are flawed

Chapter Four

Black hole

Standard Model

Higgs boson

Dark matter

String theory

The holographic principle

Multiverse

Theory of everything

Chapter Five

Consciousness

Mind

Mind-Body dualism

Mental states

Sense

Perception

Sensory system

Virtual reality

Chapter Six

My experiments and discoveries

The hearing process in human brain

Is mind massless?

Audiotory Cortex

My vision tests

Virtual reality HD sound and vision

The reality is a virtual experience intertwined with conciousness

Chapter Seven

What is Quantum?

General relativity and quantum mechanics

Quantum entanglement

Quantum nonlocality

Wave function

Uncertainty principle

Hidden variable theory

Bell's theorem

Many worlds interpretation

Chapter Eight

My Quantum Tests

Quantum mind

Quantum Entangled Mind States

Schrödinger's Cat

Universal Quantum Clock Theory

Is Time Travel Possible?

Chapter Nine

Free Will vs Determinism

Random Variable

Does God play dice?

Chaos Theory

Butterfly effect

Superdeterminism

Evolution

Natural selection

Quantum Evolution Theory

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION

The existence of the so-called physical universe is an assumption and its existence can never be scientifically proven. We would need to make physical experiments to prove it, but that is a paradox. Because the tools and devices that we need to make measurements with also need to be proven that they exist physically. On the other hand, our mental states experienced by us in our minds are real and they don’t need proof. Each person experiences them as own mental states. 17th-century French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist René Descartes was convinced of his virtual existence before anything else because it's indubitable; I think, therefore I am. The question of if there is a physical world, causing the mental states observed by us cannot be answered with certainty. We can only assume that there is the world out there and our conscious mental states are created by the reflections of this physical world and the laws of physics are in order. Many physicists have argued that any action of a nonphysical mind on the brain would entail the violation of physical laws, such as the conservation of energy. A nonphysical mind cannot violate the physics laws, that is true. But what if there is no physical world, to begin with?

I have devised this book into nine chapters. In the first five chapters, I will explain some of the philosophical concepts and physics subjects related to the context of this book to help the readers to understand the logic behind my experiments and their results. In the sixth chapter, I will discuss my discoveries and the experiments related to hearing and vision. In the eighth chapter, I will elaborate the quantum tests I have conducted with their implementations and the Universal Quantum Clock Theory that I have formed based on my experiments. I have also developed a quantum evolutionary theory which supersedes the classical Darwinian evolution, which I will discuss along with the Free Will vs Determinism issue in the ninth and final chapter. The reader may read this book by starting from any chapter or section and use the other chapters as a reference when needed.

Billy Coskun

1 CHAPTER one

Existence of God

God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The existence of God is subject to lively debate in the philosophy of religion, popular culture, and philosophy. Countless arguments have been proposed in attempt to prove the existence of God.

The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of infinite knowledge, unlimited power, present everywhere, perfect goodness, divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God is also usually defined as a non-corporeal being without any human biological gender, but the concept of God actively creating the universe has caused some religions to give him the metaphorical name of Father.

Because God is conceived as being invisible from direct sight and not being a corporeal being, God cannot be portrayed in a literal visual image; some religious groups use a man to signify or symbolize God or His presence because of His deed of creating man's mind in the image of His own.

Arguments for and against the existence of God have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others for thousands of years. In philosophical terms, such arguments involve primarily the disciplines of epistemology (the nature and scope of knowledge) and ontology (study of the nature of being, existence, or reality) and also the theory of value, since concepts of perfection are connected to notions of God. A wide variety of arguments exist which can be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical or subjective.

Arguments about the existence of God typically include empirical, deductive, and inductive types. Conclusions reached include views that: God does not exist (strong atheism); God almost certainly does not exist (de facto atheism); no one knows whether God exists (agnosticism); God exists, but this cannot be proven or disproven (theoretical theism); and that God exists and this can be proven (strong theism). There are numerous variations on these positions.

In modern Western societies, the concepts of God typically entail a monotheistic, supreme, ultimate, and personal being, as found in the Islamic, Christian and Jewish traditions. In monotheisms outside the Abrahamic traditions, the existence of God is discussed in similar terms.

Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise.

The Western tradition of philosophical discussion of the existence of God began with Plato and Aristotle, who made arguments that would now be categorized as cosmological. Descartes said that the existence of a benevolent God was logically necessary for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful; and German philosopher Immanuel Kant argued that the existence of God can be deduced from the existence of good.

Atheism views arguments for the existence of God as insufficient, mistaken or weighing less in comparison to arguments against. Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by some atheists as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality. These atheists claim that a single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined, embellished and promulgated in a trans-generational manner.

Figure 1.1 The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, c.1512.

Creation out of nothing

The phrase out of nothing often appears in conjunction with the concept of creation, mainly in philosophical or theological contexts, but also occurs in other fields.

In theology, the common phrase creation out of nothing, contrasts with creation out of some pre-existent, eternal matter and with creation out of the being of God.

The phrase out of nothing also appears in the classical philosophical formulation Out of nothing comes nothing.

Out of nothing when used outside of religious or metaphysical contexts, also refers to something coming from nothing. For example, in a conversation, one might raise a topic out of nothing if it bears no relation to the previous topic of discussion.

Not all out of nothing thought assumes a divinely-revealed creator.

A major argument for creation out of nothing, the First cause argument, states in summary:

1. everything that begins to exist has a cause

2. the universe began to exist

3. therefore, the universe must have a cause

The first cause argument was rooted in ancient Greek philosophy and based in observation in physics. Originally it was understood in the context of creation from chaos. The observed phenomenon seen in reality is that nothing moves by itself. In other words, motion is not self-caused, thus the Classic Greek thinkers argued that the cosmos must have had a prime mover. However, this scientific observation of motion does not logically extend to the idea of existence, and therefore does not necessarily indicate creation from absolutely nothing.

Another argument for out of nothing creation comes from Claude Nowell's Summum philosophy that states before anything existed, nothing existed, and if nothing existed, then it must have been possible for nothing to be. If it is possible for nothing to be ,the argument goes, then it must be possible for everything to be.

Other support for out of nothing creation belief comes from the idea that something cannot arise from nothing; that would involve a contradiction. Therefore something must always have existed. But it is scientifically impossible for matter to always have existed. Moreover, matter is contingent: it is not logically impossible for it not to exist, and nothing else depends on it. Hence one deduces a Creator, non-contingent and not composed of matter.

A widely supported scientific theory in modern physics is the zero-energy universe which states that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero. It has been argued that this is the only kind of universe that could come from nothing. Such a universe would have to be flat in shape, a state which does not contradict current observations that the universe is flat with a 0.5% margin of error.

The theory of Spontaneous creation of the Universe out of nothing provides a model for a way the Universe could have been created from pure ‘nothing’ in information terms.

In theology, out of nothing creation states that there was a beginning to one's existence, and anything that exists has a beginning. This idea of a required beginning appears to contradict the proposed creator who existed without a beginning. In other words, people are considered to be contingent beings and their existence depends upon a non-contingent being. However, if non-contingency is possible, then there is no basis for arguing that contingency is required for existence, nor can it be logically concluded that the number of non-contingent beings or non-contingent things is limited to one single substance or one single Being.

American professor of philosophy of religion and theology David Ray Griffin expressed his thoughts on this as follows: No special philosophical problems are raised by this view: If it is intelligible to hold that the existence of God requires no explanation, since something must exist necessarily and of itself," then it is not unintelligible to hold that that which exists necessarily is God and a realm of non-divine actualities.

Universe

The Universe can be defined as everything that exists, everything that has existed, and everything that will exist. According to our current understanding, the Universe consists of space-time, forms of energy (including electromagnetic radiation and matter), and the physical laws that relate them. The Universe encompasses all of life, all of history, and some philosophers and scientists suggest that it even encompasses ideas such as mathematics and logic.

The Universe is all of time and space and its contents. The Universe includes planets, natural satellites, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, the smallest subatomic particles, and all matter and energy. The observable universe is about 28 billion parsecs (91 billion light-years) in diameter at the present time. The size of the whole Universe is not known and may be either finite or infinite. Observations and the development of physical theories have led to inferences about the composition and evolution of the Universe.

Throughout recorded history, cosmologies and cosmogonies, including scientific models, have been proposed to explain observations of the Universe. The earliest quantitative geocentric models were developed by ancient Greek philosophers and Indian philosophers. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led to the Solar System and, Johannes Kepler's improvement on that model with elliptical orbits, which was eventually explained by Isaac Newton's theory of gravity. Further observational improvements led to the realization that the Solar System is located in a galaxy composed of billions of stars, the Milky Way. It was subsequently discovered that our galaxy is just one of many. On the largest scales, it is assumed that the distribution of galaxies is uniform and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. Observations of the distribution of these galaxies and their spectral lines have led to many of the theories of modern physical cosmology. The discovery in the early 20th century that galaxies are systematically redshifted suggested that the Universe is expanding, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation suggested