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    Android Application Development Cookbook - Second Edition
    Android Application Development Cookbook - Second Edition
    Android Application Development Cookbook - Second Edition
    Ebook1,113 pages7 hours

    Android Application Development Cookbook - Second Edition

    By Boyer Rick and Mew Kyle

    5/5

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    Read preview

    About this ebook

    Over 100 recipes to help you solve the most common problems faced by Android Developers today

    About This Book

    - Find the answers to your common Android programming problems, from set up to security, to help you deliver better applications, faster
    - Uncover the latest features of Android Marshmallow to make your applications stand out
    - Get up to speed with Android Studio 1.4 - the first Android Studio based on the IntelliJ IDE from JetBrains

    Who This Book Is For

    If you are new to Android development and want to take a hands-on approach to learning the framework, or if you are an experienced developer in need of clear working code to solve the many challenges in Android development, you can benefit from this book. Either way, this is a resource you’ll want to keep at your desk for a quick reference to solve new problems as you tackle more challenging projects.

    What You Will Learn

    - Along with Marshmallow, get hands-on working with Google’s new Android Studio IDE
    - Develop applications using the latest Android framework while maintaining backward-compatibility with the support library
    - Master Android programming best practices from the recipes
    - Create exciting and engaging applications using knowledge gained from recipes on graphics, animations, and multimedia
    - Work through succinct steps on specifics that will help you complete your project faster
    - Keep your app responsive (and prevent ANRs) with examples on the AsynchTask class
    - Utilize Google Speech Recognition APIs for your app.
    - Make use of Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) to create Push Notifications for your users
    - Get a better understanding of the Android framework through detailed explanations

    In Detail

    The Android OS has the largest installation base of any operating system in the world; there has never been a better time to learn Android development to write your own applications, or to make your own contributions to the open source community!
    This “cookbook” will make it easy for you to jump to a topic of interest and get what you need to implement the feature in your own application. If you are new to Android and learn best by “doing,” then this book will provide many topics of interest.
    Starting with the basics of Android development, we move on to more advanced concepts, and we’ll guide you through common tasks developers struggle to solve. The first few chapters cover the basics including Activities, Layouts, Widgets, and the Menu. From there, we cover fragments and data storage (including SQLite), device sensors, the camera, and GPS. Then we move on more advanced topics such as graphics and animation (including OpenGL), multi-threading with AsyncTask, and Internet functionality with Volley. We’ll also demonstrate Google Maps and Google Cloud Messaging (also known as Push Notifications) using the Google API Library.
    Finally, we’ll take a look at several online services designed especially for Android development. Take your application big-time with full Internet web services without having to become a server admin by leveraging the power of Backend as a Service (BaaS) providers.

    Style and approach

    This book progresses from the fundamentals of Android Development to more advanced concepts, with recipes to solve the most common problems faced by developers. This cookbook makes it easy to jump to specific topics of interest, where you’ll find simple steps to implement the solution and get a clear explanation of how it works.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPackt Publishing
    Release dateMar 31, 2016
    ISBN9781785889202
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      This book was very helpful in starting out in Android!

    Book preview

    Android Application Development Cookbook - Second Edition - Boyer Rick

    Table of Contents

    Android Application Development Cookbook Second Edition

    Credits

    Disclaimer

    About the Authors

    About the Reviewer

    www.PacktPub.com

    eBooks, discount offers, and more

    Why Subscribe?

    Preface

    What this book covers

    What you need for this book

    Who this book is for

    Sections

    Getting ready

    How to do it…

    How it works…

    There's more…

    See also

    Conventions

    Reader feedback

    Customer support

    Downloading the example code

    Errata

    Piracy

    Questions

    1. Activities

    Introduction

    Declaring an activity

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    Starting a new activity with an intent object

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Switching between activities

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    See also

    Passing data to another activity

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Returning a result from an activity

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Saving an activity's state

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Storing persistent activity data

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Using more than one preference file

    See also

    Understanding the activity lifecycle

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Shutting down an activity

    2. Layouts

    Introduction

    Defining and inflating a layout

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Using RelativeLayout

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Using LinearLayout

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Creating tables – TableLayout and GridLayout

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Using ListView, GridView, and Adapters

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Changing layout properties during runtime

    Getting ready

    How to do it....

    How it works...

    Optimizing layouts with the Hierarchy Viewer

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    3. Views, Widgets, and Styles

    Introduction

    Inserting a widget into a layout

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Using graphics to show button state

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Using designated folders for screen-specific resources

    See also

    Creating a widget at runtime

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Creating a custom component

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Applying a style to a View

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Turning a style into a theme

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Selecting theme based on the Android version

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more…

    4. Menus

    Introduction

    Creating an Options menu

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Using a menu item to launch an activity

    Creating sub menus

    Grouping menu items

    See also

    Modifying menus and menu items during runtime

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Enabling Contextual Action Mode for a view

    Creating a Floating Context Menu

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Using Contextual Batch Mode with a ListView

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Creating a pop-up menu

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    5. Exploring Fragments, AppWidgets, and the System UI

    Introduction

    Creating and using a Fragment

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Adding and removing Fragments during runtime

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Passing data between Fragments

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Creating a shortcut on the Home screen

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Creating a Home screen widget

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Adding Search to the Action Bar

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    See also

    Showing your app full screen

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Sticky Immersion

    Dimming the System UI

    Setting the Action Bar as an Overlay

    Translucent system bars

    See also

    6. Working with Data

    Introduction

    Storing simple data

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Read and write a text file to internal storage

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Cache Files

    See also

    Read and write a text file to external storage

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Getting public folders

    Checking available space

    Deleting a file

    Working with directories

    Preventing files from being included in galleries

    See also

    Including resource files in your project

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Creating and using an SQLite database

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Upgrading a database

    See also

    Access data in the background using a Loader

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    7. Alerts and Notifications

    Introduction

    Lights, Action, and Sound – getting the user's attention!

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Creating a Toast using a custom layout

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    Displaying a message box with AlertDialog

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Add an icon

    Using a list

    Custom Layout

    Displaying a progress dialog

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Lights, Action, and Sound Redux using Notifications

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Adding a button to the notification using addAction()

    Expanded notifications

    Lock screen notifications

    See also

    Creating a Media Player Notification

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Making a Flashlight with a Heads-Up Notification

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    8. Using the Touchscreen and Sensors

    Introduction

    Listening for click and long-press events

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Recognizing tap and other common gestures

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Pinch-to-zoom with multi-touch gestures

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    Swipe-to-Refresh

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Listing available sensors – an introduction to the Android Sensor Framework

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Reading sensor data – using the Android Sensor Framework events

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Environment sensors

    Position sensors

    Motion sensors

    See also

    Reading device orientation

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Getting current device rotation

    See also

    9. Graphics and Animation

    Introduction

    Scaling down large images to avoid Out of Memory exceptions

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    A transition animation – defining scenes and applying a transition

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    Creating the start scene

    Creating the transition:

    Defining the ending scene:

    Starting the transition:

    There's more...

    See also

    Creating a Compass using sensor data and RotateAnimation

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Creating a slideshow with ViewPager

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Creating a Setup Wizard

    See also

    Creating a Card Flip Animation with Fragments

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    See also

    Creating a Zoom Animation with a Custom Transition

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Getting the default animation duration

    See also

    10. A First Look at OpenGL ES

    Introduction

    Set up the OpenGL ES environment

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    Declaring OpenGL in the Android Manifest

    Extending the GLSurfaceView class

    Creating an OpenGL rendered class

    There's more...

    Drawing shapes on GLSurfaceView

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Applying Projection and Camera View while drawing

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Moving the triangle with rotation

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    The render mode

    Rotating the triangle with user input

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    11. Multimedia

    Introduction

    Playing sound effects with SoundPool

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Playing audio with MediaPlayer

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Playing music in the background

    Using hardware volume keys to control your app's audio volume

    See also

    Responding to hardware media controls in your app

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Checking the hardware being used

    See also

    Taking a photo with the default camera app

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Calling the default video app

    See also

    Taking a picture using the (old) Camera API

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Setting the camera parameters

    See also

    Taking a picture using the Camera2 (the new) API

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    Setting up the preview

    Capturing the image

    There's more...

    See also

    12. Telephony, Networks, and the Web

    Introduction

    How to make a phone call

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    See also

    Monitoring phone call events

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    How to send SMS (text) messages

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Multipart messages

    Delivery status notification

    See also

    Receiving SMS messages

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Reading existing SMS messages

    See also

    Displaying a web page in your application

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Controlling page navigation

    How to enable JavaScript

    Enable built-in zoom

    See also

    Checking online status and connection type

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Monitoring network state changes

    See also

    Getting started with Volley for Internet requests

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Canceling a Volley request

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Using Volley to request a JSON response

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Using Volley to request an image

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Creating a Volley singleton

    See also

    Using Volley's NetworkImageView and ImageLoader

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    13. Getting Location and Using Geofencing

    Introduction

    How to get the last location

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Mock locations

    See also

    Resolving problems reported with the GoogleApiClient OnConnectionFailedListener

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    How to receive location updates

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Stop receiving location updates

    See also

    Create and monitor a Geofence

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    14. Getting your app ready for the Play Store

    Introduction

    The new Android 6.0 Run-Time permission model

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    How to schedule an alarm

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Cancel the alarm

    Repeating alarm

    See also

    Receive notification of device boot

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Using the AsyncTask for background work

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Parameter types

    Cancel the task

    See also

    Adding speech recognition to your app

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Push Notification using GCM

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Simple testing option

    See also

    How to add Google sign-in to your app

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    Localization resources

    See also

    15. The Backend as a Service Options

    Introduction

    App42

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Backendless

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Buddy

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Firebase

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Kinvey

    Getting ready

    How to do it...

    How it works...

    There's more...

    See also

    Index

    Android Application Development Cookbook Second Edition

    Android Application Development Cookbook Second Edition

    Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

    All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

    Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

    Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

    First published: March 2016

    Production reference: 1220316

    Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

    Livery Place

    35 Livery Street

    Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

    ISBN 978-1-78588-619-5

    www.packtpub.com

    Cover image by Karen Ann P. Boyer (<karen@eboyer.net>)

    Credits

    Authors

    Rick Boyer

    Kyle Mew

    Reviewer

    Emil Atanasov

    Commissioning Editor

    Edward Gordon

    Content Development Editor

    Parshva Sheth

    Technical Editor

    Menza Mathew

    Copy Editors

    Joanna McMahon

    Merilyn Pereira

    Project Coordinator

    Nikhil Nair

    Proofreader

    Safis Editing

    Indexer

    Tejal Daruwale Soni

    Production Coordinator

    Aparna Bhagat

    Cover Work

    Aparna Bhagat

    Disclaimer

    The author is committed to updating the book, feel free to check out his site for updates to Android N.

    About the Authors

    Rick Boyer is a senior software engineer with over 20 years of experience, including desktop, web, and mobile development. His first PDA ignited a passion for mobile development, which has extended to Windows CE, Windows Phone, and now Android. In 2011, he left the corporate world to start his own consulting business, NightSky Development. He now focuses exclusively on Android and provides consulting and development for start-ups and small businesses. Feel free to contact him through his page, www.eBoyer.Net.

    I'd like to start by thanking Nadeem, the acquisition editor, for bringing me in to this project! I also want to thank Parshva, the content editor, for his kind words and support while writing these 15 chapters!

    Thanks to the friendly staff at my local Starbucks in Starmall, just outside Manila. If I wasn't writing code samples in my office, I was working on chapters at Starbucks. I was always greeted with a smile and questions on how the book was progressing.

    A special thanks to Niron for stepping up to the challenge of making the Android coffee design, used in the cover photo, and Leigh, the manager, for indulging us while we took pictures of our coffee.

    Kyle Mew has been programming since the early eighties and has written for several technology websites. He has also written three radio plays and two other books on Android development.

    About the Reviewer

    Emil Atanasov is an IT consultant with broad experience in mobile technologies. He has been exploring the field of mobile development since 2006.

    Emil has an MSc degree in media informatics from RWTH Aachen University, Germany, and an MSc in computer science from Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria. He has worked for several huge USA-based companies and has been a freelancer for several years. Emil has experience in software design and development. He was involved in the process of redesigning, improving, and creating a number of mobile apps. Currently, he is focused on the rapidly growing mobile sector and manages a great team of developers that provide software solutions to clients around the world.

    As an Android team leader and project manager, Emil led a team that developed a part of the Nook Color firmware, an e-magazine/e-book, which supports the proprietary Barnes & Nobel and some other e-book formats.

    He is one of the people behind reviewing Getting Started with Flurry Analytics, Packt Publishing. He also contributed largely to Objective C Memory Management, Packt Publishing.

    I want to thank my family and friends for being so cool. Thank you for supporting me even though I'm such a bizarre geeky person, who spends most of his time in the digital world. Thank you, guys!

    www.PacktPub.com

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    Preface

    Android was first released in 2007 after being acquired by Google, Inc. Initially, Android was primarily used on a handset. Android 3.0 added features to take advantage of the growing tablet market.

    In 2014, Google announced that Android had over 1 billion active users! With over 1 million applications available on Google Play, there's never been a more exciting time to join the Android community!

    As we begin 2016, we have the recently released Android 6.0 with exciting new features for both users and developers.

    What this book covers

    Chapter 1, Activities, discusses Activities, which represent the fundamental building blocks for most applications. See examples of the most common tasks, such as creating an activity and passing control from one activity to another.

    Chapter 2, Layouts, talks about Layout options; while Activities are fundamental to the UI, the layout actually defines what the user sees on the screen. Learn the main layout options available and best practices.

    Chapter 3, Views, Widgets, and Styles, explores the basic UI object, from which all layouts are built. Widgets include everything from buttons and textboxes to more complicated NumberPicker and Calendar dialogs.

    Chapter 4, Menus, teaches you how to use menus in Android. Learn how to create menus and how to control their behavior at runtime.

    Chapter 5, Exploring Fragments, AppWidgets, and the System UI, shows how to create more flexible user interfaces by reusing UI components with Fragments. Take advantage of new OS features with translucent system bars or even make the System UI go away completely with Immersive Mode.

    Chapter 6, Working with Data, helps you discover multiple methods that Android offers for persisting data, and know when it is the best to use each option. The Loader class example shows an efficient solution to present the data without tying up the UI Thread.

    Chapter 7, Alerts and Notifications, shows multiple options for displaying notifications to your users. Options range from alerts in your application, using the system notification, and the Heads Up notification.

    Chapter 8, Using the Touchscreen and Sensors, helps you learn the events for handling the standard user interactions, such as button clicks, long presses, and gestures. Access the device hardware sensors to determine orientation changes, device movement, and compass bearing.

    Chapter 9, Graphics and Animation, helps you bring your app to life with animations! Take advantage of the many options Android offers for creating animations—from simple bitmaps to custom property animations.

    Chapter 10, A First Look at OpenGL ES, discusses the OpenGL; when you need high-performance 2D and 3D graphics, turn to the Open Graphics library. Android supports OpenGL, a cross-platform Graphics API.

    Chapter 11, Multimedia, takes advantage of the hardware features for playing audio. Use Android intents to call the default camera application or delve into the camera APIs to control the camera directly.

    Chapter 12, Telephony, Networks, and the Web, uses the Telephony functions to initiate a phone call and to listen for incoming phone events. See how to send and receive SMS (text) messages. Use the WebView in your application to display web pages and learn how to use Volley to communicate directly with web services.

    Chapter 13, Getting Location and Using Geofencing, shows you how to determine the user's location and the best practices so your app doesn't drain the battery. Use the new Location APIs to receive location updates and create Geofences.

    Chapter 14, Getting Your App Ready for the Play Store, helps you polish your app for the Play Store and learn how to implement more advanced features, such as alarms and AsyncTask for background processing. See how to add Google Cloud Messaging (push notification) to your app and take advantage of Google Sign-in.

    Chapter 15, The Backend as a Service Options, explores what a Backend as a Service provider can offer your app. Compare several top providers offering native Android support and free subscription options.

    What you need for this book

    Developing Android applications requires the Android SDK, available on multiple platforms, including Windows, Mac, and Linux.

    Though not required, this book uses Android Studio, the official Android IDE. If you are new to Android development, visit the following link to review the current system requirements and download Android Studio with the SDK bundle for your platform:

    http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html

    The Android SDK and Android Studio are both free of charge.

    Who this book is for

    This book assumes basic familiarity with programming concepts and Android fundamentals. Otherwise, if you are new to Android and learn best by jumping into the code, this book provides a wide range of the most common tasks.

    As a cookbook, it's easy to jump to your topic of interest and get the code working in your own application as quickly as possible.

    Sections

    In this book, you will find several headings that appear frequently (Getting ready, How to do it, How it works, There's more, and See also).

    To give clear instructions on how to complete a recipe, we use these sections as follows:

    Getting ready

    This section tells you what to expect in the recipe, and describes how to set up any software or any preliminary settings required for the recipe.

    How to do it…

    This section contains the steps required to follow the recipe.

    How it works…

    This section usually consists of a detailed explanation of what happened in the previous section.

    There's more…

    This section consists of additional information about the recipe in order to make the reader more knowledgeable about the recipe.

    See also

    This section provides helpful links to other useful information for the recipe.

    Conventions

    In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

    Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, and user input are shown as follows: Requesting a JSON response using JsonObjectRequest() basically works the same as StringRequest().

    A block of code is set as follows:

        android:name=.MainActivity

        android:label=@string/app_name >

       

            android.intent.action.MAIN />

            android.intent.category.LAUNCHER/>

       

    New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: Use the default Phone & Tablet option and select Empty Activity when prompted for Activity Type.

    Note

    Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

    Tip

    Tips and tricks appear like this.

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