OpenGL Game Development By Example

Table of Contents

OpenGL Game Development By Example

Credits

About the Authors

About the Reviewers

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Free access for Packt account holders

Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. Building the Foundation

Introducing the development environment

A quick look at Visual Studio

Start screen

The Solution Explorer panel

The Standard Toolbar panel

The code window

The output window

Starting your project

The game loop

The game structure

Initialization

The game loop

Shutdown

Creating the game structure

Port of access

The Windows message loop

Introducing OpenGL

What is OpenGL?

The other GL

Downloading OpenGL

Adding OpenGL to the project

Linking to the OpenGL library

Summary

2. Your Point of View

Plotting your revenge

The OpenGL coordinate system

Making your point

Understanding the code

Header files

Initializing OpenGL

The main entry point

The update function

Drawing the points

Running the program

Stretching your point

Getting primitive

A triangle by any other name

A primitive example

From triangles to models

Introducing textures

Using textures to fill the triangles

A matter of reference

Hanging out in the quad

Coding the quad

Rendering a texture

Loading the texture

Texture wrapping

Creating a textured quad

Putting the pieces together

Summary

3. A Matter of Character

Spritely speaking

Sprites versus non-sprites

Flipbook animation

Framed animation

Creating sprites

Working with PNGs

Linking to the SOIL library

Including the SOIL header file

Opening an image file

Coding a sprite class

Creating sprite frames

Saving each frame

Loading a sprite from individual textures

Creating a sprite sheet

Loading a sprite sheet

Loading our sprites

Rendering

Adding a render to the game loop

Implementing the main Render function

Implementing Render in the Sprite class

UV mapping

One more detail

A moving example

Adding update to the game loop

Implementing the main Update call

Implementing Update in the Sprite class

Character movement

Using delta time

Calculating delta time

Flipping

Scrolling the background

Using an atlas

Summary

4. Control Freak

A penny for your input

The keyboard input

Using the mouse

Touch

Other inputs

Someone is listening

The WndProc event listener

Handling the message queue

Handling mouse and keyboard inputs

Creating the Input class

Virtual key codes

Querying for input

Implementing the Input class

Adding input to the game loop

Processing our input

Changes to the Sprite class

Graphical User Interface

Creating a button

Enhancing the Input class

Adding UI elements to the list

Checking each UI element

Pushing your buttons

Adding our pauseButton

State management

Creating a state manager

Pausing the game

Summary

5. Hit and Run

Out of bounds!

Getting anchored

Collision rectangles

Embedding

Fixing the background

Collideables

Ready to score

A friend indeed

Time to spawn

Circular collision detection

The Pythagorean Theorem

Adding the circular collision code

Why use circular collision detection?

Wiring in the collision detection

Rectangular collision detection

The enemy within

Spawning the enemy

Adding the rectangular collision code

Wiring continued

Summary

6. Polishing the Silver

The state of the game

State machines

Why do we need a state machine?

Planning for state

Defining the new state

Implementing the state machine

Making a splash

Creating the splash screen

Defining the splash screen

Loading our resources

What's on the menu?

Creating the menu

Defining the menu buttons

Getting some credit

Creating the credits screen

Getting back to the main menu

Working with fonts

Creating the font

Drawing text

Wiring in the font support

Level up!

Displaying the score

Game progression

Defining game levels

Game stats

The next level screen

Continuing the game

Game over

The game over screen

Replaying the game

Summary

7. Audio Adrenaline

Bits and bytes

A sound by any other name

Making noise

Revving up your engine

Accessing the FMOD .dll file

Linking to the library

Point to the include files

Initializing FMOD

Virtual channels

Channel priority

Bleeps and bloops

Sound effects

Setting up the sounds

Playing sounds

UI feedback

The sound of music

Cleaning up the house

Release sprites

Release input

Releasing fonts

Releasing audio

Summary

8. Expanding Your Horizons

Into the third dimension!

Simulating 3D

Real 3D

3D Coordinate Systems

The camera

Remember those home movies?

Steady as she goes!

The viewport

Entering the matrix

Vectors

Combining vectors

Identity matrix

Coding in 3D

Creating the project

Retrieving OpenGL files

Linking projects to OpenGL libraries

Setting up the OpenGL window

Including header files

Defining global variables

Creating a function to create the OpenGL window

Sizing the OpenGL window

Initializing the OpenGL window

Creating a function to remove the OpenGL window

Creating the OpenGL window

Creating the Windows event handler

The Game loop

The finale

Summary

9. Super Models

New Space

A computer in a computer

Drawing your weapons

Getting primitive

Drawing primitives

Making your point

Gl_Points

Getting in line

Gl_Lines

Gl_Line_Strip

Gl_Line_Loop

Triangulation

Gl_Triangles

Gl_Triangle_Strip

Gl_Triangle_Fan

Being square

Gl_Quads

Gl_Quad_Strip

Saving face

Back to Egypt

A modeling career

Blending in

Blender overview

Building your spaceship

Exporting the object

Getting loaded

Summary

10. Expanding Space

Creation 101

Preparing the project

Loading game objects

The Model class header

Implementing the Model class

Modifying the game code

Taking control

Implementing input

Asteroid slalom

Setting up collision detection

Turning on collision

Summary

11. Heads Up

Mixing things up

The saving state

Push and pop

Two state rendering

A matter of state

Adding the state machine

Getting ready for a splash

Creating the user interface

Defining the text system

Defining textures

Wiring in render, update, and the game loop

Summary

12. Conquer the Universe

A fun framework

Setting up the Visual Studio project

Setting up the Windows environment

Setting up the OpenGL environment

Setting up the game loop

Texture mapping

Loading the texture

Rendering the cube

Mapping operations

Let there be light!

Defining a light source

The skybox

Advanced topics

Game physics

AI

The future

Summary

Index

OpenGL Game Development By Example

OpenGL Game Development By Example

Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: March 2016

Production reference: 1010316

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place

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Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78328-819-9

www.packtpub.com

Credits

Authors

Robert Madsen

Stephen Madsen

Reviewers

Artemis Tsouflidou

Simon W. J. Vanhauwaert

Pantelis Lekakis

Commissioning Editor

Julian Ursell

Acquisition Editor

Shaon Basu

Content Development Editor

Siddhesh Salvi

Technical Editor

Parag Topre

Copy Editor

Priyanka Ravi

Project Coordinator

Paushali Desai

Proofreader

Safis Editing

Indexer

Monica Ajmera Mehta

Graphics

Disha Haria

Production Coordinator

Nilesh Mohite

Cover Work

Nilesh Mohite

About the Authors

Robert Madsen is an accomplished game programmer, with dozens of published games to his credit. He started programming in 1979, and he has been a programmer for all of his professional life. He entered the game industry in 2004, and he founded SynapticSwitch, LLC in 2010. As studio director, he continues to code while also managing the broader needs of an independent game development studio.

Stephen Madsen completed his degree in game development from Full Sail Real World Education in 2007, beginning his first job as a game programmer in 2008. He then joined SynapticSwitch, LLC as the lead software engineer in 2012. He has developed and published many titles on the mobile, console, and personal computer platforms with OpenGL being the foundational rendering technology for most of these platforms.

About the Reviewers

Artemis Tsouflidou is a game developer based in London, and she has experience in gameplay programming. She studied computer engineering at the University of Thessaly in Greece, and she continued her studies at Goldsmiths University where she earned a master's degree in computer games. She is interested in programming and game development.

Simon W. J. Vanhauwaert is a Belgian game development programmer. He graduated in digital arts and entertainment, and he is currently professionally employed in the UK.

Pantelis Lekakis has been in the game industry for 4 years now, and he has been actively programming and developing his own projects since 2002.

His experience lies in rendering and game engines, and he has worked with various versions of Direct3D and OpenGL.

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Preface

Welcome to OpenGL Game Development Blueprints! We are excited that you chose this book as your guide to both OpenGL and game development. This section will provide you with a brief preview of each chapter, followed by the technologies that are required to complete the work that is presented in the book. Finally, we will discuss the target audience for this book so that you will know whether this book is right for you.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Building the Foundation, guides you through creating the code framework for the game. Games use a particular structure that is known as the game loop. By the end of this chapter, you will understand and have created the game loop for the game as well as initialized the required OpenGL elements.

Chapter 2, Your Point of View, introduces you to the first project in the book—creating a 2D platform game. The first step in this project will be to define the type of view that is required by OpenGL, and render the background of the game.

Chapter 3, A Matter of Character, covers the creation of sprites that move on the screen. 2D frame-based animations are the core of any 2D game, and you will learn how to create simple graphics and render them to the screen.

Chapter 4, Control Freak, teaches you how to build an input system that will allow you to control the main character and other aspects of the game. You will also create a basic user interface that allows you to start the game and navigate to various options.

Chapter 5, Hit and Run, covers collision detection. You will learn how to stop the character from falling through the ground, how to land on objects, and how to detect whether enemies have hit you or have been hit by player weapons. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to play the game for the first time.

Chapter 6, Polishing the Silver, covers the topics that make a game presentable (but are often overlooked by novice developers). You will learn how to implement a scoring system, game over and game won scenarios, and simple level progression. This chapter will conclude the 2D project of the book.

Chapter 7, Audio Adrenaline, guides you through implementing sound effects and music in the game. We will provide links to some audio files that you can use in your game.

Chapter 8, Expanding Your Horizons, will start the second project of the book—a 3D first-person space shooter. At the end of this chapter you will have created a new project, starting the framework for a 3D game.

Chapter 9, Super Models, introduces you to the concepts of 3D art and modeling, and then guides you through the process of loading 3D models into the game environment. Although you will be able try your hand at creating a 3D model, the resources that are required for the game will be provided online.

Chapter 10, Expanding Space, expands on many of the concepts that were covered in the 2D segment of the book and applies them to a 3D world. Movement and collision detection are revamped to take this new dimension into consideration. An input scheme to move in 3D space is implemented. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to control a 3D model in 3D space.

Chapter 11, Heads Up, guides you through creating a 2D user interface on top of the 3D world. You will create a menu system to start and end the game, as well as a heads-up-display (HUD) that shows the score and stats in game. By the end of this chapter, you will have created a playable 3D shooter game.

Chapter 12, Conquer the Universe, introduces you to some of the more advanced concepts that were beyond the scope of the book, and it gives you some direction to advance your skills.

What you need for this book

Each chapter in the book will have exercises that you will need to code. Each exercise is a building block toward creating your first game using OpenGL. It is vitally important that you actually write the code. In our experience, you can't learn any kind of computer programming without actually writing code. Don't just read the book, do the book!

The first chapter of the book will go through the details of setting up a development environment so that you can code the examples in the book. In general, you will need the following:

A Windows-based personal computer: You could use a Mac, but the examples used in the book are based on a Windows 10 operating system.

A copy of Visual Studio: We will show you how to obtain and install this for free in chapter one, or you can go to http://www.visualstudio.com/downloads/download-visual-studio-vs right now. Again, you could use another development tool and compiler, but you are on your own to set it up.

A 2D image editor program: We recommend GIMP, which you can download for free at http://www.gimp.org/.

A 3D modeling program: We recommend Blender, which you can download for free at http://www.blender.org/.

An Internet connection: You could complete the exercises without this, but an Internet connection is very useful for looking up additional resources.

Some free time and dedication!

That's it! The good news is that as long as you have a personal computer, the technology and tools that are used to create games using OpenGL are completely free!

Who this book is for

If you are reading this book, it is pretty obvious that you are interested in game development. You have either heard of OpenGL or perhaps even used it, and you want to learn more. Finally, you are already a programmer in some computer language or you want to be.

Does this sound like you? Read on!

This book assumes that you have some familiarity with computer programming in the C++ computer language. If you have programmed in some other language, such as C#, Java, JavaScript, or PHP, then you are pretty familiar with the constructs of the C++ language. Nevertheless, if have never programmed in C++ then you may need to brush up on your skills. You can try Microsoft Visual C++ Windows Applications by Example, also published by Packt Publishing. If you feel comfortable with programming in general, but have not coded in C++, you can look at the free online C++ tutorials at http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/.

We don't assume that you have any knowledge of OpenGL—that is what this book is going to give you. We start by explaining the basic concepts of OpenGL and move through more advanced concepts by example. As you learn, you will also code, providing you with the opportunity to put what you have learned into practice. This book won't make you an OpenGL expert overnight, but it will give you the foundation to understand and use OpenGL. At the end of this book, we will give you some pointers to other resources that will allow you to learn even more about OpenGL.

We also don't assume that you have any experience developing games. This book is rather unique in that it provides you with a primer to learn OpenGL and a primer to learn game development. There are many books out there that teach OpenGL, but most do so within a more academic or theoretical framework. We felt that it was better to teach you OpenGL while you were using it to create an actual game. Actually, you will code two games: one in 2D, and one in 3D. Two for the price of one!

Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: As usual, change the middle line in update to call drawQuad.

A block of code is set as follows:

void CheckCollisions()

{

  if (player->IntersectsRect(pickup))

  {

    pickup->IsVisible(false);

    pickup->IsActive(false);

    player->SetValue(player->GetValue() + pickup->GetValue());

    pickupSpawnTimer = 0.0f;

  }

}

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

pause->Update(p_deltaTime);

  resume->Update(p_deltaTime);

  pickup->Update(p_deltaTime);

  SpawnPickup(p_deltaTime);

  CheckCollisions();

}

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: For the Configuration drop-down box, make sure you select All Configurations.

Note

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tip

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Reader feedback

Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about this book—what you liked or disliked. Reader feedback is important for us as it helps us develop titles that you will really get the most out of.

To send us general feedback, simply e-mail <feedback@packtpub.com>, and mention the book's title in the subject of your message.

If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, see our author guide at www.packtpub.com/authors.

Customer support

Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book, we have a number of things to help you to get the most from your purchase.

Downloading the example code

You can download the example code files from your account at http://www.packtpub.com for all the Packt Publishing books you have purchased. If you purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit http://www.packtpub.com/support and register to have the files e-mailed directly to you.

Errata

Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes do happen. If you find a mistake in one of our books—maybe a mistake in the text or the code—we would be grateful if you could report this to us. By doing so, you can save other readers from frustration and help us improve subsequent versions of this book. If you find any errata, please report them by visiting http://www.packtpub.com/submit-errata, selecting your book, clicking on the Errata Submission Form link, and entering the details of your errata. Once your errata are verified, your submission will be accepted and the errata will be uploaded to our website or added to any list of existing errata under the Errata section of that title.

To view the previously submitted errata, go to https://www.packtpub.com/books/content/support and enter the name of the book in the search field. The required information will appear under the Errata section.

Piracy

Piracy of copyrighted material on the Internet is an ongoing problem across all media. At Packt, we take the protection of our copyright and licenses very seriously. If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the Internet, please provide us with the location address or website name immediately so that we can pursue a remedy.

Please contact us at <copyright@packtpub.com> with a link to the suspected pirated material.

We appreciate your help in protecting our authors and our ability to bring you valuable content.

Questions

If you have a problem with any aspect of this book, you can contact us at <questions@packtpub.com>, and we will do our best to address the problem.

Chapter 1. Building the Foundation

Building a game is like building a house. Except this is a crazy house with rooms sticking out everywhere, and at any time someone might decide to add another room just here, and remove a room over there. You had better have a good foundation!

This chapter will take you through the process of setting up the foundation to build your game. You will learn, how to set up a development environment using Visual Studio. Next, you will set up the game loop, which is the foundation for every game ever created. Finally, you will set up the development environment to use OpenGL as your rendering engine.

Introducing the development environment

The development environment is the