Animals and Psychedelics: The Natural World and the Instinct to Alter Consciousness
By Giorgio Samorini and Rob Montgomery
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About this ebook
• Throws out behaviorist theories that claim animals have no consciousness.
• Offers a completely new understanding of the role psychedelics play in the development of consciousness in all species.
• Reveals drug use to be a natural instinct.
From caffeine-dependent goats to nectar addicted ants, the animal kingdom offers amazing examples of wild animals and insects seeking out and consuming the psychoactive substances in their environments. Author Giorgio Samorini explores this little-known phenomenon and suggests that, far from being confined to humans, the desire to experience altered states of consciousness is a natural drive shared by all living beings and that animals engage in these behaviors deliberately. Rejecting the Western cultural assumption that using drugs is a negative action or the result of an illness, Samorini opens our eyes to the possibility that beings who consume psychedelics--whether humans or animals--contribute to the evolution of their species by creating entirely new patterns of behavior that eventually will be adopted by other members of that species. The author's fascinating accounts of mushroom-loving reindeer, intoxicated birds, and drunken elephants ensure that readers will never view the animal world in quite the same way again.
Giorgio Samorini
Ethnobotanist and ethnomycologist Giorgio Samorini has studied the use of psychoactive substances for more than 20 years, conducting research in Africa, Latin America, India, and Europe. He is editor-in-chief of the scientific journal Eleusis, Plants and Psychoactive Compounds. He lives in Italy.
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Book preview
Animals and Psychedelics - Giorgio Samorini
Contents
Cover Image
Title Page
Foreword: Evolution Through Inebriation?
Introduction: Drugs in the Animal Kingdom and Beyond
Chapter 1 • Crazed Cows
Chapter 2 • Alcohol and Animals: From Drunken Elephants to Sauced Snails
Chapter 3 • Frenzied Felines
Chapter 4 • Mushroom-Loving Reindeer and Craving Caribou
Chapter 5 • Galloping Goats
Chapter 6 • Birds on a Binge
Chapter 7 • Other Out There
Animals
Chapter 8 • Intoxicated Insects
Chapter 9 • The Lazarus Fly: A New Hypothesis
Chapter 10 • Animals, Humans, and Drugs: The Why of It All
References
Index
About the Author
About Inner Traditions • Bear & Company
Books of Related Interest
Copyright & Permissions
Foreword
Evolution Through Inebriation?
That animals drug themselves is a deceptively simple statement. Contained within it, as within the pages of this remarkable book, is nothing short of a radical reexamination of what it is to be human. The consequences of this simple truth are both far reaching and immediate.
Let’s begin by breaking this concept down into two aspects: first, that animals do drug themselves as a nonartificial impulse and second, that they do so intentionally. That they drug themselves requires drawing upon the comparatively precise sciences of botany, chemistry, and pharmacology to discover what exactly are the drug sources, their composition, and their activity. That animals drug themselves raises a different order of consideration. This involves the scientific study of animal behavior, or ethology. Although it may be possible to know through behavioral observation whether an animal is intoxicated or not, and by what means, some of the more subtle—and therefore most intriguing—types of altered states and inebriation can be difficult to discern. Much less can be understood about the nature of that animal’s felt experience, let alone what the individual’s motivation might be for consuming the drug. This field of study, however, promises such fascinating and crucial insights into the nature of consciousness that we are compelled to explore it with every resource available. The results will surprise you.
We all are familiar with neighborhood cats indulging themselves with garden catnip, and many know about the pet monkeys that enjoy smoking tobacco cigarettes. Most of us have heard of animals in cruel laboratory research clinics self-administering drugs such as cocaine. We can even conjure images of animals, on their own, unwittingly consuming fermented fruits or psychoactive plants and experiencing accidental intoxication. But how many of us realize that—entirely on their own and without the influence of captivity or conditioning—wild animals, birds, and even insects do indeed drug themselves? This deliberate seeking of inebriation among all classes of animals is a perfectly natural, normative behavior. Indeed, the pursuit of inebriation has been proposed as a kind of fourth drive—akin to hunger, thirst, and sex—so ubiquitous is its manifestation.
Animals engage in intoxicating drug consumption. This fact forms one of the most provocative and original of Giorgio Samorini’s insights: this moment of drug-induced inebriation produces a deschematizzazione, or deconditioning, that allows for new behavioral ways to be established in a species. This prefaces the long-established discovery by R. Gordon Wasson and successive others, that consciousness-expanding plants and mushrooms are key to the origins of humanity itself and the inspiration for religious thought, influencing humanity since remotest history through the present and surely into our future. Before taking this conceptual leap from the influence of psychoactive drugs on human culture to their influence on species evolution, we must ask what distinguishes human from animal awareness, and is it such a great distinction at all?
Ethology is the science of animal behavior, ethnobotany studies human uses for plants, and ethnopharmacognosy is the science of human use of drug plants. Ethnozöopharmacognosy is the study of man’s use of animals as medicines—bugs as drugs. Drugs of animal origin include serum vaccines, hormones, aphrodisiac beetles (spanish fly), immunostimulating ants, cod liver oil, deer musk, cat civet, psychoactive toad venoms, dream fish, and toxic honeys. These are things that people use. Animals also seek out drugs in their environment for medicinal use, such as purgative grasses. We have learned to observe these animal uses of healing plants for our own drug discovery, and indeed this may be how we humans developed most of our medicinal repertoire.
A further subdiscipline of ethnobotany is the study of psychoactive plant use, sometimes called entheobotany. Giorgio Samorini estimates that there are nearly 200 scientific researchers devoted to this emerging field of entheobotany, and among us, even fewer investigators of entheozöopharmacognosy, or the use by humans of inebriating animal products. It follows that there is also a study of the use of psychoactive substances by animals. Yet there is currently no name for this line of study and—although it may be fun to create one—this lack of terminology is indicative of the appalling absence of scientific research in this area.
Animals do use drugs, and within this new study of animals medicating themselves exists the sphere that is the intriguing subject of this book: animals intentionally inebriate themselves. This book addresses the fact that animals drug themselves for more than medicinal purposes; they drug themselves for inebriation. Animals use drugs, and animals drug themselves.
As this book reveals, the occurrence of animals inebriating themselves is present throughout all levels of the animal world—present, but scattered. Within any species, inebriation-seeking behavior is not shared by all individuals. There may be a rather constant percentage of individuals—animals, birds, insects, and humans—for whom inebriation is a sought-after experience, an intentional impulse. It is not for everyone, so to speak, but there are positive indications that this special, altered minority contributes something beneficial for the ongoing development and adaptation of its species.
Could it be that animals that consume various plant inebriants develop enhanced senses and perceptual acuity that confer an adaptive advantage in evolution? Even strict biologists agree that behaviors leading to more successful food acquisition or hunting techniques increase survival. Suggestive evidence shows that altered states produced by certain psychoactive plants can allow rigid instincts to be bypassed, enabling new behaviors and techniques to be learned and passed along by the experimentalists of a species. Awareness-enhancing plant drugs are indeed sought out by certain animals. And behavior which increases mating, such as eating prosexual or libidostimulant plant drugs (the so-called aphrodisiacs), means disproportionate breeding by that savvy individual who thus breeds more of its gene type into the species.
Consider some of the latest discoveries in this ongoing study.