Rosmersholm by Henrik Ibsen - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)
By Henrik Ibsen
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Henrik Ibsen
Born in 1828, Henrik Ibsen was a Norwegian playwright and poet, often associated with the early Modernist movement in theatre. Determined to become a playwright from a young age, Ibsen began writing while working as an apprentice pharmacist to help support his family. Though his early plays were largely unsuccessful, Ibsen was able to take employment at a theatre where he worked as a writer, director, and producer. Ibsen’s first success came with Brand and Peter Gynt, and with later plays like A Doll’s House, Ghosts, and The Master Builder he became one of the most performed playwrights in the world, second only to William Shakespeare. Ibsen died in his home in Norway in 1906 at the age of 78.
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Rosmersholm by Henrik Ibsen - Delphi Classics (Illustrated) - Henrik Ibsen
The Complete Works of
HENRIK IBSEN
VOLUME 18 OF 29
Rosmersholm
Parts Edition
By Delphi Classics, 2013
Version 1
COPYRIGHT
‘Rosmersholm’
Henrik Ibsen: Parts Edition (in 29 parts)
First published in the United Kingdom in 2017 by Delphi Classics.
© Delphi Classics, 2017.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form other than that in which it is published.
ISBN: 978 1 78877 588 5
Delphi Classics
is an imprint of
Delphi Publishing Ltd
Hastings, East Sussex
United Kingdom
Contact: sales@delphiclassics.com
www.delphiclassics.com
Henrik Ibsen: Parts Edition
This eBook is Part 18 of the Delphi Classics edition of Henrik Ibsen in 29 Parts. It features the unabridged text of Rosmersholm from the bestselling edition of the author’s Complete Works. Having established their name as the leading publisher of classic literature and art, Delphi Classics produce publications that are individually crafted with superior formatting, while introducing many rare texts for the first time in digital print. Our Parts Editions feature original annotations and illustrations relating to the life and works of Henrik Ibsen, as well as individual tables of contents, allowing you to navigate eBooks quickly and easily.
Visit here to buy the entire Parts Edition of Henrik Ibsen or the Complete Works of Henrik Ibsen in a single eBook.
Learn more about our Parts Edition, with free downloads, via this link or browse our most popular Parts here.
HENRIK IBSEN
IN 29 VOLUMES
Parts Edition Contents
The Plays
1, Catiline
2, The Burial Mound
3, Lady Inger of Oestraat
4, The Feast at Solhaug
5, Olaf Liljekrans
6, The Vikings at Helgeland
7, Love’s Comedy
8, The Pretenders
9, Brand
10, Peer Gynt
11, The League of Youth
12, Emperor and Galilean
13, Pillars of Society
14, A Doll’s House
15, Ghosts
16, An Enemy of the People
17, The Wild Duck
18, Rosmersholm
19, The Lady from the Sea
20, Hedda Gabler
21, The Master Builder
22, Little Eyolf
23, John Gabriel Borkman
24, When We Dead Awaken
The Poems
25, The Poetry
The Norwegian Texts (De norske tekster)
26, The Original Texts
The Non-Fiction
27, Speeches and New Letters
The Criticism
28, The Criticism
The Biography
29, The Life of Henrik Ibsen by Edmund Gosse
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Rosmersholm
Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp
Written in 1886, this play is considered to be one Ibsen’s greatest dramatic achievements. Rosmersholm explores themes of social and political change, in which the traditional ruling classes relinquish their right to impose their ideals on the rest of society. The action is entirely personal, resting on the conduct of the ‘immoral’ and free thinking heroine, Rebecca, who sets herself to undermine Rosmer’s religious and political beliefs, because of his influential position in the community. Rebecca has abandoned not only Christianity but, unlike Rosmer, she has abandoned the whole ethical system of Christianity as well. Possibly she may be taken as Ibsen’s answer to the question of whether or not Christian ethics can be expected to survive the death of the Christian religion.
From the beginning of June until the end of September 1885, Ibsen was in Norway for the first time in eleven years. His experiences and impressions of seeing his mother-country again were of great importance in shaping Rosmersholm. In a letter to Carl Snoilsky, the Swedish poet and friend, with whom Ibsen had spent several days in Molde, he wrote: I am also fully occupied with a new play, which I have been thinking about for some time and in which connection I carried out some close studies during my stay in Norway last summer.
Ibsen regarded Snoilsky as a truly noble person
and he was to become the chief model for the play’s protagonist Johannes Rosmer.
On August 6th Ibsen began to write the fair copy, but many revisions were made, and it was not until September 27, 1886 that the manuscript was completed. Rosmersholm was published on November 23, 1886 by Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag in Copenhagen and Christiania. The first edition was composed of 8,000 copies. Many reviewers were even more confused by Rosmersholm than they had been by The Wild Duck two years before. In Norway the reviews were almost entirely negative, while in Sweden and Denmark they were slightly better. The lukewarm reviews affected sales, which were poor and the play was not reprinted until Ibsen’s collected works were published in 1898-1900.
Rosmersholm had its very first performance on January 17, 1887 at Den nationale Scene in Bergen. Gunnar Heiberg directed. The play, while Didi Heiberg and Nicolai Halvorsen played the parts of Rebekka West and Johannes Rosmer. Like the publication of the play, the audience received the production coolly.
The play opens one year after the suicide of Rosmer’s wife, Beata. Rebecca had previously moved into the family home, Rosmersholm, as a friend of Beata, where she lives still. It becomes plain that she and Rosmer are in love, but he insists throughout the play that their relationship is completely platonic. A highly respected member of his community, Rosmer intends to support the newly elected government and its reformist, if not revolutionary, agenda. However, when he announces this to his friend and brother-in-law Kroll, the local schoolmaster, the latter becomes enraged at what he sees as his friend’s betrayal of his ruling-class roots. Kroll begins to sabotage Rosmer’s plans, confronting him about his relationship with Rebecca and denouncing the pair, initially in guarded terms, in the local newspaper. Rosmer becomes consumed by his guilt, now believing he, rather than mental illness, caused his wife’s suicide. He attempts to escape the guilt by erasing the memory of his wife and proposing marriage to Rebecca. But she rejects him outright. Kroll accuses her of using Rosmer as a tool to work her own political agenda. She admits that it was she who drove Mrs. Rosmer to deeper depths of despair and in a way even encouraged her suicide — initially to increase her power over Rosmer, but later because she actually fell in love with him.
The central image of the play is the White Horse of Rosmersholm, the family ghost
in Rebecca’s wording. It is rumoured to be seen by the characters after the suicide of Beata. The horse symbolises the past that revolves around Rosmer’s dead wife, and haunts the survivors. The presence of the horse at their death represents their incapacity to deal with
the memories that haunt them. The white horse is similar to the ghosts
that Mrs. Alving refers to in Ibsen’s 1881 tragedy Ghosts.
The first edition
CONTENTS
DRAMATIS PERSONAE
ACT 1
ACT II
ACT III
ACT IV
Carl Snoilsky, the Swedish poet, served as the model of this play’s main character
DRAMATIS PERSONAE
John Rosmer, of Rosmersholm, an ex-clergyman.
Rebecca West, one of his household, originally engaged as
companion to the late Mrs. Rosmer.
Kroll, headmaster of the local grammar school, Rosmer’s
brother-in-law.
Ulrik Brendel.
Peter Mortensgaard.
Mrs. Helseth, Rosmer’s housekeeper.
(The action takes place at Rosmersholm, an old manor-house in the neighbourhood of a small town on a fjord in western Norway.)
ACT 1
(SCENE — The sitting-room at Rosmersholm; a spacious room, comfortably furnished in old-fashioned style. In the foreground, against the right-hand wall, is a stove decorated with sprigs of fresh birch and wild flowers. Farther back, a door. In the back wall folding doors leading into the entrance hall. In the left-hand wall a window, in front of which is a stand filled with flowers and plants. Near the stove stand a table, a couch and an easy-chair. The walls are hung round with portraits, dating from various periods, of clergymen, military officers and other officials in uniform. The window is open, and so are the doors into the lobby and the outer door. Through the latter is seen an avenue of old trees leading to a courtyard. It is a summer evening, after sunset. REBECCA WEST is sitting by the window crocheting a large white woollen shawl, which is nearly completed. From time to time she peeps out of window through the flowers. MRS. HELSETH comes in from the right.)
Mrs. Helseth. Hadn’t I better begin and lay the table for supper, miss?
Rebecca. Yes, do. Mr. Rosmer ought to be in directly.
Mrs. Helseth. Isn’t there a draught where you are sitting, miss?
Rebecca. There is a little. Will you shut up, please? (MRS. HELSETH goes to the hall door and shuts it. Then she goes to the window, to shut