UHV Transmission Technology

UHV Transmission Technology

Edited by

The China Electric Power Research Institute

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

About Us

Part I: AC

Chapter 1. General

Abstract

1.1 Overview of UHV AC Transmission Development

1.2 Development Necessity for a UHV AC Grid in China

1.3 Determination of the Rated Voltage and Maximum Operating Voltage of the UHV AC Grid

1.4 Construction and Prospects of UHV AC Grids in China

Chapter 2. UHV AC Grid and System Stability

Abstract

2.1 Construction of a UHV Synchronous Power Grid

2.2 Security of a UHV Synchronous Grid

2.3 Security Analysis on the UHV Pilot and Demonstration Project

Chapter 3. UHV AC System Overvoltage and Insulation Coordination

Abstract

3.1 Power Frequency Overvoltage and Suppression Measures

3.2 Secondary Arc Current and Recovery Voltage

3.3 Switching Overvoltage and Suppression Measures

3.4 Very Fast Transient Overvoltage (VFTO)

3.5 Lightning Overvoltage and Protection

3.6 Insulation Coordination

Chapter 4. External Insulation Characteristics of UHV AC Power Transmission Lines

Abstract

4.1 Power Frequency Voltage Discharge Characteristics

4.2 Switching Impulse Discharge Characteristics

4.3 Lightning Impulse Discharge Characteristics

4.4 Altitude Correction

4.5 Study on the Pollution Flashover Characteristics of an Insulator

Chapter 5. UHVAC Substation and Main Electrical Equipment

Abstract

5.1 Main Electrical Connection of UHVAC Substations

5.2 UHVAC Transformers

5.3 UHVAC Reactors (Including Controllable HV Shunt Reactors)

5.4 UHVAC Switchgears

5.5 UHVAC Surge Arresters

5.6 UHVAC Bushings

5.7 UHVAC Transformers

5.8 LV Reactive Power Compensation Equipment

Chapter 6. Electromagnetic Environment of the UHV AC System

Abstract

6.1 Electromagnetic Environment

6.2 Electromagnetic Environment of Transmission Lines

6.3 Electromagnetic Environment of Substations

Chapter 7. UHV AC Transmission Lines

Abstract

7.1 Tower Foundation

7.2 Towers

7.3 Conductors, Ground Wires, and OPGW of Lines

7.4 Vibration of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors

Chapter 8. UHV AC Field Test

Abstract

8.1 Hand-Over Test of Equipment

8.2 System Commissioning Test

Part II: DC

Chapter 9. General

Abstract

9.1 Overview of HVDC Transmission Development

9.2 Advantages of UHV DC Transmission

9.3 Prospects for UHV DC Transmission

Chapter 10. Technology of a UHVDC Converter

Abstract

10.1 Structure of the Converter

10.2 Working Principle of a DC Converter

10.3 Higher-Power DC Converter Valves

Chapter 11. Steady-State Characteristics of UHVDC Transmission

Abstract

11.1 Ratings of DC Transmission

11.2 Minimum DC Transmission Power

11.3 DC Transmission Overload

11.4 Operation of a DC Transmission System at Reduced Voltage

11.5 Reversal of DC Power Transmission

11.6 Steady-State Operating Characteristics of DC Transmission Projects

11.7 Operating Mode of a DC Transmission System

11.8 Loss of a DC Transmission System

Chapter 12. Control and Protection of UHVDC Transmission Systems

Abstract

12.1 Configuration Requirements of the Control System

12.2 Firing Phase Control of the Converter

12.3 Basic Control and Regulation Principles of DC Systems

12.4 Control of UHV Converters

12.5 Control of the UHVDC System

12.6 Online Switching-In/Out of UHVDC Converter Units

12.7 Fault Modes of UHVDC Transmission Systems

12.8 Protection System of UHVDC Transmission Systems

Chapter 13. Reactive Compensation and Harmonic Suppression of UHVDC Systems

Abstract

13.1 General

13.2 Reactive Power Demand of Converter Stations

13.3 Reactive Power Compensation of Converter Stations

13.4 Harmonic Characteristics of Converter Stations

13.5 Suppression of Harmonics on the AC Side of Converter Stations

13.6 Harmonic Suppression on the DC Side of Converter Stations

Chapter 14. UHVDC System Overvoltage and Insulation Coordination

Abstract

14.1 Steady-State Voltage

14.2 Configuration and Parameters of Surge Arresters

14.3 Internal Overvoltage and Protection

14.4 Lightning Overvoltage and Protection

14.5 Insulation Coordination

Chapter 15. External Insulation Characteristics of UHVDC Lines

Abstract

15.1 DC Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps

15.2 Impulse Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps of Transmission Lines

15.3 Switching Impulse Discharge Characteristics of Air Gaps of Converter Stations

15.4 Altitude Correction

15.5 External Insulation Characteristics of DC Insulators under Pollution Conditions

Chapter 16. UHV Converter Stations and the Main Electrical Equipment

Abstract

16.1 UHVDC Converter Stations

16.2 UHVDC Converter Valves

16.3 Converter Transformers

16.4 UHVDC Smoothing Reactors

16.5 UHVDC Arresters

16.6 UHVDC Bushings

16.7 UHVDC Filters

16.8 UHVDC Measuring Instruments

Chapter 17. Electromagnetic Environment of UHVDC Systems

Abstract

17.1 Electromagnetic Environment

17.2 EME of Transmission Lines

17.3 EME of Converter Stations

17.4 EME of Earth Electrodes

Chapter 18. UHVDC Transmission Lines

Abstract

18.1 Tower Foundations

18.2 Towers

18.3 Conductors, Ground Wires, and OPGW of Lines

18.4 Vibration of Line Conductors

18.5 Fittings

Chapter 19. UHVDC Field Tests

Abstract

19.1 Hand-Over Test of Equipment

19.2 Station System Commissioning Tests

19.3 System Commissioning Tests

References

AC References

Index

Copyright

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Preface

Cuixia Zhang and Jianbin Fan

UHV power transmission is advantageous in that it has large transmission capacity, long transmission distance, high efficiency, and low loss. The development of UHV power transmission technology and the building of smart grids with UHV networks as the backbone are conducive to the intensive development of large hydropower, coal power, nuclear power, and renewable energy bases, optimizing resource allocation within a larger range, easing pressure on the environment, and saving precious land resources. As such, it exhibits remarkable economic and social benefits which are consistent with China's actual conditions and national energy development strategy. The development of UHV power transmission has been incorporated into the Outline of the 11th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, and the Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development (2006–2020), making it an important component of the national energy development strategy.

In 2005, the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) adhered to self-dependent innovation and initiated studies on key technologies and the feasibility of UHVAC and DC transmission projects with a rigorous and scientific attitude. SGCC organized a number of entities in China engaged in scientific research, design, manufacturing, and construction fields, and colleges and universities to carry out comprehensive study on key technologies of UHV transmission, covering the system stability, electromagnetic environment, overvoltage and insulation coordination, characteristics of external insulation, equipment manufacturing, test technology, and operation. Meanwhile, the SGCC launched technical exchanges and consultations with relevant international organizations and made fruitful achievements which have been implemented, applied, and verified in design, construction, operation, and equipment manufacturing of UHV projects.

On February 16, 2005, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Notice on Carrying Out of Early-stage Study on 1000 kV AC and ±800 kV DC Transmission Technology (FGBNY [2005] No. 282). Following more than 1 year of study and demonstration, Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen 1000-kV UHVAC Pilot Project (UHVAC Pilot Project for short) was officially approved on August 9, 2006. Afterwards, the Xiangjiaba–Shanghai and Yunnan–Guangzhou ±800-kV UHVDC pilot projects were officially approved, marking that China’s UHV transmission projects have proceeded into the comprehensive implementation stage.

On January 6, 2009, the Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen 1000-kV UHV AC Pilot Project was officially completed and put into commercial operation. In June 2010, the Xiangjiaba–Shanghai and Yunnan–Guangzhou ±800-kV UHVDC pilot projects were completed and officially put into commercial operation. Henceforth, China will accelerate the construction of UHV transmission projects and UHV grids, which include a number of 1000-kV ACUHV double-circuit transmission projects (Huainan–Wannan–Zhebei–Huxi, Ximeng–Nanjing, and Shanbei–Changsha, etc.), and UHV transmission projects (Jinping–Sunan, Wudongde–Baihetan, Xiluodu–Zhexi, Zhundong–Chengdu, and Hami–Zhengzhou).

The editors of this book have personal experienced in scientific research, demonstration, tests, key technology research, design, equipment manufacturing, energization, construction, commissioning, and operation of China’s UHV pilot projects. Thanks to this, they are able to understand and grasp the key technical development, innovation, and application achievements of UHV transmission technology and have presented them in this book.

Based on our experiences in design, construction, commissioning, and operation of UHV pilot projects and scientific research and test achievements of UHV transmission technologies since 2005, we wrote Ultra-high Voltage Transmission Technology in order to enable power system personnel and people from all walks of life who have an interest in the UHV transmission technologies to understand and grasp key UHV transmission technologies and to provide technical references for future UHV transmission project construction.

AC Power Transmission Section consists of eight chapters. Chapter 1 was written by Chen Xiujuan and Zhang Zuping, Chapter 2 by Shen Hong, Chapter 3 by Ban Liangeng, Xiang Zutao, Ge Dong, and Du Shuchun, Chapter 4 by Gu Chen, Gao Haifeng, and Li Qingfeng, Chapter 5 by Zhang Cuixia, Ge Dong, Cui Boyuan, Zhao Zhigang, Liu Rui, and Zhang Shuqi, Chapter 6 by Zhao Luxing and Guo Jian, Chapter 7 by Yang Jingbo, Zhu Kuanjun, Lu Xianlong, Liu Shengchun, Zhang Zifu, Wan Jiancheng, and Fan Baozhen, and Chapter 8 by Zhang Cuixia and Zhang Shuqi. The whole section was reviewed by Li Tongsheng, Su Zhiyi, Li Qisheng, Lu Jiayu, Wang Jingchao, and Wang Chengyu and all the manuscripts were unified by Zhang Cuixia and Zhen Weihong.

DC Power Transmission Section consists of 11 chapters. Chapter 9 is written by Li Tongsheng, Chapters 10, 11, and 13 are written by Jiang Weiping, Chapter 12 is written by Xie Guoping and Li Xinnian, Chapter 14 is written by Zhang Cuixia, Ge Dong, and Jiang Weiping, Chapter 15 is written by Liao Weiming and Gao Haifeng, Chapter 16 is written by Zhang Cuixia, Wei Xiaoguang, Li Jinzhong, Liu Rui, Cheng Huanchao, Chen Lidong, and Shi Yanjie, Chapter 17 is written by Ju Yong, Chapter 18 is written by Zhang Zifu, Liu Shengchun, Wan Jiancheng, Fan Baozhen, Lu Xianlong, Zhu Kuanjun, and Yang Jingbo, Chapter 19 is written by Yin Yu and Zhang Shuqi. The whole section was reviewed by Zeng Nanchao, Li Tongsheng, Su Zhiyi, Lu Jiayu, Wang Jingchao, and Li Bo and all the manuscripts were unified by Zhang Cuixia.

This book was written on the basis of scientific achievements, design, and construction experience of UHV pilot projects. With in-depth study and continuous development of UHV transmission technologies, we may gain new understandings of UHV transmission technologies and this book will then be revised. We are sure there are contents in the book that need improvement, for which your criticisms and corrections are welcome.

February 2012

About Us

Established in 1951, China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) is a comprehensive and multidisciplinary research institute affiliated to the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC). CEPRI is devoted to R&D, testing and inspection, and technical standard formulation, which are of fundamental and universal significance to power grids. It has the task of coordinating the efforts of the provincial electric power research institutes under SGCC to build an integrated technical support system. To be precise, CEPRI organizes and guides those provincial institutes in their work to provide SGCC with all-sided services.

Since its establishment, CEPRI has provided strong technical support for China’s endeavor to develop electric power science and technology. It has achieved numerous breakthroughs and played an irreplaceable role in every landmark phase of the electric power industry by tackling a series of core technologies and promoting its independent innovation ability. Currently, CEPRI owns more than 40 R&D laboratories and has fully mastered the core technical technologies of UHVAC/DC transmission, and deepened the theoretical foundation of secure operation of the bulk grid. Thereby, CEPRI has achieved a number of world-class innovations in the fields of UHVAC/DC transmission and transformation, bulk power grid control, and smart grid, etc. In addition, CEPRI has won 85 National Science and Technology Progress Awards (including one grand prize, nine first prizes, 35 second prizes, and one second-prize National Technological Invention Award), four gold medals of the China Paten Award and 10 Honorable medals. It has also won 673 Provincial-level Science and Technology Progress Awards (including 76 first prizes), and acquired 2226 Valid Patents (including 1073 invention patents). Meanwhile, CEPRI has won registration for IPR ownership for 720 software items, published 362 scientific and technological monographs and nearly 6,800 papers. In particular, CEPRI has won the highest level of the National Science and Technology Progress Award—Special Prize in 2012. From 2007 to 2010, CEPRI won first prize in the National Science and Technology Progress Award for these four consecutive years.

Looking to the future, CEPRI seeks to become a leading R&D, consulting, testing, and certification agency with recognition from home and abroad, as well as being the main formulator of standards for power grid technology. We cordially invite all of you, whether you are a client or a partner, to join us on our exciting journey ahead.

Part I

AC

Outline

Chapter 1 General

Chapter 2 UHV AC Grid and System Stability

Chapter 3 UHV AC System Overvoltage and Insulation Coordination

Chapter 4 External Insulation Characteristics of UHV AC Power Transmission Lines

Chapter 5 UHVAC Substation and Main Electrical Equipment

Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Environment of the UHV AC System

Chapter 7 UHV AC Transmission Lines

Chapter 8 UHV AC Field Test

Chapter 1

General

Abstract

Generally speaking, four steps are involved in the electrical energy conversion process from production to consumption. These are generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electricity. Electricity transmission is the process of transmitting electric power from a power plant or a power base (including several power plants) to places it is consumed (also known as the load center), or from one power grid to another, forming an interconnection.

This chapter provides an overview of the development of UHV AC transmission and its voltage classes. (These are usually classified as high voltage [HV], extra-high voltage [EHV], and ultra-high voltage [UHV].) Internationally, HV usually refers to a nominal voltage from 35 kV to 220 kV, EHV from 330 kV to below 1000 kV, and UHV 1000 kV and above. In China, HVAC networks refer to 110 kV and 220 kV, and EHV 330 kV, 500 kV, and 750 kV. UHV AC transmission refers to 1000 kV AC. A UHV network is a layered, zoned, and clearly structured modern large grid, consisting of a 1000-kV transmission network which acts as the backbone, EHV transmission networks (including both AC and DC), HV transmission networks, and distribution networks.

Keywords

UHV AC transmission; AC grid; maximum operating voltage; grid development; planning of UHV grid; construction of UHV grid

1.1 Overview of UHV AC Transmission Development

1.1.1 Classification of Voltage Levels

Generally, four steps are involved in the electricity cycle from production to consumption. These are the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electricity. Electricity transmission is the process of transmitting electric power from a power plant or a power base (including several power plants) to the places where it is consumed (also known as the load center), or from one power grid to another, forming an interconnection.

The alternating current (AC) transmission voltage classes are usually classified into high voltage (HV), extra-high voltage (EHV), and ultra-high voltage (UHV). Internationally, HV usually refers to a nominal voltage from 35 kV to 220 kV, EHV from 330 kV to below 1000 kV, and UHV 1000 kV and above. In China, HV alternating current (AC networks refer to 110 kV and 220 kV, and EHV 330 kV, 500 kV, and 750 kV. UHV AC transmission refers to 1000 kV AC. UHV networks refer to a layered, zoned, and clearly structured modern large grid, consisting of a 1000-kV transmission network which acts as the backbone, EHV transmission networks (including both AC and direct current [DC]), HV transmission networks, and distribution networks.

The voltage series may vary from country to country, depending on the economic conditions, management system, resource distribution, and geographical environment. The HV AC voltage series of 110 kV and above can be roughly classified into two series, namely 1000/500 (400)/220/110 kV and 750/330/154 kV. In each series, the two neighboring voltage levels differ by two factors.

Some countries adopt two-voltage series, e.g., 765/345/138 kV and 500/230/115 kV in the United States, 750/330/150 kV and 500/230/110 kV in Russia, and 735/3l5/120 kV and 500/230/115 kV in Canada. Most European countries, including the UK, France, Germany, and Sweden have only one voltage series, namely 400/220/110 kV. China also uses a two-voltage series, namely 750/330/110 kV and 1000/500/220/110 kV. (The above voltage values for the United States and Canada are generally the maximum operating voltage of the grid.)

1.1.2 Overview of International UHV AC Transmission Development

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the American Electric Power (AEP), Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. (TEPCO), as well as electric power companies from the former Soviet Union, Italy, Sweden, Brazil, and other countries launched feasibility studies on UHV transmission based on their need for electricity development. Based on extensive investigations and studies, the development planning for UHV transmission and the expectation and progress of UHV transmission and transformation projects in the early stages were put forward.

1.1.2.1 United States

In the 1970s, the United States planned to construct a batch of 3–4-GW fossil-fired power plants and large-capacity nuclear power plants within 10–15 years, forming a power plant cluster with a total capacity of 8–10 GW to power the load center within 500 km. In 1970, BPA planned to build a 1100-kV long-distance transmission line with a capacity of 8000–10,000 MW to deliver electricity from the pithead power plant cluster located in the coal mining area in the east of the Cascade Range to the western load center. It was demonstrated that the application of UHV transmission could reduce the land occupation of right-of-way, project cost and line loss, and solve the stability problems caused by failure of large and ultra-large units and power plants. BPA intended to build the first 1100-kV transmission line with a capacity of 6000 MW in 1995 and another line 5 years later. To reduce land occupation for right-of-way and environmental problems, AEP planned to superimpose a 1500-kV UHV backbone network upon the existing 765-kV network. After 1977, the United States saw a sharp drop in the increase of electricity consumption, and stopped the construction of many nuclear power plants and some fossil-fired power plants. It was unnecessary to develop medium-distance large-capacity transmission projects, so the research on UHV transmission technologies was temporarily suspended.

1.1.2.2 The Former Soviet Union

As planned in the 1970s, in 1982, the former Soviet Union, created the commenced the construction of a 1150-kV UHV transmission line from Ekibastuz to Kokshetau in Kazakhstan, which was later extended to Kostanay in northern Kazakhstan, increasing the line length from about 500 km to 900 km. In August 1985, the world’s first 1150-kV transmission line (Ekibastuz–Kokshetau) started on-load operation at rated operating voltage. On January 1, 1992, the central dispatch center of Kazakhstan reduced the operating voltage to 500 kV. Until then, the Ekibastuz–Kokshetau line section and the transformation equipment at both terminals had operated at rated operating voltage for 23,787 hours, and the Kokshetau–Kostanay line section and the equipment at Kostanay Substation 11,379 hours. From 1986 to 1988, an 1150-kV line from Ekibastuz to Barnaul, which was 1000 km, was completed and operated at 500 kV. In 1989, another 1150-kV line from Barnaul to Itatsk, which was about 600 km, was completed. The original plan to extend the line westwards to Moscow and eastwards to Bratsk was suspended due to the collapse of the former Soviet Union. Table 1.1 shows the basic information of 1150-kV lines in the former Soviet Union.

Table 1.1

Basic Information of 1150-kV Lines in the Former Soviet Union

1.1.2.3 Japan

Japan began to plan in the 1970s and launched studies on UHV technologies in the 1980s to construct two 1000-kV transmission lines (east–west and north–south) to deliver electricity from Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Plants (with an installed capacity of 4700 MW and 4400 MW, respectively) located in the Pacific Ocean coast and Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant with an installed capacity of 8120 MW to load centers of Tokyo Bay. These two lines are 427.2 km, and were completed with a planned transmission capacity of more than 10,000 MW. Restricted by the construction of the large-scale nuclear power base, these two lines are currently running at 500 kV.

1.1.2.4 Italy

To enable the bulk transmission of coal power and nuclear power from southern Italy to the northern industrial district, Italy planned to superimpose a 1050-kV UHV backbone network on the existing 380-kV network. After establishing the 1000-kV program, ENEL conducted research on UHV transmission technologies in various test fields and demonstration projects from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s. In the mid-1990s, Italy constructed a 1000-kV UHV AC demonstration project with a 3-km test line. From 1995 to 1996, the project was energized for operation and the main equipment operated normally.

1.1.2.5 Canada

Hydro-Québec Research Institute (IREQ), established in 1967, is one of the largest integrated electrical research and testing centers in North America. IREQ has developed large-scale expertise in electrical equipment, network analysis and control, automation and measurement, materials, chemical and mechanical engineering, and applications of electricity. In the 1970s/1980s, it conducted extensive research and testing on UHV AC and DC transmission technologies.

1.1.3 History of HV AC Transmission Development in China

In 1952, a 110-kV transmission line was built with Chinese technology. After this, a 110-kV Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan transmission network began to emerge.

The first 220-kV transmission line independently designed and constructed by China is the Fengman-Lishizhai transmission project, which starts from Fengman Hydropower Station in Jilin and ends at Fushun passing through Shenyang. With a total length of 369 km, this project was put into service in 1954. The Lishizhai Substation in Fushun has a capacity of 180 MVA.

In June 1972, the first 330-kV Liujiaxia–Tianshui–Guanzhong transmission project, which was independently designed and constructed by China, was put into operation. This project starts from Liujiaxia Hydropower Station and ends at Tangyu Substation in Shanxi passing through Qin’an Substation in Tianshui, totaling 534 km in length. It was the longest transmission line in China and has a capacity of 420 MW. Since then, the 330-kV backbone network has been set up in northwest China.

In December 1981, the first 500-kV Pingdingshan–Wuchang transmission project, which was independently designed and constructed by China, was completed. This project starts from Yaomeng Power Plant in Pingdingshan, Henan, and ends at Fenghuanshan Substation in Wuchang, passing through Shuanhe Substation in Hubei, and totaling 595 km in length. The transformation equipment, relay protection, and communication equipment used in this project were then state-of-the-art equipment introduced from seven companies in six countries, including Japan, France, and Sweden. The almost concurrently commenced Yuanbaoshan–Jinzhou–Liaoyang–Haicheng 500-kV transmission and transformation project entirely used China-made 500-kV equipment. This project was commissioned in sections and fully put into operation in 1985. Since then, China entered the age of 500-kV transmission. In the late 1990s, 500-kV backbone networks were set up in central, east, north, northeast, and south China.

On September 27, 2005, the 750-kV transmission demonstration project of the Northwest China grid, commanding the highest altitude in the world and the highest operating voltage in China, was completed and put into operation. This project has a total length of more than 140 km. On August 22, 2008, the second 750-kV transmission project (Lanzhou East–Yinchuan East) was completed and put into operation. This transmission line is 394 km long.

On August 9, 2006, the first 1000-kV Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen UHV AC pilot and demonstration project was approved for construction. This project has a nominal system voltage of 1000 kV and a maximum operating voltage of 1100 kV. On January 6, 2009, the project was put into service. It features the highest voltage and the most advanced technologies in the world, illustrating that China has made great breakthroughs in the localization of long-distance, large-capacity, and low-loss UHV core technologies and equipment.

1.2 Development Necessity for a UHV AC Grid in China

1.2.1 Objective Requirements for Establishing a New Energy Supply System

At present, China still has an insufficient coal transportation capacity and faces growing environmental pressures. In recent years, power shortages have struck some grids. In addition to the deficiency in installed capacity, one significant contributor is the shortage of the coal supply resulting from inadequate railway transportation capacity. The development of UHV transmission will boost the construction of large coal power bases in which coal resources can be locally converted into electricity. This will not only contribute to providing clean energy for east China and reducing pollution associated with long-distance coal transportation, but will also help to minimize the pollutant emissions from coal power bases and improve environmental quality through centralized treatment and comprehensive utilization.

Technically the capacity of a nuclear power unit has reached 1000 MW or so, and 1000-MW-class thermal power units are also under construction. In contrast, the transmission capacity of 500-kV lines is obviously insufficient and declines significantly with the increase in transmission distance. Therefore the main grid comprised of 500 ±500-kV DC lines cannot meet the requirements of future long-distance bulk transmission, grid security, and cost-effectiveness.

UHV long-distance transmission technology features large capacity, low loss, and low cost. The development of UHV transmission technology and the construction of a robust UHV grid play an essential role in enabling cross-region, cross-basin, long-distance, and large-capacity transmission, optimizing allocation of energy resources across the country, and promoting coordinated development of energy, economy, and society.

1.2.2 Objective Requirements for the Coordinated Development of an Electric Power Industry

Currently, the grids have not worked well to promote a reasonable layout of power sources so that it is difficult to deliver electricity from western and northern China to the load centers in central and eastern China, meaning coal power projects have to be constructed in central and eastern China. This further aggravates the shortage of coal supply and increases pressure on transportation, reduces energy allocation efficiency, and results in dispersed power sources, low industrial concentration, severe wastage of energy resources, and increasing environmental degradation.

Currently, the optimum configuration of electrical power resources between different regions in China is unsatisfactory. China has a vast expanse of territory with unevenly distributed energy resources, distinct seasons in the south and the north, a great time difference between the east and the west, and the energy mix and load characteristics in different regions vary significantly. All these contribute to the benefits of interconnection between regional (or provincial) grids, specifically:

1. Develop primary energy resources in a more economic and reasonable way and optimize the allocation of electrical power resources, thereby achieving mutual supplement of hydropower and thermal power.

2. Reduce the total peak load of interconnected power grids, improve the availability of generating units, and reduce the total installed capacity, thus offering the benefits of peak load shifting.

3. Provide maintenance and emergency support, thereby reducing reserve generation capacity.

4. Improve the operation reliability and power quality of power grid.

5. Install highly efficient, low-cost and large-capacity generation units and construct power plants of larger capacity and scale, thus yielding more economic benefits.

Since the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the pace of power grid construction has accelerated significantly and the grid investment has increased more sharply than ever. However, the backward development of grids and imbalance between power grids and power sources has not been substantially improved to accommodate the requirements of power transmission from new power sources and long-term social and economic development. Compared with the development of the electric power industry in other countries, the imbalance between power grids and power sources is more prominent in China. The construction of UHV grids is a fundamental solution.

1.2.3 Advantages of UHV Transmission

In contrast to 500-kV transmission, UHV transmission is significantly advantageous in increasing transmission capacity, reserving land resources, reducing transmission losses, and reducing project investment.

1. Large-capacity transmission. The power transfer capability of the transmission line is directly proportional to the square of the voltage and inversely proportional to the impedance of the transmission line. The impedance of transmission lines operating at different voltage levels decreases with the increase in voltage, but such variance is small. In approximately estimating the capacity of transmission lines at different voltage levels over the same transmission distance, their impedances can be approximated to have similar amplitude. The natural power transfer capability of UHV AC transmission is five times that of 500-kV AC transmission. With the same pole and tower design, the capacity carried by per-unit width of right-of-way of a 1000-kV UHV AC transmission line is approximately three times that of a 500-kV line.

2. Less land occupation. UHV AC transmission requires approximately two-thirds less land, greatly increases the capacity carried by per-unit width of right-of-way, and thus reduces the requirement for precious land and promotes the sustainable development of the electric power industry.

3. Low transmission loss. UHV transmission has the technical advantage of low loss. In contrast to EHV transmission, UHV transmission has greatly reduced line loss. The loss of a 1000-kV line is one-fourth that of a 500-kV line. With this advantage, the operation cost of a UHV grid is effectively reduced.

4. Low project cost. The application of UHV transmission technologies can save considerable conductor and tower materials and achieve the same construction scale with less investment, thereby reducing the construction cost. To deliver the same power, UHV AC transmission requires approximately one-half less conductor materials and two-thirds less tower materials than EHV transmission. The comprehensive cost for unit transmission capacity of 1000-kV AC transmission is approximately three-fourths that of 500-kV transmission.

1.2.4 Economy of UHV Transmission

1.2.4.1 Economy of UHV Transmission Technology

The study of the economy of UHV AC transmission technology based on technical and economic theories is a comparison of the economy between UHV AC transmission technology and its alternatives, including comparisons of interindustry competitive advantages and intraindustry competitive advantages of different technologies. Many countries have studied the economy of power transmission at different voltage levels. The former Soviet Union compared 1150-kV and 500-kV transmission equipment in terms of capacity and cost, and concluded that to deliver the same power, the cost of 1150-kV transmission is approximately 0.66 times that of 500-kV transmission. The United States compared 1100-kV and 500-kV transmission and transformation equipment in terms of capacity and cost, and concluded that to deliver the same power, the cost of 1100-kV transmission is approximately 0.6–0.7 times that of 500-kV transmission. Japan mainly carried out studies on reducing land occupation and short-circuit current, and concluded that to deliver the same power, the width of right-of-way of a 1000-kV line satisfying the environmental requirements is approximately 90 m, only one-fourth to half that of a 500-kV line. The purpose in Japan developing UHV technology is to solve the problems of increasing short-circuit current in the eastern 500-kV power grid, thereby laying a solid foundation for future long-distance transmission. Thus it can be seen that the economy of UHV transmission is internationally recognized.

The development of UHV transmission can effectively promote the intensive development of large hydropower, thermal power, and nuclear power bases, optimize the layout of power sources and the allocation of energy resources across a larger area, and reduce the total cost of the electric power industry. It is aimed to transform the power development pattern and achieve the scientific development of the electric power industry. From a macroscopic perspective, the UHV grid and railway network are irreplaceable of each other, and therefore, technically and economically, they are not comparable. However, for coal resource delivery alone, both power transmission and coal transportation are important means for energy delivery, and hence for specific single-function projects, such as a dedicated coal transportation railway line project and a power transmission project, they are economically comparable.

1.2.4.2 Economy of the UHV Grid

With the construction and expansion of UHV AC backbone grid and the application of series compensation and controllable reactors, the power carried by each circuit at the transmission section can be gradually increased, approaching or reaching the natural power. Since 2005, research efforts have been mainly focused on the all-inclusive benefits, inputs and outputs, and competitiveness of the transmission price of the UHV grid.

1.2.4.3 Calculation of Economic Benefits

The two preliminarily planned schemes, namely, formation of a UHV grid by 2020 and weakly interconnecting regional grids only through 500-kV lines, are compared in terms of the installed capacity, coal costs, grid construction scale, hydropower loss due to abandoned water, and environmental losses, and the differences between them are calculated so as to estimate the all-inclusive avoidable cost, i.e., the all-inclusive benefits.

1. Reduce installed capacity. With the aid of interconnection power exchange calculation software, the balance of electric power and energy is calculated and the operating mode simulated and analyzed for the two schemes. The results demonstrate that by constructing UHV grids, the North China–Central China–East China AC synchronous grid, and the UHV DC transmission channels between large hydropower bases and load centers, the cross-region transmission bottlenecks can be fundamentally eliminated, and the interconnection benefits in respect of their backing up of each other and mutual supplement of hydropower and thermal power can be achieved. Under unified dispatching and maintenance scheduling, compared with the 500-kV weakly correlated cross-regional grid scheme, the North China–Central China–East China UHV synchronous grid could contribute to a reduction of approximately 16,000 MW of installed capacity, equivalent to a reduction of approximately RMB 65.2 billion of social investment as estimated based on the unit cost of RMB 4074 /kW for newly built thermal power units given in the Reference Cost Indexes in Quota Design for Coal-fired, Power Transmission and Transformation Projects (2004 levels).

2. Reduce coal-related cost. In 2005, the average price of standard coals for power generation in North China, Central China, and East China grids was RMB 251/t, RMB 388/t, and RMB 495/t, respectively. Based on these data and the calculated results of energy balance for the 2020 planning scheme, it follows that compared with direct power generation in load centers, to deliver 55,200 MWh of electricity generated at coal power bases to load centers through UHV grids could reduce the all-inclusive coal cost by around RMB 24 billion each year.

3. Reduce hydropower loss due to abandoned water. Through the construction of UHV grids, the formation of the North China–Central China–East China synchronous grid, and the mutual supplement of hydropower and thermal power, the hydropower loss due to abandoned water in Sichuan and Chongqing could be reduced by about 6000 GWh each year, equivalent to an annual reduction in electricity cost of about RMB 1.9 billion.

4. Reduce the short-circuit current of 500-kV grids. The calculation results of system short-circuit current indicate that in the absence of UHV grids in 2020, substations with a total capacity of about 10,000 MVA in North China, East China, and Central China grids need to replace switches and other transformation equipment. In contrast, with the construction of UHV grids, the short-circuit current level of 500-kV grids will be decreased significantly. This will obviate the large-scale replacement of electrical equipment and contribute to a reduction in grid modification cost of RMB 2.1–3.1 billion.

5. Increase environmental benefits. The environmental losses caused by air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants are correlated with local population density and level of economic development. A higher population density and a higher level of economic development would result in a greater environmental loss. In accordance with ADB’s Rules for the Implementation of Environment Impact Assessment, calculated based on the population density and per capita GDP of Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, East China, and Central China in 2004, and assuming that 244,000 GWh of power is transmitted to load centers in the eastern and central regions, the construction of a UHV grid could reduce environmental losses worth approximately RMB 4.2 billion annually, and improve the environmental quality of densely populated areas.

1.2.4.4 Input/Output Analysis

The cash flow analysis is performed using a with-and-without comparison and analysis method. Specifically, take the above social benefits as cash inflow and allocate these benefits to each year based on the time of occurrence; calculate the annual cash outflow based on the preliminary investment estimate, operating cost, and line loss given in the Planning Studies for UHV Grids (2005 edition); assuming that a considerable number of UHV grids are constructed by around 2020 and the operation period is 20 years, prepare a cash flow statement, and calculate the economic IRR (EIRR) and payback period.

output ratio.

1.2.4.5 Analysis of Competitiveness of Transmission Price

Whether the electricity transmitted through UHV grids can be consumed in the receiving-end region is mainly dictated by the competitiveness of the price of electricity delivered to the receiving-end grid. The price competitiveness can be analyzed as follows: first, according to the investment estimate of the UHV grid, calculate the average price of electricity transmitted from power bases to the receiving-end region using the cost-reflective network pricing (CRNP) method; then, based on the additive principle, calculate the price of electricity transmitted to the receiving-end region based on the expected average on-grid tariff at power bases; and finally, compare such price with the average on-grid tariff for newly built thermal power units in the receiving-end region to analyze the competitiveness of UHV transmission.

Through calculation and analysis based on the preliminary planning of the UHV backbone grid in 2005 and the main feasibility study results (see Table 1.2 for calculation parameters), and comparison of the price of electricity transmitted from various power bases to the receiving-end region and the average on-grid tariff for newly built thermal power units in the receiving-end region, it is concluded that the price of the electricity transmitted from main power bases to East China through UHV AC transmission is competitive in the early 12th Five-Year Plan period. Since the UHV backbone grid is still in its infancy, to ensure grid safety, the utilization of lines is limited. As the UHV grid structure gradually becomes more robust, by 2020, UHV AC transmission will have a price advantage, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Table 1.2

Parameters for Calculation of Price of the Electricity Transmitted to the Receiving-end Grid From Various Power Bases

Figure 1.1 Competitiveness of UHV AC transmission.

1.2.4.6 Economy of the UHV AC Pilot and Demonstration Project

In the infancy of UHV transmission technology, the main purpose of the pilot and demonstration project is to examine the performance of equipment, verify the effectiveness of technologies, and gather experience for expanded use. Upon successful completion of the demonstration, the project can then be put into commercial operation. Therefore the project also needs to possess the competitiveness and financial capability necessary for commercial operation.

1.2.4.7 Analysis of Competitiveness of the Transmission Price

Jingmen UHV AC pilot and demonstration project (see Table 1.3 for calculation parameters) and the Notice on Printing and Issuing of the Implementing Measures for the Reform of Electricity Tariff issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, the average transmission tariff of this project is RMB 0.065/kWh (including line loss price) calculated based on the regulated electricity price cost+profit and the specified operation period. Then based on the additive principle, the price of electricity delivered to the receiving-end grid is calculated to be RMB 0.3404/kWh based on the benchmark on-grid tariff (RMB 0.2754/kWh) for newly commissioned units in Shanxi province published by the National Development and Reform Commission in 2006, lower than the on-grid tariff (RMB 0.385/kWh) for newly built thermal power units in Hubei province. This indicates that the electricity price of the pilot and demonstration project is competitive.

Table 1.3

Parameters for Transmission Price Calculation of the 1000-kV Jindongnan Nanyang Jingmen UHV AC Pilot and Demonstration Project

In addition, the sensitivity analysis indicates that if the project investment is 10% more than the estimate, the transmission price will rise to RMB 0.077/kWh, but will not exceed RMB 0.085/kWh if the electricity transferred is not less than 12,000 GWh/year, making the price of electricity transmitted to the receiving-end grid still competitive compared with the on-grid tariff of local thermal power in Hubei. Therefore the pilot and demonstration project possesses certain antirisk capability.

1.2.4.8 Financial Capability Analysis

According to the Interim Rules on Economic Assessment of Grid Construction Projects (DJ [1998] No.134), as calculated based on a transmission price of RMB 0.06/kWh (excluding line loss price), the payback period of the pilot and demonstration project is 12 years and the IRP is 8%, indicating that this project has good return on investment (ROI), profitability, and financial viability.

1.2.5 Objective Requirements for Developing the Equipment Manufacturing Industry

UHV AC transmission technology is at the frontier of international transmission technology. At present, there is no manufacturing enterprise capable of commercially supplying 1000-kV AC transmission and transformation equipment around the world. Developing UHV transmission in China is the prime mover for electro-technical equipment manufacturers to develop UHV equipment.

For manufacturing enterprises, having proven track records and capability to supply UHV equipment means mastery of cutting-edge electric power technologies and relative technical advantages and hence competitive strengths. Relying on the UHV pilot and demonstration project to develop UHV AC equipment with proprietary intellectual property rights and form core competitiveness, China’s electro-technical equipment manufacturing industry would take a world lead. The development of UHV technology is a good development opportunity for transmission and transformation equipment manufacturers. To achieve the localization of UHV transmission equipment and master the core manufacturing technologies, it is necessary to conduct independent research and development. The development of UHV equipment is of great significance in improving technological innovation capability of equipment manufacturing industry, achieving great-leap-forward development of technology, taking a leading position in technology, forming core competitiveness, and enhancing capabilities in design and manufacturing of existing transmission and transformation products.

1.2.6 Objective Requirements for Promoting Independent Innovation

As an advanced technology in the field of international electric power science and technology, UHV AC transmission technology has promising prospects in China and even globally. The research and development of UHV transmission technology and equipment have been included in Outline for the National Medium- and Long-term Program for Science and Technology Development and Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Revitalization of Equipment Manufacturing Industry, and the construction of the pilot and demonstration project has been included in the energy work focuses of the State Council of China. In China’s National Climate Change Programme, UHV transmission technology is an important part of efforts to strengthen the development and dissemination of advanced and suitable technologies. Developing UHV transmission helps to improve the independent innovation capability of power enterprises and construct the technical innovation system.

In view of high altitude, heavy pollution, heavy icing, and other special environmental conditions in China, international UHV research ideas and results should not be taken as the UHV AC engineering design basis but only as a reference. Therefore it is necessary to make an in-depth study on UHV planning, design, construction, and operation based on China’s actual conditions to solve the key problems such as system reactive compensation, coordinated control of safety and stability, overvoltage and insulation coordination, external insulation characteristics, lightning protection as well as secondary arc current and its suppression.

In the development of UHV transmission: (1) not only the management theories about power development and business management, but also the basic technical theories about power system and UHV transmission technology, are developed; (2) science and technology research and development teams and associated management teams are built; (3) a mechanism is established and a complete innovation management system is formed; and (4) capabilities are improved and a batch of test bases are built, fostering a strong innovation capability. Therefore developing UHV grids is of great significance in boosting the independent innovation capability of China.

During the 10th Five-Year Plan period, great breakthroughs were made in the advanced and suitable technologies, series capacitor compensation, DC transmission, compact lines, and multicircuit lines sharing the same tower were used, and the safety and stability control of large grids were improved significantly. But with the expansion of the grid scale, the transmission right-of-way, station sites, and electrode sites are becoming increasingly scarce, and the distance between the hydropower and coal power bases and load centers is constantly increased. The 500-kV grids alone are insufficient to accommodate the requirements of electric power industry development, necessitating the increase in the voltage level. Completion of the 750-kV demonstration project of the Northwest China grid laid a foundation for constructing grids of higher voltage levels.

The development of UHV transmission is conducive to giving full play to the science and technology, improving UHV transmission technologies, upgrading grid technologies, and promoting technological innovation in electric power and related fields.

1.3 Determination of the Rated Voltage and Maximum Operating Voltage of the UHV AC Grid

1.3.1 General

The determination of the nominal voltage and maximum operating voltage of 1000-kV UHV grids is closely linked to the planning and actual construction and operating requirements of UHV grids. The selected voltages will be carefully demonstrated, not only taking into account the effects of the nominal voltage on the system dispatch and operation, but also the effects of the nominal voltage and maximum operating voltage on the manufacturing costs and difficulties of the UHV equipment.

For voltage levels of 220 kV and below, IEC 60038-2009 IEC Standard Voltages defines both the nominal voltage and the highest voltage for equipment. However, for voltage levels of 245 kV and above, it merely provides the highest voltage for equipment but fails to provide the corresponding nominal voltage. For 1000-kV UHV voltages, the recommended highest voltages for equipment are 1050 kV and 1200 kV, but 1100 kV is also used.

Internationally, some countries have performed tests and studies on 1000-kV UHV. Their selected nominal voltage and maximum operating voltages for UHV test systems are as follows:

1. ENEL

Nominal system voltage: 1000 kV.

Maximum operating voltage: 1050 kV, 1.05 (p.u.) times the nominal system voltage (rated voltage of some test equipment is 1100 kV).

2. TEPCO

Nominal system voltage: 1000 kV.

Maximum operating voltage: 1100 kV, 1.10 (p.u.) times the nominal system voltage.

3. BPA

Nominal system voltage: 1000 kV.

Maximum operating voltage: 1200 kV, 1.20 (p.u.) times the nominal system voltage.

4. The former Soviet Union

Nominal system voltage: 1150 kV.

Maximum operating voltage: 1200 kV, 1.043 (p.u.) times the nominal system voltage.

5. AEP

Nominal system voltage: 1500 kV.

Maximum operating voltage: 1600 kV, 1.067 (p.u.) times the nominal system voltage.

1.3.2 Determination of Rated Voltage and Maximum Operating Voltage of the UHV AC Grid in China

Among the major factors to be taken into account in the determination of nominal voltage, the first is the demand for power transmission, followed by the transmission distance. In addition, it is also necessary to consider the differences in investment in transmission equipment with different nominal voltages. The maximum power transmission demand of UHV grids is mainly determined by the capacity of sending-end power sources, while the transmission distance depends on the geographical distribution of power sources and load centers. Different nominal voltages require different insulation levels and costs of transmission equipment, and hence different costs of the UHV grid. In addition, attention will also be paid to secondary factors such as the altitude of stations and right-of-ways, effects of meteorological conditions on corona loss, electromagnetic environment, and noise.

Based on China’s actual conditions and manufacturing technologies of UHV equipment in the country and abroad, through analyzing the above factors, the demonstration results of the selected nominal voltage and maximum operating voltage in China are as follows.

1. Based on the actual transmission demand of UHV grids in China, long-distance and large-capacity transmission is mainly achieved through DC lines, and UHV AC systems will mainly form a backbone network to satisfy the need for large-capacity power exchange. According to the analysis of nationwide interconnection, the normal power transmitted by a UHV AC line usually ranges from 3000–5000 MW, and the maximum distance of power exchange through mutual supplement of hydropower and thermal power is about 1000 km. Using 1000 kV as the nominal voltage can meet the need for nationwide interconnection.

20% higher than 1000 kV). From the perspective of meeting the maximum transmission demand, 1000 kV will suffice.

3. China’s southwestern hydroelectric bases are located at 1000–2000 m or even higher altitudes. When the altitude exceeds 1000 m, the requirements of the external insulation level of the equipment are higher. Choosing a lower nominal voltage and maximum operating voltage is crucial to reducing the external insulation level, and thus the cost of the equipment. From this perspective, choosing 1000 kV as the nominal voltage and 1100 kV as the maximum operating voltage is advantageous.

4. The corona loss of a UHV line is proportional to the operating voltage. For the same critical corona voltage, a higher operating voltage would result in greater corona loss. The corona loss under severe weather conditions can be reduced by properly reducing the operating voltage. From this perspective, choosing 1000 kV as the nominal voltage and 1100 kV as the maximum operating voltage is advantageous.

5. To limit the overvoltage, the correct number of HV reactors is required on the UHV transmission lines to compensate for the reactive charging power. The number, and also the cost of HV reactors, is 19% higher for 1150 kV than for 1000 kV. As such, a 1000-kV nominal voltage requires less cost in reactive power compensation.

6. Based on the research results of TEPCO, considering insulation, electrostatic induction, and noise, a maximum operating voltage of 1200 kV (corresponding to a nominal voltage of 1150 kV) requires more subconductors, higher towers (about 13 m), and more corona protection measures compared with 1100 kV (corresponding to a nominal voltage of 1000 kV). The tower weight would increase by approximately 30%, which is not beneficial for construction or the landscape, and the construction cost would increase by approximately 19%. Therefore a 1000-kV nominal voltage and 1100-kV maximum operating voltage require about 19% less cost in UHV transmission lines while meeting the maximum transmission requirements.

7. Among domestic large transformer manufacturers (except TBEA Hengyang Transformer Co., Ltd. which has introduced transformer manufacturing technology from Ukraine), all the major manufacturers have promoted their manufacturing level by introducing technologies from Europe and Japan. Ukraine is capable of manufacturing UHV transformers with a nominal voltage of 1150 kV, while Japan and Europe are capable of manufacturing UHV transformers with a nominal voltage of 1000 kV. Various countries develop their UHV transmission equipment based on their domestic manufacturing industries. China will also independently develop UHV transmission equipment, especially transformers and shunt reactors, in combination with the actual national conditions. From the perspective of the approach for technology introduction adopted by domestic transformer manufacturers, if the nominal voltage is determined as 1000 kV rather than 1150 kV, there will be more options available for selecting manufacturers.

8. In the aspect of high-voltage and heavy current circuit breakers, Japan is in the front rank since it has developed a 550-kV, 63-kA single-break SF6 circuit breaker and a 1100-kV, 50-kA dual-break circuit breaker. Representing the state-of-the-art technology, the 550-kV, 63-kA single-break SF6 circuit breaker is also the basis for the development of the UHV dual-break circuit breaker and GIS. China has successfully developed a 550-kV, 50-kA single circuit breaker. If the nominal voltage of Chinese UHV grids is selected as 1000 kV and the corresponding maximum operating voltage is 1100 kV, the localization of UHV switchgear in China will be accelerated.

Taking all these factors into account, choosing 1000 kV as the nominal voltage and 1100 kV as the maximum operating voltage for China’s 1000-kV UHV grids is technically and economically justified. Therefore it is recommended to use 1000 kV as the nominal voltage and 1100 kV as the maximum operating voltage for China’s 1000-kV UHV grids, which is accepted by GB/T 156—2007 Standard Voltages.

1.4 Construction and Prospects of UHV AC Grids in China

1.4.1 Construction of a UHV AC Pilot and Demonstration Project in China

1.4.1.1 Project Selection

Constructing a UHV AC pilot and demonstration project is an important means to verify UHV transmission technology and assess UHV equipment, which would be the start point of UHV transmission and a vehicle for development of UHV transmission technology, marking that SGCC transforms the development mode of both the power grid and the company.

The construction of a UHV AC pilot and demonstration project will observe the following main principles:

1. Independent innovation. UHV AC transmission technology is an internationally advanced technology. The former Soviet Union and Japan work out their respective UHV technology roadmaps based on their respective national conditions. China should independently develop UHV AC transmission through technology transfer and absorption and in combination with national conditions and the characteristics of the national power grid.

2. Unified standards. Unified UHV technical specifications and operating standards should be established based on this project and be promoted after engineering practice.

3. Moderate size. China’s UHV grids have been used for long-distance and large-capacity power transmission; however, the long-distance UHV transmission system suffers large charging power, overvoltage, and secondary arc current. To verify the associated technical solutions, the line length should range from 500–700 km.

4. Ensuring safety and reliability of power grid. The system scheme should be beneficial to the safe and stable operation of the power grid and reasonable connection with the 500-kV grid, thereby improving grid safety and stability.

Based on the above principles, three options are proposed as follows.

Jingmen UHV AC transmission project. This project starts from Changzhi, Shanxi, passes through Nanyang Switching Station, Henan, and ends at Jingmen, Hubei, is about 650 km long, and will be operated at full voltage. It would increase the scale of the synchronous grid of Central China and North China grids, contribute to the mutual supplement of hydropower and thermal power, reduce the electricity loss caused by abandoned water at the Central China grid, improve the operation reliability of the grid, and optimize the allocation of resources across a larger area. In addition, to accommodate the intensive and integrated development of coal power of coal bases in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and West Inner Mongolia, it would serve as an important channel to deliver surplus electricity from the planned Shendong, North Shaanxi, and Southeast Shanxi coal bases.

Shanghai UHV AC transmission project. This project starts from Huainan, Anhui, passes through Wuhu Substation and Zhebei Substation, and ends at Shanghai, which is about 2×660 km long, and will be operated at full voltage in whole or in part. Upon completion, this project would serve to transmit power from West China to East China and accommodate power transmitted from other regions, contribute to the more efficient and reasonable use of station sites and rights-of-way of the East China grid, and provide solutions to the excessive short-circuit current of 500-kV grids of the East China grid.

Jingmen section at 500 kV. The transmission line is about 1000 km long, with about 300 km running at full voltage. This project helps to export the surplus power in Sichuan in the short term, and ensures the safe and reliable operation of the large-capacity DC transmission projects constructed on Chin-sha River, Dadu River, and Yalong River in the long term.

Below is a summary of the comparison of these three projects to finalize the UHV AC pilot and demonstration project.

1.4.1.2 System Operating Conditions

Jingmen UHV AC transmission project links the North China and Central China grids. It helps to regulate hydropower and thermal power, enable power exchange and bidirectional power flow transmission between North China and South China (with an initial power flow of up to about 2800 MW), and verify the capability of equipment to withstand heavy load and overvoltage.

Wuhu single-circuit 1000-kV line is running at full voltage while the remaining lines run at 500 kV, the maximum transmission capacity is only 1800 MW in the case of point-to-grid transmission and 1600 MW in the case of the electromagnetic loop network with small power flow on the UHV line. In addition, this project is also disadvantageous in that the power flows unidirectionally and is difficult to regulate.

The Sichuan hydropower UHV AC transmission project was initially used to export hydropower from Sichuan to other regions. Limited by its parallel operation with the 500-kV grid, the power flow in the UHV line is only about 1800 MW and transmitted undirectionally, which is not favorable for equipment examination.

1.4.1.3 Project Construction Conditions

Shanghai UHV AC transmission projects, agreement has been concluded for some sites and routes. It is feasible to transport large equipment by road, rail, or water. Also, there are no insurmountable technical difficulties.

1.4.1.4 Conformity With Technical Demands of the Pilot and Demonstration Project

Jingmen UHV AC transmission project is heavy loaded, and the line length approaches the maximum permissible length allowed by overvoltage suppression. Large-capacity HV shunt reactors, high-performance arresters, and circuit breakers with closing resistors are