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    Enabling Inclusive Cities: Tool Kit for Inclusive Urban Development
    Enabling Inclusive Cities: Tool Kit for Inclusive Urban Development
    Enabling Inclusive Cities: Tool Kit for Inclusive Urban Development
    Ebook217 pages4 hours

    Enabling Inclusive Cities: Tool Kit for Inclusive Urban Development

    By Asian Development Bank

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    About this ebook

    This tool kit presents an integrated approach to inclusive urban development and was prepared for ADB staff and their partners to engage in inclusive urban development programming and implementation as an integral component of ADB’s lending programs. It presents methods to gather required information on a particular context and location for inclusive urban development; to decide priorities; and to plan, design, and implement inclusive urban projects. The operational focus is provided by practical guidelines and criteria for inclusive urban development projects and is designed to stimulate innovation in the solution and approaches that define inclusive urban development projects.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAsian Development Bank
    Release dateMar 1, 2017
    ISBN9789292577209
    Enabling Inclusive Cities: Tool Kit for Inclusive Urban Development

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      Book preview

      Enabling Inclusive Cities - Asian Development Bank

      1 INCLUSIVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK

      Poverty reduction has been the overarching goal of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) since 1999. This concern for poverty reduction is articulated in Strategy 2020, ADB’s corporate-wide planning document, as a vision of an Asia and Pacific free of poverty. The mission of ADB under Strategy 2020 is to help its developing member countries (DMCs) reduce poverty and improve living conditions and quality of life. Given the scale of urbanization in Asia, urban development is increasingly difficult to manage in the DMCs of ADB. Poverty, disparities in well-being, environmental pressures, and climate change remain the key issues confronting the Asia and Pacific region. Moreover, with urban population explosion, the challenge to ADB lies in its ability to respond to the aforementioned issues. Urbanization is placing a strain on the environment, affecting the quality of life of everyone, particularly the poor.

      The dimensions of urban poverty (Figure 1) annotate the conditions that have a direct or indirect impact on the quality of life for the urban poor. Unless alternative approaches to address urban poverty are put in place, the poor will remain the most vulnerable.

      Figure 1: Dimensions of Urban Poverty

      Source: R. Naik Singru based on World Bank. 2002. A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies. Vol. 2. Washington, DC.

      1.1Enabling Inclusive Development

      Asian nations have experienced rapid economic progress to lift millions out of poverty facilitating a quality of life hitherto unknown to its urban inhabitants. The poor have benefited from the economic opportunities that have accompanied such growth. While the incidence of income poverty has decreased across the region, empirical evidence shows that the wealth production in cities has not necessarily contributed to improved living conditions for the vast majority of Asia’s urban population (Lindfield and Steinberg 2011). Constricted supply of affordable and resilient housing, inefficient public transport, poor traffic management, inefficient provision and delivery of urban services, and the inadequate urban infrastructure place severe constraints on inclusive development and economic growth. Emerging spatial patterns with the merging of city regions beyond administrative boundaries adds to the urban management issues of fragmented institutional structures and delivery mechanisms. Assessing urban governance and management to streamline institutional arrangements becomes a key platform for inclusive delivery of urban services to ensure a good quality of life for all citizens.

      1.2Creating Resilient Environments

      Urban areas with employment opportunities act as magnets for population migration, placing a huge demand on scarce urban resources and urban environments. Asian cities are highly vulnerable to the impacts of extreme weather events, such as floods and tropical storms, and expected impacts of climate change, such as rise in sea level and heat waves. Urban areas in low-elevation coastal zones are threatened by inundation and flooding, saltwater intrusion affecting drinking water supplies, increased coastal erosion, and reduction in livable land space. The effects of urbanization and climate change are converging in ways that have unprecedented negative impacts on urban quality of life, and economic and social stability (UN-Habitat 2011). Many cities are also at risk from geophysical hazards such as earthquakes. The urban poor live in overcrowded areas with precarious housing, outdated drainage systems, inadequate infrastructure, and urban services that delineate unsafe urban environments, highly susceptible to the risk of disaster. Thus, there is a need for a conscious change in the approach toward inclusive urban development (IUD) by mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into urban planning and management strategies.

      1.3Developing an Integrated Approach for Inclusive Urban Development

      It has become increasingly clear from detailed sociological work in the 1990s (Moser, Gatehouse, and Garcia 1996) and more recent anecdotal but synthesizing work (Saunders 2010) that successful interventions for pro-poor development require an integrated approach to building the assets of the poor and the vulnerable. The approach requires both openness to building businesses and strong government redistributive action. It requires tenure security and strict enforcement of basic regulatory frameworks. It requires relocation from dangerous areas, and sensible and sensitive handling of both relocation and redevelopment. As such, the correct course of action is counterintuitive to many urban managers. Crosscutting the analysis set out earlier are underlying principles for an integrated approach to IUD investments: accessibility, affordability, resilience, and sustainability (Figure

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