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    Sources of Japanese-Korean Relations: Treaties, Agreements, and Declarations
    Sources of Japanese-Korean Relations: Treaties, Agreements, and Declarations
    Sources of Japanese-Korean Relations: Treaties, Agreements, and Declarations
    Ebook181 pages1 hour

    Sources of Japanese-Korean Relations: Treaties, Agreements, and Declarations

    By Reinhard Zöllner

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    About this ebook

    Selected documents on the diplomatic history of Japanese-Korean relations from antiquity to present. All documents are translated into English and annotated.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBooks on Demand
    Release dateNov 14, 2017
    ISBN9783744811668
    Sources of Japanese-Korean Relations: Treaties, Agreements, and Declarations
    Author

    Reinhard Zöllner

    Reinhard Zöllner, geb. 1961, lebt in Berlin und ist dort langjährig ehrenamtlich in Chören und Musikgruppen tätig.

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      Sources of Japanese-Korean Relations - Reinhard Zöllner

      Index

      Introduction

      THE purpose of this compilation is to provide quick access to sources which are essential for an understanding of the history of relations between historical and present Japanese and Korean states. This includes treaties, declarations, letters of state, and important statements on selected topics.

      Until 1894, Chinese was the dominant language in East Asian diplomacy. Between 1876 and 1894, bilateral treaties were written in Japanese and Chinese, thereafter in Japanese and Korean (and, after 1965, sometimes also in English). This compilation contains English translations only. Some of the translations were produced by the editor; most have been adapted from other editions.

      My adaptation is based on the following rules:

      preceding vowels in Japanese.

      Most of the treaties between 1876 and 1910 are taken from the edition published by the Japanese Foreign Ministry in 1938, Nitchō Kankei. I have replaced all Japanese readings of Korean names or term with Korean readings. I have not unified the irregular spelling of Corea or Korea; this irregularity helps to understand that, contrary to some claims, Japan did not voluntarily change the spelling to Korea after annexing it.¹

      ¹ For a detailed discussion, see Murawaki 2016.

      Before 1590

      Inscription of the Seven-Branched Sword (369:12:30?)

      (Yamato). — Translated by R.Z.a

      a Chinese text: Yoshida 2001, p. 23.

      At noon of the 16th day of the 1[1]th month, 4th year of Tai[he],² the Seven-Branched Sword³ was made of iron tempered one hundred times. [Drawn], it wards off one hundred warriors. It is dedicated to the noble lord.⁴ Made by [????].⁵

      Never before has a sword like this existed. It was ordered by the heir and prince of the king of Päkje,⁶ who mysteriously lives on holy sounds,⁷ to be made for the king of Wa,⁸ to be passed on to the posterity.

      Figure 1: Sketch of the Seven-Branched Sword (4th c.) (Isonokami Shrine, Nara Prefecture, Japan) (Isonokami Jingū 1930, p. 34)

      Inscription of the Stele of King Kwanggäto (414)

      (Yamato). Reading and interpretation of this part of the stele are highly contested. — Translated by R. Z.a

      a Chinese text: http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/exhibition/3648/htmls/common/syakubun/da0127-0001.pdf, http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/exhibition/3648/htmls/common/syakubun/da0127-0002.pdf, http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/exhibition/3648/htmls/common/syakubun/da0127-0003.pdf; last access: 27.09.2017.

      SIDE 1

      (...) The crippling Päkje⁹ and Shilla had from of old been subjected peoples, and therefore paid tribute to our court. But since the Metal-Rabbit [391],¹⁰ the Wa crossed the sea, devastated the crippling Päkje, [then invaded Sil]la and subjected them.¹¹

      In the 6th year of Yongrak, Fire-Monkey [396], the King commanded his navy and [punished] the crippling Päkje. The troops [approached on several] roads, attacked and conquered the castle towns of Ilpal, Kumono, [Kak]mono, Kandäri, [??], Kakmi, Mono, Misa, [Kosa]yŏn, Adan, Kori, [?]ri, Chap[jin], Ori, Homo, Ko[mo]yara, [Makchu], [??], [Pu]niyara, [Yŏn], [Ori], [Nongmä], Tuno, Pul[palbi]-

      SIDE 2

      ri, Michu, Yari, [Tä]sanhan, Soga, Tonbal, [??], [Rumai], [Sanna], [Naru], Se, Moru, Uru, Sohö, Yŏnru, [Sŏ]jiri, Ammun[ji], Lim, [??], [??], [??ri], Chwichu, [?]bal, Komoru, Yunno, Kwanno, Pungyang, [Pobal], [Jongo]ra, Kuchŏn, [??].

      The rebels did not surrender and dared to launch a [total] war. The King made his presence feel in a sudden rage, crossed the waters of Ari and made his elite troops close in on the castle. They [attacked from the flanks, put wholes in the walls], and swiftly [surrounded] the castle. [Then,] the [king of] crippling 5 [Päkje] was forced into a corner and presented 1,000 people [as captives] and 1,000 bolts of fine fabrics. He himself pledged to return under our rule, to follow our commands forever, and always be our slave-guest. The Great King gracefully forgave his offences in the past and wrote down his sincere vow of submission. Thus, he [gained] 58 walled towns and 700 villages and, together with the younger brother and ten vassals of the [king] of crippling [Päkje], turned his army around and returned to his capital. (...)

      In the 9th year of Yongrak, Earth-Pig [399], crippling Päkje 15 acted against its vow and got together with Wa. The King went down to Pyŏngyang. Then messengers sent from Shilla told the King, The borders of our kingdom are filled with people from Wa, they smash and destroy our walls and moats. As your slaveguests, we have become your people, so we come again to the 20 King and ask for your orders. The Great King graced them by praising their loyalty and [sincerity]. [Then] he sent the messengers home who reported back his [secret] plan.

      In the 10th year of Yongrak, Metal-Rat [400], the Teacher¹² sent 50,000 soldiers and horses, and they went and saved Shilla. 25 From Namgŏ to Shilla, all walled towns were filled with Wa [people]. The royal [army] arrived, and the Wa rebels retreated. [????] [Our troops] came, followed them in a hurry and arrived at Imna Kaya.¹³ They attacked the castle, whereupon the castle surrendered instantly. Defense forces of the Alla people had [defended] Shilla castle, [but] it was flooded with soldiers from] Wa. Wa smashed the castle, greatly [????] [Inside the castle, almost] all perished, [as they refused to surrender, but] the defense forces of the Alla [were taken captive at Shilla castle], and [??] this village was particularly [?????]

      SIDE 3

      (...) In the 14th year of Yongrak, Wood-Dragon [404], Wa betrayed us and invaded the borders of Taifang. Soldiers from Wa and crippling [Päkje] arrived at the castle of Sŏk. [?] led their ships [???]. [The King himself] commanded a punitive expedition from Pyŏngyang, [????] and their daggers met. The king’s banners cut them off at a strategic position and made a surprise attack. The Wa intruders¹⁴ were smashed and defeated, countless were cut down and killed.

      (...) In the 17th year of Yongrak, Fire-Sheep [407], the Teacher sent 50,000 soldiers and horses, [????]. [????] [The King’s troops] fought them in battle [everywhere], and cut them down 20 and killed them all. More than 10,000 armors [were taken], and the military equipment taken could not be counted. (...)

      Letter of Emperor Kubilai to King of Japan (1266:09)

      , military governor of Chikuzen province, Kyūshū, in January, 1268. It is unclear whom Kubilai Khan considered to be King of Japan, the Japanese shōgun , who held no actual power. With this letter, Kubilai urged Japan to establish tributary relations with the Yüän empire. — Translated by R.Z.a

      a Chinese text: Kawazoe 1977, p. 16.

      Favored by the mandate of Heaven,

      The Emperor of the Great Mongolian Empire humbly sends this letter to the King of Japan. According to Our opinion, the rulers of the small countries whose territories adjoin each other, have long been eager to form trust and maintain an intimate relationship. This is even truer now that Our ancestor has received the mandate of Heaven and rules the kingdom in all its borders. Countless are the foreign regions in all directions of Heaven whose dignity We have graciously acknowledged and whose virtue We love.

      After Our ascension to the throne, the innocent people of Koryŏ, tired from the sword and the arrow [i. e. from war], dismissed their troops, sent them back to their homes, and returned them to their elderly and children. Rulers and vassals of Koryŏ have come to Our Court in gratitude. We are bound to each other as rulers and vassals, but we have rejoiced as father and sons. We reckon that you, the King, and your vassals already know this.

      Koryŏ is Our eastern vassal state. Japan is close to Koryŏ and has always been in contact with the Middle Kingdom since its inception; however, since I have taken power, there has been not even one messenger in one vehicle to communicate peace and amity. Probably this is not yet known to your empire. That is why We send a

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