A Private and Public Faith
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“This is a tract. It consists of four essays about the status of religion in contemporary American society and about the condition of the churches of American Protestantism.
“As I find it, religion in America is characteristically atheistic or agnostic. Religion has virtually nothing to do with God and has little to do with the practical lives of men in society. Religion seems, mainly, to have to do with religion. The churches—particularly of Protestantism—in the United States are, to a great extent, preoccupied with religion rather than with the Gospel.
That, in brief, is the substance of the essays in this tract.”
William Stringfellow
William Stringfellow, born Frank William Stringfellow (April 26, 1928 - March 2, 1985), was an American lay theologian, lawyer and social activist, mostly during the 1960s and 1970s. He was also the author of a number of books, including The Life of Worship and the Legal Profession (1955), Instead of Death (1963), My People Is the Enemy (1964), Free in Obedience (1964), and Dissenter in a Great Society (1966). Free in Obedience, New York, NY: Seabury Press, 1964. Born in Johnston, Rhode Island, he grew up in Northampton, Massachusetts and graduated from Northampton High School in 1945. He obtained several scholarships and entered Bates College in Lewiston, Maine at the age of 15. He later earned a scholarship to the London School of Economics and served in the U.S. 2nd Armored Division. Stringfellow then attended Harvard Law School. After graduation, he moved to a slum tenement in Harlem, New York City to work among poor African-Americans and Hispanics. A lawyer by profession, Stringfellow’s chief legal interests pertained to constitutional law and due process. He dealt with both every day in Harlem as he represented victimized tenants, accused persons who would otherwise have inadequate counsel in the courts, and impoverished African-Americans who were largely excluded from public services like hospitals and government offices. Throughout his student days Stringfellow had involved himself in the World Student Christian Federation. He later became deeply immersed in the World Council of Churches, as well as his native denomination, the Episcopal Church (Anglican), where he supported women ordination. Stringfellow was also involved with the Sojourners Community in Washington, D.C. He also harbored at his Block Island home Father Daniel Berrigan, S.J., who went underground after fleeing from Federal authorities for acts of civil disobedience. Stringfellow died from diabetes in Rhode Island in 1985, aged 56.
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A Private and Public Faith - William Stringfellow
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Text originally published in 1962 under the same title.
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A PRIVATE AND PUBLIC FAITH
by
WILLIAM STRINGFELLOW
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In one form or another, some material published here first appeared in The Christian Century, The Witness and The Episcopalian, or was introduced in addresses at the University of Rochester, Amherst College, Duke University, and The North American Ecumenical Youth Assembly.
WILLIAM STRINGFELLOW is a lawyer and an Episcopal layman, who is a frequent contributor to both legal and theological journals. After his graduation from the Harvard Law School, he practiced some years in the East Harlem neighborhood in New York City. He has been a visiting lecturer at several law schools and was one of six young American theologians
to participate in a public dialogue with Karl Barth during Barth’s visit to the United States.
DEDICATION
For ANDREW JAFFE
PREFACE
This is a tract. It consists of four essays about the status of religion in contemporary American society and about the condition of the churches of American Protestantism.
It is a tract, which means that it is polemical. It invites argument and controversy, not, however, for the sake of mere dispute, nor because of any overconfidence on my part in the observations made in the essays, but because of conviction that religion is, in principle, not only a very private matter but also a public issue, and because of conviction that the health and eventual maturity of the churches of American Protestantism depend upon getting some issues stated openly and discussed widely—by both clergy and laity and by the unchurched public as well.
It is a tract, which also means that it is in some degree a merely personal statement, based upon my own experiences and observations as a layman. I speak as a member of one of the churches, and as one who has had some glimpses of other churches in ecumenical activities and in other ways, but still as one without any specific vested interest in the enterprise of the churches, any of the churches, in America. That is to say, my livelihood does not depend upon the popularity or prosperity or good reputation of religion in any of its forms. My only interest in the subject—in the content and integrity of religion and of the churches—is not my livelihood, but my life. I care about the subject only insofar as it addresses my own life significantly, that is, at the level of my work as a lawyer and my participation in politics and my personal and private life. It is only if that is so that it becomes believable to me that the subject of religion bears significantly upon the lives and experiences of other men, and, therefore, of course, upon the relationships in which other men and I are exposed to each other both personally and in society.
As I find it, religion in America is characteristically atheistic or agnostic. Religion has virtually nothing to do with God and has little to do with the practical lives of men in society. Religion seems, mainly, to have to do with religion. The churches—particularly of Protestantism—in the United States are, to a great extent, preoccupied with religion rather than with the Gospel.
That, in brief, is the substance of the essays in this tract.
—WILLIAM STRINGFELLOW
The Folly of Religion
See to it that no one makes a prey of you by philosophy and empty deceit, according to human tradition, according to the elemental spirits of the universe, and not according to Christ.—Colossians 2:8
FOR THE CHRISTIAN FAITH, the happiest thing to happen in America for a long time is the recession in religion. For the churches in the United States, the healthiest fact at the present time is the decline of religion.
The so-called religious revival appears to be over. The proportion of the general population maintaining some religious affiliation is down from what it was a few years ago. Reports from the universities and colleges indicate a growing indifference toward organized religious programs on the campuses. Fewer people are going to church services. Sales of religious books have dropped. Seminary enrollment has fallen off. Within the churches, and notably among the clergy, there is evidence of restiveness, disillusionment, and even cynicism about the ecclesiastical institutions.
It is just as well. The religious revival was no return to the Gospel anyway, and, though it enriched some churches in both numbers and assets, it was no renewal of the Church. While it lasted, it was part of a great post-war inflation of American life, affording to the nation a benediction for ascendant American power and wealth in the midst of the world’s poverty, impotence, and want. The religious revival reflected the fat of post-war America. And while the religious revival contributed to the concealment of the interior decadence of American society, it at the same time beguiled many folk into thinking that personal satisfaction or success or security are synonyms for righteousness. The religious revival offered people a plenary indulgence.
All of this would not be distressing for Christians if it could be simply construed as a temporary and passing aberration in the religious experience of American society. But I, for one, fear that it was not so; on the contrary, the post-war religious revival represented an outburst of allegiance to and acclaim for what are deeply imbedded notions about religion in the American mentality. And more specifically, one suspects that the religious revival was a response to and exploitation of the self-confidence, sense of destiny, and realization of power that marked post-war America, a response nourished by an idea of religion which American Protestantism, at least, had harbored for generations. It is not so much, in other words, that Christians might be or should be offended or disturbed by the religious views asserted within the context of the religious revival—though that is a serious consideration—but that the religious understanding embodied in the revival, for all its variety—from Norman Peale to Billy Graham to Oral Roberts, has been latent both in doctrine and practice in American Protestantism all along but erupted notoriously and commercially and in popularized fashion only during the post-war years. In one sense, even, Christians can be thankful that there has been this revival in religion in America, if only because in it the surface of Protestantism was scratched and what was there—right under the surface—was exposed.
The question now is whether anything deeper remains to be exposed. The question now is whether Protestantism in America, which more than any other of the churches was the sponsor of the religious revival, will now be also the principal victim in the demise of the revival. The issue is this: If the religious revival finds its ideational roots in the American experience as a pluralistic society, and if Protestantism in America so readily and uncritically became the chief sponsor of that revival and these ideas of religion, and if the revival now collapses, does Protestantism in America have the faith, integrity, stamina, or relevance to survive? After the frustration, error, and chaos nourished by the religious revival in both personal and public life in this country, and to which Protestantism, to a very great extent, committed itself, has Protestantism anything else to say or to represent in American society? What vacuum exists in the churches of America which enabled Protestantism to so readily and uncritically accommodate itself to the heresies capitalized and popularized and merchandized in the religious revival? Is it possible, now that the revival falters and wanes, for Protestants to extricate themselves from the religious practices and thoughts represented in the revival? Or has Protestantism in America just simply and radically dissociated itself from the Gospel, and has the climax of that action been the religious revival which now is defunct? How far have the strange shibboleths spawned in the American pluralistic experience infected Protestantism? Or do American Protestants much care anyway what they believe, or what the Church is, or how the Gospel relates to contemporary American life, so long as the institutional existence of