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Universal Truth and Love
Universal Truth and Love
Universal Truth and Love
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Universal Truth and Love

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Universal Truth and Love is a book that gives a science-oriented defense of the Bible. Universal Truth and Love is a Christian apologetics book that juxtaposes Biblical Christianity with Naturalism (Atheism/Agnosticism/Nominal Christianity/Nominal Religion) and their implications. It explores what the Bible and experimental Science says about humanity's origin, purpose, and destiny.

LanguageEnglish
Release dateMar 8, 2018
ISBN9780463777749
Universal Truth and Love
Author

Chad Clawitter

The author, Chad Joseph Clawitter, has his books [The War Against Truth / Universal Truth and Love / The Teacher, the Terrorists and the Temporal War / Regal War Loop Time Slipup / Temporal Ghost Diary] available here for free in PDF/electronic formats.Amos 8:11See, days are coming—oracle of the Lord God— when I will send a famine upon the land: Not a hunger for bread, or a thirst for water, but for hearing the word of the Lord.1 John 5:5Who [indeed] is the victor over the world but the one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God?1 John 5:4For whatever is born of God overcomes the world; and this is the victory that has overcome the world—our faith.Matthew 16:16-18Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” 17 And Jesus said to him, “Blessed are you, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven. 18 I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades will not overpower it.Hebrews 4:12For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword, and piercing as far as the division of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow, and able to judge the thoughts and intentions of the heart.Matthew 10:16“Behold, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves; so be shrewd as serpents and innocent as doves.Psalm 84:10For a day in Your courts is better than a thousand outside. I would rather stand at the threshold of the house of my God Than dwell in the tents of wickedness.Joel 2:32“And it will come about that whoever calls on the name of the LordWill be delivered;For on Mount Zion and in JerusalemThere will be those who escape,As the Lord has said,Even among the survivors whom the Lord calls.Isaiah 54:17“No weapon that is formed against you will prosper; And every tongue that accuses you in judgment you will condemn. This is the heritage of the servants of the Lord, And their vindication is from Me,” declares the Lord.Micah 5:2“But as for you, Bethlehem Ephrathah,Too little to be among the clans of Judah,From you One will go forth for Me to be ruler in Israel.His goings forth are from long ago,From the days of eternity.”Matthew 4:10-11Then Jesus said to him, “Go, Satan! For it is written, ‘You shall worship the Lord your God, and serve Him only.’” 11 Then the devil left Him; and behold, angels came and began to minister to Him.1 John 5:19We know that we are of God, and that the whole world lies in the power of the evil one.John 8:58Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am.”John 1:1In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.John 5:39You search the Scriptures because you think that in them you have eternal life; it is these that testify about Me;The Bible is the biography of Jesus Christ. It tells the origin of the Jewish people, the multiple failed-attempts of the Enemy to destroy the Jewish people, the conception of Jesus Christ by a virgin Jewish woman via the Holy Spirit, and the life, ministry, death, resurrection, and prophesized, past, present, and future destiny of Jesus Christ.-The Teacher, the Terrorists and the Temporal War, Chad Joseph ClawitterJohn 21:24-25This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and wrote these things, and we know that his testimony is true.25 And there are also many other things which Jesus did, which if they were written in detail, I suppose that even the world itself would not contain the books that would be written.Matthew 18:7“Woe to the world because of its stumbling blocks! For it is inevitable that stumbling blocks come; but woe to that man through whom the stumbling block comes!2 Corinthians 11:14-15And no wonder, for even Satan masquerades as an angel of light. 15 So it is not strange that his ministers also masquerade as ministers of righteousness. Their end will correspond to their deeds.Ephesians 5:11Take no part in the fruitless works of darkness; rather expose them.Jude 1:9But Michael the archangel, when he disputed with the devil and argued about the body of Moses, did not dare pronounce against him a railing judgment, but said, “The Lord rebuke you!”John 5:43I have come in My Father’s name, and you do not receive Me; if another comes in his own name, you will receive him.2 Thessalonians 2:8Then that lawless one will be revealed whom the Lord will slay with the breath of His mouth and bring to an end by the appearance of His coming;2 Peter 3:10But the day of the Lord will come like a thief, in which the heavens will pass away with a roar and the elements will be destroyed with intense heat, and the earth and its works will be burned up.Matthew 7:21-23“Not everyone who says to Me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter the kingdom of heaven, but he who does the will of My Father who is in heaven will enter. 22 Many will say to Me on that day, ‘Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in Your name, and in Your name cast out demons, and in Your name perform many miracles?’ 23 And then I will declare to them, ‘I never knew you; depart from Me, you who practice lawlessness.’Matthew 12:30He who is not with Me is against Me; and he who does not gather with Me scatters.John 10:27-30My sheep hear My voice, and I know them, and they follow Me; 28 and I give eternal life to them, and they will never perish; and no one will snatch them out of My hand. 29 My Father, who has given them to Me, is greater than all; and no one is able to snatch them out of the Father’s hand. 30 I and the Father are one.”Romans 10:9that if you confess with your mouth Jesus as Lord, and believe in your heart that God raised Him from the dead, you will be saved;Ephesians 1:5-14He predestined us to adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the kind intention of His will, 6 to the praise of the glory of His grace, which He freely bestowed on us in the Beloved. 7 In Him we have redemption through His blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of His grace 8 which He lavished on us. In all wisdom and insight 9 He made known to us the mystery of His will, according to His kind intention which He purposed in Him 10 with a view to an administration suitable to the fullness of the times, that is, the summing up of all things in Christ, things in the heavens and things on the earth. In Him 11 also we have obtained an inheritance, having been predestined according to His purpose who works all things after the counsel of His will, 12 to the end that we who were the first to hope in Christ would be to the praise of His glory. 13 In Him, you also, after listening to the message of truth, the gospel of your salvation—having also believed, you were sealed in Him with the Holy Spirit of promise, 14 who is given as a pledge of our inheritance, with a view to the redemption of God’s own possession, to the praise of His glory.Mark 12:29-31Jesus answered, “The foremost is, ‘Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord; 30 and you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength.’ 31 The second is this, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’ There is no other commandment greater than these.”Deuteronomy 5:7-217 ‘You shall have no other gods before Me.8 ‘You shall not make for yourself an idol, or any likeness of what is in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the water under the earth. 9 You shall not worship them or serve them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, and on the third and the fourth generations of those who hate Me, 10 but showing lovingkindness to thousands, to those who love Me and keep My commandments.11 ‘You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain, for the Lord will not leave him unpunished who takes His name in vain.12 ‘Observe the sabbath day to keep it holy, as the Lord your God commanded you. 13 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 14 but the seventh day is a sabbath of the Lord your God; in it you shall not do any work, you or your son or your daughter or your male servant or your female servant or your ox or your donkey or any of your cattle or your sojourner who stays with you, so that your male servant and your female servant may rest as well as you. 15 You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out of there by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm; therefore the Lord your God commanded you to observe the sabbath day.16 ‘Honor your father and your mother, as the Lord your God has commanded you, that your days may be prolonged and that it may go well with you on the land which the Lord your God gives you.17 ‘You shall not murder.18 ‘You shall not commit adultery.19 ‘You shall not steal.20 ‘You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.21 ‘You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, and you shall not desire your neighbor’s house, his field or his male servant or his female servant, his ox or his donkey or anything that belongs to your neighbor.’Genesis 1:26-29Then God said, “Let US make man in OUR image, according to OUR likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.” 27 God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. 28 God blessed them; and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over every living thing that moves on the earth.” 29 Then God said, “Behold, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree which has fruit yielding seed; it shall be food for you;Genesis 9:3-4Every moving thing that is alive shall be food for you; I give all to you, as I gave the green plant. 4 Only you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is, its blood.Acts 10:14-15But Peter said, “By no means, Lord, for I have never eaten anything unholy and unclean.” 15 Again a voice came to him a second time, “What God has cleansed, no longer consider unholy.”Acts 21:25But concerning the Gentiles who have believed, we wrote, having decided that they should abstain from meat sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled and from fornication.”1 Corinthians 10:25-28Eat anything that is sold in the meat market without asking questions for conscience’ sake; 26 for the earth is the Lord’s, and all it contains. 27 If one of the unbelievers invites you and you want to go, eat anything that is set before you without asking questions for conscience’ sake. 28 But if anyone says to you, “This is meat sacrificed to idols,” do not eat it, for the sake of the one who informed you, and for conscience’ sake;Matthew 15:18-19But the things that proceed out of the mouth come from the heart, and those defile the man. 19 For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, slanders.Matthew 19:4-64 And He answered and said, “Have you not read that He who created them from the beginning made them male and female, 5 and said, ‘For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh’? 6 So they are no longer two, but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let no man separate.”1 Corinthians 7:8-15But I say to the unmarried and to widows that it is good for them if they remain even as I. 9 But if they do not have self-control, let them marry; for it is better to marry than to burn with passion.10 But to the married I give instructions, not I, but the Lord, that the wife should not leave her husband 11 (but if she does leave, she must remain unmarried, or else be reconciled to her husband), and that the husband should not divorce his wife.12 But to the rest I say, not the Lord, that if any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he must not divorce her. 13 And a woman who has an unbelieving husband, and he consents to live with her, she must not send her husband away. 14 For the unbelieving husband is sanctified through his wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified through her believing husband; for otherwise your children are unclean, but now they are holy. 15 Yet if the unbelieving one leaves, let him leave; the brother or the sister is not under bondage in such cases, but God has called us to peace.Ephesians 5:25-33Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave Himself up for her, 26 so that He might sanctify her, having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word, 27 that He might present to Himself the church in all her glory, having no spot or wrinkle or any such thing; but that she would be holy and blameless. 28 So husbands ought also to love their own wives as their own bodies. He who loves his own wife loves himself; 29 for no one ever hated his own flesh, but nourishes and cherishes it, just as Christ also does the church, 30 because we are members of His body. 31 For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and shall be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh. 32 This mystery is great; but I am speaking with reference to Christ and the church. 33 Nevertheless, each individual among you also is to love his own wife even as himself, and the wife must see to it that she respects her husband.John 8:10-11Straightening up, Jesus said to her, “Woman, where are they? Did no one condemn you?” 11 She said, “No one, Lord.” And Jesus said, “I do not condemn you, either. Go. From now on sin no more.”1 Timothy 3:2-7An overseer, then, must be above reproach, the husband of one wife, temperate, prudent, respectable, hospitable, able to teach, 3 not addicted to wine or pugnacious, but gentle, peaceable, free from the love of money. 4 He must be one who manages his own household well, keeping his children under control with all dignity 5 (but if a man does not know how to manage his own household, how will he take care of the church of God?), 6 and not a new convert, so that he will not become conceited and fall into the condemnation incurred by the devil. 7 And he must have a good reputation with those outside the church, so that he will not fall into reproach and the snare of the devil.1 Corinthians 9:5Do we not have a right to take along a believing wife, even as the rest of the apostles and the brothers of the Lord and Cephas?Galatians 1:8But even if we, or an angel from heaven, should preach to you a gospel contrary to what we have preached to you, he is to be accursed!Matthew 23:9Do not call anyone on earth your father; for One is your Father, He who is in heaven.Luke 11:27-28While Jesus was saying these things, one of the women in the crowd raised her voice and said to Him, “Blessed is the womb that bore You and the breasts at which You nursed.” 28 But He said, “On the contrary, blessed are those who hear the word of God and observe it.”Matthew 1:25but kept her a virgin until she gave birth to a Son; and he called His name Jesus.Matthew 13:55-57Is not this the carpenter’s son? Is not His mother called Mary, and His brothers, James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? 56 And His sisters, are they not all with us? Where then did this man get all these things?” 57 And they took offense at Him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor except in his hometown and in his own household.”Luke 7:23Blessed is he who does not take offense at Me.1 Timothy 4:1-3But the Spirit explicitly says that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of demons, 2 by means of the hypocrisy of liars seared in their own conscience as with a branding iron, 3 men who forbid marriage and advocate abstaining from foods which God has created to be gratefully shared in by those who believe and know the truth.Romans 14:5One person regards one day above another, another regards every day alike. Each person must be fully convinced in his own mind.Psalm 37:15Their sword will enter their own heart,And their bows will be broken.Esther 7:10So they hanged Haman on the gallows which he had prepared for Mordecai, and the king’s anger subsided.Revelation 12:10Then I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying, “Now the salvation, and the power, and the kingdom of our God and the authority of His Christ have come, for the accuser of our brethren has been thrown down, he who accuses them before our God day and night.Daniel 7:27Then the sovereignty, the dominion and the greatness of all the kingdoms under the whole heaven will be given to the people of the saints of the Highest One; His kingdom will be an everlasting kingdom, and all the dominions will serve and obey Him.1 Timothy 6:8If we have food and covering, with these we shall be content.Hebrews 13:5Make sure that your character is free from the love of money, being content with what you have; for He Himself has said, “I will never desert you, nor will I ever forsake you,”1 Corinthians 10:13No temptation has overtaken you but such as is common to man; and God is faithful, who will not allow you to be tempted beyond what you are able, but with the temptation will provide the way of escape also, so that you will be able to endure it.1 Corinthians 2:9-10But as it is written:“What eye has not seen, and ear has not heard,and what has not entered the human heart,what God has prepared for those who love him,”10 this God has revealed to us through the Spirit.For the Spirit scrutinizes everything, even the depths of God.Jeremiah 31:33-34“But this is the covenant which I will make with the house of Israel after those days,” declares the Lord, “I will put My law within them and on their heart I will write it; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. 34 They will not teach again, each man his neighbor and each man his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ for they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them,” declares the Lord, “for I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more.”John 4:25-26The woman said to Him, “I know that Messiah is coming (He who is called Christ); when that One comes, He will declare all things to us.” 26 Jesus said to her, “I who speak to you am He.”John 14:6-15Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life; no one comes to the Father but through Me.7 If you had known Me, you would have known My Father also; from now on you know Him, and have seen Him.”John 16:8-11And He, when He comes, will convict the world concerning sin and righteousness and judgment; 9 concerning sin, because they do not believe in Me; 10 and concerning righteousness, because I go to the Father and you no longer see Me; 11 and concerning judgment, because the ruler of this world has been judged.Matthew 25:41“Then He will also say to those on His left, ‘Depart from Me, accursed ones, into the eternal fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels;Revelation 20:10And the devil who deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are also; and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever.Matthew 15:27But she said, “Yes, Lord; but even the dogs feed on the crumbs which fall from their masters’ table.”Jonah 3:9Who knows, God may turn and relent and withdraw His burning anger so that we will not perish.1 Kings 3:5In Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream at night; and God said, “Ask what you wish Me to give you.”Malachi 4:6He will restore the hearts of the fathers to their children and the hearts of the children to their fathers, so that I will not come and smite the land with a curse.Romans 8:28And we know that God causes all things to work together for good to those who love God, to those who are called according to His purpose.Isaiah 46:11Calling a bird of prey from the east,The man of My purpose from a far country.Truly I have spoken; truly I will bring it to pass.I have planned it, surely I will do it.Matthew 11:6And blessed is he who does not take offense at Me.Romans 2:11For there is no partiality with God.John 16:33These things I have spoken to you, so that in Me you may have peace. In the world you have tribulation, but take courage; I have overcome the world.Matthew 5:45so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven; for He causes His sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous.Revelation 21:1-2Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth passed away, and there is no longer any sea. 2 And I saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, made ready as a bride adorned for her husband.

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    Universal Truth and Love - Chad Clawitter

    This book was made available in a digital format.

    Phoenix Renaissance™

    Editing Copyright 2014 by C. J. Clawitter

    Text Copyright 2014 by C. J. Clawitter

    Copyright © 2014 by C. J. Clawitter

    Any and all churches in the continents of Asia, Africa, and South America have permission from the author to reproduce this book in any form and by any electronic or mechanical means in order to give a free digital or a free printed copy to anyone in the continents of Asia, Africa, or South America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means in the continents of North America, Europe, or Australia including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only other exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review. Requests to the author for permission should be addressed to the author through e-mail under the subject title permission request: Universal Truth and Love, chad-clawitter-2009@alumni.calpoly.edu.

    Designed in the United States of America

    Book Design by C. J. Clawitter

    Copyright C. J. Clawitter

    10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

    Universal Truth and Love Contents:

    PART I: ORIGINS TIMELINE

    Chapter 1: The Origin of the Universe (pg. 3)

    Chapter 2: The Origin of Living Cells (pg. 11)

    Chapter 3: The Origin of Complex Life (pg. 14)

    Chapter 4: The Origin of Human History (pg. 18)

    Chapter 5: The Origin of Human Civilization (pg. 40)

    PART II: PURPOSE WORLDVIEW

    Chapter 6: The Meaning of Life (pg. 53)

    Chapter 7: Atheism or Biblical Christianity (pg. 56)

    Chapter 8: Objections to Biblical Christianity (pg. 58)

    Chapter 9: Objections to Atheism (pg. 59)

    Chapter 10: Oblivion vs. Salvation (pg. 61)

    PART III: OBJECTIVE ARGUMENT

    Chapter 11: The Definition of Knowledge (pg. 68)

    Chapter 12: An Inductive Proof (pg. 71)

    Chapter 13: A Deductive Proof (pg. 89)

    Chapter 14: A Final Conclusion (pg. 102)

    Chapter 15: Closing Statements (pg. 104)

    PART I: ORIGINS TIMELINE

    Chapter 1: The Origin Of The Universe

    Classical Principles of Motion

    An object that is already at rest will tend to want to remain at rest unless something else exerts a force on it. An object that is already moving will tend to continue to move in a straight line at constant speed unless something else exerts a force on it. When something else exerts a force on an object, the object will start to accelerate. If an object has less mass, then it will accelerate more for the same amount of force. If an object has more mass, then it will accelerate less for the same amount of force. If part of a force is in the same direction as the object is traveling, then it will start to speed up. If part of a force is in the opposite direction as the object is traveling, then it will start to slow down. If part of a force is perpendicular to the direction the object is traveling, then the object will start to curve around the arc of a circle with that part of the force pointing along the radius toward the center of the circle. When two objects interact with each other they will exert the same amount of force on each other to push or pull each other in opposite directions with one exception. The exception is when two charged objects are moving perpendicular to each other; the magnetic force on the objects will be in perpendicular directions and not in opposite directions. However, for charged objects traveling as current around complete loops or circuits, this exception cancels itself out for the overall forces on the entire loops.

    Gravity is caused by objects with mass and it causes objects to accelerate toward each other. The electric force is caused by objects with electric charge. A positively charged object and negatively charged object will exert a force on each other in opposite directions attracting toward each other. A positively charged object and a positively charged object will exert a force on each other in opposite directions repelling away from each other. A negatively charged object and a negatively charged object will exert a force on each other in opposite directions repelling away from each other.

    The magnetic force is caused by objects with electric charge that are moving compared to each other. When charged objects are spinning they will create a magnet with a magnetic field going out of its magnetic north pole that loops around and goes back into its magnetic south pole. A magnetic north pole and magnetic south pole exert a force on each other in opposite directions attracting toward each other. A magnetic north pole and magnetic north pole exert a force on each other in opposite direction repelling away from each other. A magnetic south pole and magnetic south pole will exert a force on each other in opposite directions repelling away from each other. The direction of current is defined to be the direction that positive charges are moving or the opposite direction that negative charges are moving. If charged objects were moving so that the current was coming toward you, it would create a magnetic field circulating in loops counter-clockwise around it. With your right hand you can point your thumb in the direction of current through a wire, point your fingers in the direction of an external magnetic field, then your palm would face the direction of the magnetic force on the wire from that external magnetic field. Two parallel wires with current traveling in the same direction will exert a force on each other in in opposite directions attracting toward each other. Two parallel wires with current traveling in opposite directions will exert a force on each other in opposite directions repelling away from each other. Two perpendicular wires will exert a force on each other in perpendicular directions attempting to torque the wires toward being parallel to each other. The strength of forces become weaker the farther apart the objects are from each other. For point particles and spherically symmetric distributions the strength of forces is inversely proportional to the square of the radial distance between the objects.

    The surface area of a sphere is proportional to the square of the radius of the sphere. The strength of the electric force on a charged object from a spherically symmetric point charge is inversely proportional to the square of the radial distance between them. If they moved to be twice as far apart, then they would exert only a quarter of the amount of electric force on each other. If they moved to be triple as far apart, then they would only exert a ninth the amount of force on each other. If they were half as far apart, they would exert double the force on each other. If they were a third as far apart, they would exert nine times as much force on each other. Both charged objects will exert the same amount of force on each other, but in opposite directions.

    The surface area of the outside of cylinder is proportional to the radius of the cylinder (the cylinder has circular cross-sections). The circumference of a circle is also proportional to the radius of the circle. The strength of the magnetic force on long straight wires that are parallel to each other is inversely proportional to the radial distance between the wires. If the wires are double the distance apart, there will be half the magnetic force on each wire. If the wires are triple the distance apart, there will be a third of the magnetic force on each wire. If the wires are half the distance apart, then there will be double the magnetic force on each wire. If wires are a third of the distance apart, then there will be triple the magnetic force on each wire. Both the parallel wires will exert the same about of force on each other but in opposite directions.

    These principles of motion only seem to work as an approximation. There are nuclear forces that keep the nuclear of atoms together. On the small scale of atoms, there are no longer objects that travel along paths of motion, but rather motion seems to travel along multiple paths in a mysterious manner that is unknown. Therefore, quantum physics uses probabilities to compensate for our inability to describe objects as moving along a single path. The universe also seems to have a maximum speed that objects can travel through space at, which is the speed of light in empty space. Relativistic physics makes adjustments to account for this maximum speed.

    Overview of Relativistic Physics

    The speed of light through empty space is always the same regardless of the speed of the object that emitted it, regardless of the speed of the object that reflects it, and regardless of the speed of the object that receives it. The speed of light is the maximum speed that matter can travel through space. All processes occur more slowly within an object that is traveling close to the speed of light through space because the light triggering any process must travel a further distance to complete the same process, which takes more time. Therefore, it is as if time slows down within objects traveling close to the speed of light through space since all of the processes take more time to occur. When time slows down in this manner, it is called time dilation.

    There are 1000 meters in a kilometer. A cube that has length, width, and height all is one meter would have a volume of one cubic meter, which is a kiloliter. A kiloliter is 1000 liters. A liter of water has a mass of a kilogram. A cube that length, width, height all is one centimeter would have a volume of one cubic centimeter, which is a milliliter. A milliliter of water has a mass of one gram. The following are small prefixes. 10^-1 is tenth, deci. 10^-2 is hundredth, centi. 10^-3 is thousandth, milli, 10^-6 is millionth, micro, 10^-9 is billionth, nano, 10^-12 is trillionth, pico.

    Because we have two eyes that have a certain distance between them, we can judge how far away objects are based on the light reflecting off an object reaching each eye at a slightly different angle. This is called depth perception. The Earth may start at a certain position in its orbit and half a year later (6 months later) the Earth is at a different position in its orbit on the other side of the sun, with a certain distance between its current location and it previous location. In a similar way we can calculate how far away objects are from the Earth based on the light emitted from any object reaching the Earth at a slightly different angle when the Earth is at the two different locations. Determining how far objects are away from the Earth in this manner is called triangulation.

    It is always important to also make corrections when the light has been bent by refraction and by gravitational lensing. The average velocity of light does slow down when it travels through a material rather than empty space. The index of refraction of a material is defined to be the average velocity of light through empty space divided by the average velocity of light through that material. Light can be bent or the direction the light is traveling can change when the light travels from empty space through a material, or from one material through another material, or from a material back into empty space. When light passes through a material and then returns to empty space, the average velocity of the light will always return back to traveling at the speed of light through empty space even though the direction that the light was traveling may have changed. When light changes direction when it passes from one material to another, it is called refraction.

    It takes a Newton of force to accelerate one kilogram of mass with an acceleration of one meter per second per second. It requires 9.8 Newtons of force, which is about 2.2 pounds of force, in order to hold up a kilogram of mass on the surface of the Earth. Objects with mass accelerate towards each other, which we call Gravity. Gravity does not cause objects to accelerate through space, but rather gravity causes the space itself to accelerate. An object’s weight is equal to the mass of the object times the acceleration of the space where the object is located. To prevent an object from accelerating into the center of the Earth, the ground needs to push back with a force equal to the object’s weight. The ground pushes back with a force equal to the object’s mass times an acceleration through space, where the acceleration through space is the same amount but opposite direction as the acceleration of the space itself. It is not the weight of the object but rather it is the force of the ground pushing back on the object that causes the compression in the object and the feeling of heaviness.

    When an object remains in the same location on the surface of the Earth, it is actually accelerating through space. The space itself is accelerating toward the center of the Earth, but the object is accelerating through space in the opposite direction by the same amount in order to remain in the same location. When the ground pushes back more, there is more compression and an object feels heavier because it is accelerating more through space. When the ground pushes back less, there is less compression and the object feels lighter because it is accelerating less through space. When the ground does not push back at all, there is no compression and the object floats drifting with no heaviness because it is not accelerating through space, even if the space itself is accelerating. When an object is not accelerating through space (even if the space itself is accelerating), it gives the feeling of free fall or the inaccurate phrase weightlessness; the object still has weight, but it doesn’t have heaviness because the ground is not pushing back to cause the compression. Only when there are no other masses nearby to cause Gravity (an acceleration of space itself) will an object with mass have no weight.

    An object has the same amount of mass regardless of where you move it. An object will have more weight when you move it closer to another object with a large mass. An object will feel heavier when the ground pushes back more on the object. Gravity is the acceleration of space itself caused by objects nearby with a large mass. Weight is the mass of an object times the acceleration of the space itself where the object is located. The feeling of heaviness is the amount of force the ground is pushing on the object, which is the mass of an object times its acceleration through space.

    Light will always travel at the same speed through empty space. However, Gravity can cause the space itself to accelerate. This acceleration of space itself will not change the speed of light through empty space, but it can change the direction the light is traveling. When light is moving in the same direction as the acceleration of the space itself where the light is located, the light will increase in frequency and its wavelength will be shortened. When light is moving in the opposite direction as the acceleration of the space itself where the light is located, the light will decrease in frequency and its wavelength will get longer. When light is moving at an angle to the direction of the acceleration of the space itself where the light is located, the direction of the light can change. Therefore, light can bend when it travels past an object with a large mass. This bending or changing of the direction of light due to Gravity is called gravitational lensing.

    Light repeats itself in cycles as it travels through space. The frequency is how many cycles occur per unit of time. The wavelength is the distance the light travels before it repeats itself. Light has been grouped into categories based on how the light was emitted and its frequency and wavelength. The categories in order from the light with the smallest frequency and longest wavelength to the light with the largest frequency and shortest wavelength are the following: radio-wave, micro-wave, infrared-light, visible-light, ultraviolet-light, x-ray, gamma-ray. A black hole is a star that has an extremely large mass. Because a black hole has so much mass, the space itself around the black hole has an extremely large acceleration in the opposite direction the light is traveling. Even if gamma-rays are emitted from a black hole, they will become micro-waves or radio-waves with a small frequency and long wavelength when it finally gets away from the black hole star, if the light can get away from the black hole star. The light released would most likely bend back inward so that it cannot escape the black hole. Any light released from a black hole star would become micro-waves or radio-waves with a very small frequency and a very large wavelength. If light was released from black hole stars, it might have such a small frequency and such a long wavelength that none of our instruments are able to detect it.

    An object at rest in empty space can be thought of (quantum physics is actually much stranger than this) as containing light traveling around chaotic curved paths that keep the light trapped around the same location, its average center of mass. Each particle of light has more energy when it has a higher frequency. Each particle of light has less energy when it has a lower frequency. An object at rest has more mass when all the light has more total energy. An object at rest has less mass when all the light has less total energy. The momentum of light is determined by how much energy the light has traveling in a particular direction. An object at rest contains light particles with the same amount of energy traveling in opposite directions on average so that the average momentum of all the light particles cancels out to zero.

    If an object is at rest in empty space where the space itself is accelerating, then the wavelength and frequency of the trapped light can change. The light traveling in the same direction as the acceleration of the space itself will increase in frequency and have a shortened wavelength. The light traveling in the opposite direction as the acceleration of the space will decrease in frequency and have a lengthened wavelength. Therefore, the light traveling in the same direction as the acceleration of the space itself will gain momentum and the light traveling in the opposite direction as the acceleration of the space itself will lose momentum. The total momentum of all the light will then be in the direction of the acceleration of the space itself. If an object is at rest in empty space where the space itself is accelerating, then the object will gain an overall momentum in the direction of the acceleration of the space itself.

    An object moving through space can be thought of (quantum physics is actually much stranger than this) as containing light traveling around chaotic curved paths that keep the light trapped around a moving location, its average center of mass. The light traveling in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the object’s overall movement will need to travel a further distance at the same speed, so it will take a longer amount of time. Therefore, all the processes will take a longer amount of time to occur. It is as if time is slowing down because all the processes take a longer amount of time. Time seems to slow down when an object is traveling close to the speed of light, which is called time dilation.

    An object moving through space has light particles with the more of its energy traveling in the same direction as the direction of motion of the object and less of its energy traveling in the opposite direction as the direction of motion. When a particle of light has more energy, it has a shorter wavelength. When a particle of light has less energy, it has a longer wavelength. Energy behaves as if it causes the space around a particle of light to contract in the direction the energy is traveling. If energy causes space to contract in the direction it is traveling, then all objects will contract in their direction of motion since it has more energy traveling in that direction. The length of an object is predicted to

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